Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Scope
• Selection of Articles
• Organization
• Using this Book
• Part One: Healers and Healing Traditions
• Suggested films
• Introduction
• 1. Backing into the Future
• Questions to keep in mind
• History, Evolution, and Infectious Diseases
• Health Care and Medical Practices in Asian Societies
• Conclusion
• References
• 2. Menopause: Lessons from Anthropology
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Menopause as Cultural Construct
• Cross-Cultural Research on Menopause
• Japan, Canada, and the United States: A Comparative Study
• The Cultural Construction of Kōnenki
• Maturation for Society
• Creating the Discourse of Kōnenki
• Menopause as Biological Adaptation
• Postmenopausal Life as Cultural Artifact
• Notes
• Healing Traditions
• 3. Why Not Call Modern Medicine “Alternative”?
• Questions to keep in mind
• Comments
• Comments
• Comments
• Comments
• Comments
• Comments
• Notes
• References
• 4. Concepts of Arthritis in India’s Medical Traditions: Ayurvedic and Unani Perspectives
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Methods: A Polysynthetic Approach
• The Domain of “Arthritic Disorders” in Ayurveda and Unani
• Somatic Holism and Rheumatic Disorders
• Etiological Processes in Rheumatic Disorders
• Weather and Temperature
• Everyday Activity and Thermal Conditions
• Diet
• Personal Constitution and Temperament
• Age
• Use and Injury
• Heredity
• The Logic of Treatment
• Diet
• Medicated Oils
• Oral Medications
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• 5. Homeopathic Medicine in the City of Oaxaca, Mexico: Patients’ Perspectives and Observations
• Questions to keep in mind
• Background
• Methodology
• Discussion of the Findings
• Summary and Conclusions
• Notes
• References
• 6. The Epistemology of Traditional Healing Systems
• Questions to keep in mind
• Data
• Remedy Effectiveness
• Aggregate Effectiveness
• Preparation Methods
• Compound Prescriptions
• Discussion
• Serendipity
• Multifariousness
• Traditional Pedagogy
• Conclusion
• References
• Patients and Healers
• 7. Perturbing the System: “Hard Science,” “Soft Science,” and Social Science, The Anxiety and Madness of Method
• Questions to keep in mind
• The Anxiety of Method
• A Personal Note on Methodology
• What Makes an Inquiry Scientific?
• Applying “Objective” Methods to a Subjective Issue: the Madness of Method
• Perturbing the System
• Instruments Versus Immersion
• Describing the System: the Ethnographic Monograph
• Caring and Medical Care
• Notes
• References
• 8. Clown Doctors: Shaman Healers of Western Medicine
• Questions to keep in mind
• Clowns and Shamans
• Clowns, Shamans, and Complementary Medicine
• Methods
• A Day in the Life of Dr. Do-More
• Resemblance to Shamans
• Discussion
• Conclusions
• Note
• References
• 9. Shamanism and Its Discontents
• Questions to keep in mind
• Aguaruna Shamanism in the Alto Río Mayo, Peru
• Healing Session, 18 January 1978
• Participants
• The Event
• First Reading: Shamanic Clarification and Transference
• Second Reading: Dissident Subtexts
• Conclusions
• Notes
• References
• 10. Distal Nursing
• Questions to keep in mind
• Theoretical Perspectives: Space and Place
• Nested Proximities in Nursing
• Structural-Spatial Changes Affecting Proximities
• Distal Nursing: Dangers
• Spatial-Structural Power Dynamics
• Conclusion
• References
• 11. Witnessing and the Medical Gaze: How Medical Students Learn to See at a Free Clinic for the Homeless
• Questions to keep in mind
• Beyond the Medical Gaze
• Setting the Scene and Methodology
• Gazing and Witnessing: Practices of Social Reflexivity
• The Ideology of Witnessing
• Ideology in Action: Quality, Not Quantity
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• Part Two: Biocultural Approaches
• Suggested films
• Plasticity, Variation, Adaptation
• 12. Living at the Edge of Space
• Questions to keep in mind
• A Mysterious History
• Before the Incas
• A Rush of Blood
• The Body’s Perception of the High-Altitude World
• The Coevolution of Humans and Yaks
• Notes
• 13. The Co-Evolution of People, Plants, and Parasites: Biological and Cultural Adaptations to Malaria
• Questions to keep in mind
• Malaria in Human Populations
• Malaria Life Cycle and Transmission
• Pathophysiology of Malaria
• Malaria Epidemiology and Anti-Malarial Drugs
