Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Half Title page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• List of abbreviations
• List of figures, tables and boxes
• Table of statutes
• Notes on Contributors
• 1 Introduction: understanding policing
• Image and reality
• Studying policing
• The volume
• Note
• References
• Part I Policing in Comparative and Historical Perspective
• 2 Models of policing
• Introduction
• England and Wales
• Continental Europe
• Colonial societies
• Communist societies
• Central/eastern Europe
• North America
• The Far East
• Explaining the differences
• Discussion
• Note
• Selected further reading
• References
• 3 Policing before the police
• Communal policing
• The rise of the official: the constable
• Public and private police in the eighteenth century
• The practice of policing: maintaining order
• The practice of policing: crime control
• The history of police and policing
• Selected further reading
• References
• 4 The birth and development of the police
• Introduction
• Origins and early years
• Consolidation
• New challenges and standardisation
• Selected further reading
• References
• 5 Policing since 1945
• Introduction
• The role and image of the police
• From Scarman to Stephen Lawrence
• Centralisation and control
• Policing and the police
• Conclusion
• Note
• Selected further reading
• References
• Part II The Context of Policing
• 6 The pattern of transnational policing
• Introduction
• The conditions of possibility of transnational policing
• The growth of transnational policing
• Origins and consolidation
• The European Union
• Explaining recent patterns
• Current trends and future prospects
• Transnational private policing
• The European Union
• The USA
• Future prospects
• Selected further reading
• References
• 7 Plural policing in the UK: policing beyond the police
• Introduction
• What is policing?
• The context of contemporary policing
• The civilianisation and fragmentation of the public police
• Community support officers
• Specialist policing bodies and regulatory authorities
• Municipal policing
• Public auxiliaries and wardens
• Local authority patrols
• Community safety, anti-social behaviour and policing through social policy
• Policing through social housing
• Civilian policing
• Embedded policing
• Commercial policing
• Regulating commercial security
• The growing market for policing
• Mass private property
• Private residential estates
• Urban fortunes
• The expansion of the night-time economy
• The policing of the internet
• The relationship between the police and other policing organisations
• An integrationist or monopolistic model
• A steering model
• A network model
• A market model
• A private government model
• Conclusions
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 8 Policing in Scotland
• The contexts of Scottish policing
• Historical context
• Legal context
• Constitutional context
• Organisation and structure
• Central police services
• The debate on structures
• Approaches to policing in Scotland
• Community policing
• Strategic approaches to policing communities
• Governance and accountability
• The ‘new’ accountabilities
• Police complaints
• Conclusions
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 9 The police service of Northern Ireland
• Introduction
• Historical context of policing in Northern Ireland
• The Patten Report and police reform
• The new landscape of policing in Northern Ireland
• Oversight and the institutional environment of policing
• The PSNI and operational policing
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 10 The police organisation
• Introduction
• The police of England and Wales
• The structure of police organisations
• Ranks, recruitment and career development
• Workforce modernisation
• Mapping policing tasks
• Management, control and oversight
• Policing stakeholders
• The development of national policing structures
• Conclusion
• Selected further reading
• References
• 11 Police cultures
• Introduction
• Why police cultures?
• Problems of definition
• History of police cultural studies
• Michael Banton
• Jerome Skolnick
• Maureen Cain
• John Van Maanen
• Across the departmental ‘cultures’
• Racist cultures
• Sexist cultures
• Cultures, corruption and change
• Challenges to police cultural conceptions
• Status cultures
• Management cultures
• Conclusions
• Selected further reading
• References
• 12 Police powers
• Introduction
• ‘Modelling’ police powers
• Police decisions ‘on the street’
• ‘Reasonable suspicion’ and discretion
• Patterns of bias and police working rules
• Police powers on the street: inclusionary or exclusionary?
• Detention and questioning
• Grounds for detention, time limits and police bail
• Access to legal advice
• Police interrogation
• How well regulated are police powers of detention and questioning?
• Other evidence-gathering powers
• Prosecution
• The misuse of police powers
• Conclusion
• Selected further reading
• References
• 13 Policing and the media
• Introduction: the Odd Couple – the media and policing
• The debate about the media and social order
• Constructing police fetishism: images of policing and the media before the Second World War
• A darker shade of blue: police and the media since the Second World War
• Conclusion: the Teflon service and the reproduction of police fetishism
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• Part III Doing Policing
• 14 Crime reduction and community safety
• Introduction
• Crime reduction and community safety: Tweedledum and Tweedledee?
• Crime reduction within the police service: aspirations and achievements
• The coming of partnership?
• Central government shaping of the crime reduction landscape
• Love and loathing in the age of partnerships
• How does one think about crime reduction?
• What works?
• Where to concentrate crime reduction effort: hotspots and repeat victimisation
• What to do
• Making a difference: police colleagues
• Policing style
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 15 Modern approaches to policing: community, problem-oriented and intelligence-led
• Introduction: new models for policing
• The three models outlined
• Community policing
• Problem-oriented policing
• Intelligence-led policing
• The relationships between the models
• The models in practice
• Problem-oriented policing
• Community policing
• Intelligence-led policing
• Conclusion: prospects for the three models
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 16 ‘Interpretation for action?’: definitions and potential of crime analysis for policing
• Introduction
• Analysing analysis: process, product and person
• Developments in policing and the demand for analysis
• Management demand
• Operational demand
• Getting the job done: the types, techniques and theories of crime analysis
• The strengths and weaknesses of analytical techniques
• Offender profiling
• Approaches to offender profiling
• Critiques of offender profiling
• Theory for practice: developing explanation in volume crime analysis
• Reason, rationality and routine: theory for crime analysis
• ‘Opportunity blocked’: analysis, action and results
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 17 Criminal investigation and crime control
• Introduction
• Historical and theoretical perspectives
• The CID and the birth of ‘modern’ investigative practice
• Key roles of criminal investigation
• Myths and misunderstandings: the ghost of Sherlock Holmes
• Challenging the myths: ‘suspect centred’ investigation and ‘case construction’
• Taking account of variety
• The ‘reactive-proactive’ distinction
• Knowledge’ and ‘Evidence’
• Twentieth-century investigative practice: key features and inherent risks
• The three main organisational structures
• ‘Generalist’ CID offices
• Specialist squads
• Major inquiry teams
• Risks, failures and a crisis in legitimacy
• Responses to the crisis: glimpses of a radically different future?
• Responses to concerns about integrity
• Efforts to improve effectiveness
• Improvements to major inquiries
• Signs of more fundamental change: NIM, partnership and beyond
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 18 Police use of force, firearms and riot-control
• Monopolists of force?
• A history of ‘unarmed policing’
• Firearms and policing
• Policing riots
• Legitimacy and law
• Contemporary developments
• Routine use of force
• Riot-control
• Police use of firearms
• Policing terrorism
• Low-lethality and the search for a magic bullet
• Abuse of force and accountability
• Conclusions
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 19 Drugs policing
• Introduction
• Early history
• Organisation and specialisation
• Financial detection
• Transnationalisation of drugs policing
• From the global back to the local
• National and local drugs policing
• ‘Counting’ drug enforcement
• Low-level drug enforcement
• Rule-bending and other forms of police misconduct
• Conclusion
• Selected further reading
• References
• 20 Policing fraud and organised crime
• Introduction
• The harm of fraud and organised crime
• The organisation of organised crime policing
• The control of organised crime internationally
• Responses to fraud
• Police policy and fraud in the UK
• New public management and fraud policing
• Developing fraud investigations
• Mutual co-operation between police fraud squads
• Prosecution and its relationship to policing fraud
• The future of fraud investigation
• Regulation and the control of fraud
• Regulation and the prevention of organised crime
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 21 Policing terror
• Secrets and research
• Outline
• Conceptualising terrorism
• The process of terrorism
• Operational constructions of terrorism
• The organisation of counter-terrorism policing
• A short history of UK counter-terrorism policing
• Doing counter-terrorism
• Preventing terrorism: prospective offender searches
• Visions of al-Qaeda
• Intelligence
• Collection
• Transmission
• Application
• Governance and legitimacy
• Hearts and minds
• Logics of governance
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 22 Policing cybercrime: emerging trends and future challenges
• Introduction
• ‘Official’ responses to the challenge of cybercrime
• Policing cybercrime
• What is cybercrime?