• Natural Products and Malaria Therapy
• The Chemical Basis of Anti-Malarial Action
• Artemisia annua and Oxidation
• Other Oxidizing Plants
• Drug-Food Synergy
• Comprehensive Co-Evolutionary Perspectives
• Anti-Plasmodial Oxidant Genotypes
• Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
• Haemoglobinopathies and Other Inherited Protections
• Conclusion: Co-Evolution, Genetic and Cultural Adaptations
• References
• 14. The Vital Role of the Skin in Human Natural History
• Questions to keep in mind
• The African Savanna Mosaic Habitat
• Eccrine Sweating
• Hair Loss
• Skin Color and Vitamin D
• The Parallel Development of Lactose Tolerance
• Some Perspectives for the New Millennium
• Notes
• 15. Why Genes Don’t Count (for Racial Differences in Health)
• Questions to keep in mind
• The Myth of Race as Biology
• The Double Error Inherent in Genetic Explanations of Racial Differences
• Why Race-as-Genes Fails in Practice
• From Studies of Race-as-Genetics to Studies of Racialism and Racism
• Notes
• Evolutionary Medicine
• 16. Evolution and the Origins of Disease
• Questions to keep in mind
• Evolved Defenses
• Conflicts with other Organisms
• Coping with Novelty
• Trade-Offs and Constraints
• Evolution of Darwinian Medicine
• 17. Evolutionary Health Promotion
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Evolutionary Foundations for Prevention
• The Human Evolutionary Past
• Nutrition
• Physicaal Exertion
• Reproduction
• Infection
• Growth and Development
• Psychosocial Factors
• Human Preferences and Prevention
• A Research Agenda
• Pregnancy and Birth Weight
• Breast Cancer
• Neurological Development
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Serum Cholesterol
• Darwin’s Razor
• Genes and Variation
• Conclusion
• Notes
• 18. Evolutionary Health Promotion: A Consideration of Common Counterarguments
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Life Expectancy
• Lifestyle and Longevity
• Age and Chronic Disease
• Why Do We Live Longer Now?
• Genetic Change Since Agriculture
• The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
• Human Adaptability
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• Prehistory and History of Human Health
• 19. Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Third Epidemiologic Transition
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• An Overview of Epidemiologic Transitions
• Epidemiologic Transitions: From the Late Paleolithic Age to the Industrial Revolution
• Paleolithic Age Baseline
• The First Epidemiologic Transition
• The Second Epidemiologic Transition
• The third Epidemiologic Transition
• Recently Emerging Infections
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• 20. Health Conditions Before Columbus: Paleopathology of Native North Americans
• Questions to keep in mind
• An Analysis of Disease in Ancient Populations
• Prevalent Health Problems in Pre-Columbian Times
• Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Infectious Diseases
• Osteoarthritis
• Demography and Disease at Contact
• Conclusions: Lessons from the Past
• Notes
• 21. A Comparison of Health Complaints of Settled and Nomadic Turkana Men
• Questions to keep in mind
• Background
• The Turkana
• Health Among the Turkana
• Differences Between Nomadic and Settled Turkana
• Methods
• Data Management
• Results
• Overall Pattern of Health Complaints
• Differences between the Settled and Nomadic Men
• Impact of Nutrition
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• References
• 22. The Resurgence of Disease: Social and Historical Perspectives on the “New” Tuberculosis
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• The “New” Tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis in Historical Context
• Rethinking the Epidemiology of Disease
• Conclusions
• References
• 23. Implications of Pandemic Influenza for Bioterrorism Response
• Questions to keep in mind
• Influenza: Evolving Pathogens and Profound Health Burden
• Spanish Flu: Unparalleled Lethality and Social Distress
• Bioterrorism Response: Lessons from the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic
• Build Capacity to Care for Mass Casualties
• Respect Social Mores Relating to Burial Practices
• Characterize Outbreak Accurately and Promptly
• Earn Public Confidence in Emergency Measures
• Guard Against Discrimination and Allocate Resources Fairly
• Conclusion: Signs of Unpreparedness in 2000
• Notes
• Ecology and Geography of Disease
• 24. Health Implications of Modern Agricultural Transformations: Malaria and Pellagra in Italy
• Questions to keep in mind
• Macro Contexts and Local Factors in Agrarian Transformations
• Malaria in Sardinia
• Pellagra in Emilia-Romagna
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• 25. Ecology and Ethnomedicine: Exploring Links between Current Environmental Crisis and Indigenous Medical Practices
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Ethnomedicine and Biotic and Abiotic Resources
• Ecological Degradation and the Practice of Ethnomedicine
• Ethnomedicine and Environmental Degradation
• Ethnomedicine and Ecosystem Preservation and Conservation
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Part Thee: Culture-Oriented Approaches
• Suggested films
• Concepts and Perspectives
• 26. Cultural Meaning, Explanations of Illness, and the Development of Comparative Frameworks
• Questions to keep in mind
• Comparative Frameworks for Theories about Illness
• Illness Explanations in Pichátaro
• Explanatory Frameworks for Illness in the Anishinaabe Community
• Concluding Comments
• References
• 27. The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology
• Questions to keep in mind
• The Three Bodies
• The Individual Body
• How Real Is Real? The Cartesian Legacy
• Representations of Holism in Non-Western Epistemologies
• Person, Self, and Individual
• Body Imagery
• The Social Body
• The Body as Symbol
• The Embodied World
• The Body Politic
• Emotion: Mediatrix of the Three Bodies
• Concluding Observations
• Notes
• References
• Mind-Body-Universe
• 28. Breast Cancer: Reading the Omens
• Questions to keep in mind
• From Danger to Probability
• The Reality of Variation
• Treating Breast Cancer Genes
• The Moral Discourse of Risk
• Women as Risk
• The Ticking Time Bomb
• From Risk to Danger
• Screening and Testing for Embodied Danger
• Cancer and the Environment
• Notes
• References
• 29. Refugee Stress and Folk Belief: Hmong Sudden Deaths
• Questions to keep in mind
• Hmong Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome
• The Nightmare Spirit
• The Nightmare and Sleep Research
• The Hmong Nightmare
• Dab Tsog and Hmong Relocation
• Dab Tsog and Hmong Sunds
• Notes
• 30. Deconstructing the Placebo Effect and Finding the Meaning Response
• Questions to keep in mind
• Meaning and Medicine
• Meaning Permeates Medical Treatment
• Meaning Can Have Substantial Physiologic Action
• Meaning and Surgery
• Meaning, Culture, and Medicine
• Conclusions
• Notes
• 31. Possible Efficacy of a Creek Folk Medicine through Skin Absorption: An Object Lesson in Ethnopharmacology
• Questions to keep in mind
• The Solanaceae and their Uses
• Skin Absorption
• Concluding Remarks
• Notes
• References
• Explanatory Models and Social and Politico-Economic Contexts
• 32. Cultural Contexts of Ebola in Northern Uganda
• Questions to keep in mind
• Background
• Methods
• Results
• Explanatory Models
• Issues of Concern
• Funerals and Burials
• Traditional Healers
• Stigmatization
• Discussion
• Notes
• 33. Health Beliefs and Folk Models of Diabetes in British Bangladeshis: A Qualitative Study
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Subjects and Methods
• Subjects
• Methods
• Results
• Sources of Explanatory Models
• Constructs
• Discussion
• Strengths and Limitations of the Study
• Implications for Policy and Practice
• Notes
• Appendix Sample Section from Structured Vignette
• 34. Social Scientists and the New Tuberculosis
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Case Study
• Discussion: Poverty and MDR TB
• Social Science and Immodest Claims of Causality
• Conflating Structural Violence with Cultural Difference
• Minimizing the Role of Poverty
• Exaggeration of Patient Agency
• Romanticism about “Folk Healing”
• Persistence of Insularity
• Conclusion: Future Research on MDR TB
• Notes
• 35. Embodiment of Terror: Gendered Violence in Peacetime and Wartime in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Questions to keep in mind
• Brief Political Background
• Researcher in a War Situation
• Methodology and Field Site
• Traditional Culture in Peacetime: Gender Relations and Family Structure
• Peacetime Metaphors of Sexuality and the Body