• Pornography
• Hate crime
• Electronic theft and intellectual property rights
• Invasion of privacy and theft of identity
• Information security, personal security and cyber-trespass
• Industrial espionage and workplace sabotage
• Specialist units for policing cybercrime
• Problems with policing cyberspace
• The volume and scope of cybercrime and the problem of jurisdiction
• Under-reporting of cybercrime
• Police culture
• Limited resources
• The challenge of Operation Ore
• Policing cybercrime: emerging trends and challenges for the future
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• Part IV Themes and Debates in Policing
• 23 Policing minority ethnic communities
• Introduction
• Discrimination in policing: police culture and its context
• Police targeting: the criminalisation of minority ethnic communities
• ‘Race’, riots and the police: public order policing in minority ethnic communities
• Excessive force: police violence and deaths in custody
• Proactive policing: the use of stop and search powers
• Disproportionality in the use of stop and search
• Explaining disproportionality
• Arrest and the decision to charge
• Attitudes towards the police
• Contacting the police
• The police response to racist violence
• A multi-ethnic force? Black and Asian officers in the British police
• Experiences in the job
• Retention
• Promotion
• Meeting recruitment targets
• Linking equal opportunities with equality of service
• Discrimination and police governance
• Complaints procedures
• Redress through civil litigation
• The Lawrence Inquiry and beyond: reflecting on the new agenda
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 24 Gender and policing
• Women in policing and policing of and for women
• Integration and afterwards
• Models of equality
• Coming to terms with police culture
• Careers
• New agendas
• Policing women and policing for women
• Selected further reading
• References
• 25 Policing and ethics
• Introduction
• A brief history of police ethics
• Police professionalism
• Police discretion
• Covert policing
• Police corruption
• The principles of policing
• The police as professionals
• Performance ethics
• Public participation in policing
• The police in action
• Towards ethical policing
• Note
• Selected further reading
• References
• 26 The accountability of policing
• Introduction
• Accountability and democratic policing
• Organisational accountability: police governance in England and Wales
• The legislative framework
• Trends in the framework of police governance
• Pluralisation
• Individual forms of accountability: complaints mechanisms and legal redress
• Complaints against the police
• Legal regulation of policing
• The democratic framework of police governance
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 27 Leadership and performance management
• Introduction
• Police leadership
• Definitional and conceptual issues
• Crises of leadership
• Models and leadership styles – the pursuit of transformational leadership
• Leadership and performance management – a contradiction in terms?
• Performance management
• The governance of performance management
• The challenge of police leadership within a performance culture
• Performance management, leadership and discretion
• Developing leaders within a performance regime
• Conclusion
• Selected further reading
• References
• 28 Policing and forensic science
• Introduction
• Forensic science, crime scene examination and criminal investigation
• The dynamics of crime scene examination
• Police perceptions of forensic science
• Using forensic science: building the foundations of evidence-based practice
• Forensic science and intelligence led policing
• An international dimension
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Selected further reading
• References
• 29 Restorative justice, victims and the police
• Introduction
• Defining the concept of restorative justice
• Non-crime dispute resolution: towards restorative policing?
• The dangers of restorative policing
• Restorative justice in 2008: still some talk but much less action
• Conclusion: envisaging a new approach for restorative justice
• Notes
• Acknowledgements
• Selected further reading
• References
• 30 The future of policing
• Changing social context of policing
• The further pluralisation of policing?
• Increasing responsibilisation and citizen involvement
• Pressures toward centralisation and regionalisation
• Transnationalisation and democratic governance
• Localisation and managerialism
• Policing and diversity
• Techniques and technology?
• Terror and security
• Policing futures
• Note
• References
• Glossary
• Index