• Sexuality, Courtship, and Reproduction
• Recipe for Terror, Culture of Fear: Setting the Stage for the War
• Gendered Violence in Wartime
• War Rapes in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina (1990–95)
• Dimensions of Violence
• Concentration Camps: Rapists’ Attack Centers
• Systematic Violence
• Transformation During the War Culture
• The Shifting of Violence
• Discussion
• References
• Stigma
• 36. Immigrants from Chernobyl-Affected Areas in Israel: The Link Between Health and Social Adjustment
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Study Population and Methods
• Findings
• Socio-demographics of the Sample
• Social Mobility, Integration and General Well-being
• Self-rated Health Status
• Mental Health and Somatization
• Utilization of Health Services and Patient Satisfaction
• Correlation between Health Status and Social Integration in Israel
• Discussion
• References
• 37. Partner Notification in Context: Swedish and Zambian Experiences
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• STD Epidemiology and Health Care Structure
• Sweden
• Zambia
• Methods
• Findings and Discussion
• STD Legislation
• Quality of Care
• Provider Referral
• Contact Slips
• Time Period for Tracing Partners
• Conclusion
• Notes
• 38. Erasmus, Syphilis, and the Abuse of Stigma
• Questions to keep in mind
• Notes
• Race and Racism
• 39. Under the Shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and Health Care
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• Exploitation After the Civil War
• Fears of Genocide
• Not Just Paranoia
• Beyond Tuskegee
• Notes
• 40. Does Racism Harm Health? Did Child Abuse Exist Before 1962? On Explicit Questions, Critical Science, and Current Controversies: An Ecosocial Perspective
• Questions to keep in mind
• Racism, Biology, and Health
• Methodological Controversies
• Racism or Social Class: The Limits of “Either/Or” Logic
• Being Explicit About Racism: A Scientific Necessity
• Notes
• 41. Getting the Numbers Right: Statistical Mischief and Racial Profiling in Heart Failure Research
• Questions to keep in mind
• BIDIL®: A “Race-Specific” Therapy for Heart Failure?
• History of the 2:1 Mortality Ratio
• The Use of Racial Categories in Medical Research
• Notes
• References
• Part Four: Special Topics and Case Studies
• Suggested Films
• Contrasting Perspectives on Metabolic Disorders
• 42. The Double Puzzle of Diabetes
• Questions to keep in mind
• Genetics and Lifestyle
• Genetics
• Lifestyle
• Nauru
• Thrifty Genes
• Natural Selection
• The Pimas
• Europe
• A Cryptic Epidemic in Europe?
• Tests of the Hypotheses
• Notes
• 43. Ethics, Epidemiology and the Thrifty Gene: Biological Determinism as a Health Hazard
• Questions to keep in mind
• Introduction
• The Thrifty Genotype Hypothesis
• So where are the Epidemiologists in this Epidemic?
• Conclusion
• References
• Food and Food Use
• 44. Eating Dirt
• Questions to keep in mind
• Geophagy (Eating Dirt) and its Reasons
• Abnormal Behavior
• Inadvertent Exposure
• Tradition and Culture
• Innate Tendency
• Risks of Eating Dirt
• Immunologic Development and Infectious Disease
• The “Age of Bacteria”
• Chimayo
• Notes
• 45. Using Drug Foods to Capture and Enhance Labor Performance: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
• Questions to keep in mind
• Defining the Problem
• Methodology
• Results
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• 46. The State of Mind of Vegetarians: Psychological Well-Being or Distress?
• Questions to keep in mind
• Study 1
• Participants
• Measures
• Results and Discussion
• Study 2
• Participants
• Measures
• Results
• General Discussion
• References
• Infant and Child Health
• 47. Breastfeeding, Breast Cancer, and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Anthropological Perspective
• Questions to keep in mind
• Old Genes, New Lifestyles
• Mothers and Infants
• Breast Cancer
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Social and Cultural Intervention
• References
• 48. Growth in Indigenous and Nonindigenous Chilean Schoolchildren from Three Poverty Strata
• Questions to keep in mind
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Sex and Gender
• 49. Genders, Sexes, and Health: What are the Connections, and Why Does It Matter?
• Questions to keep in mind
• Notes
• 50. Female-Selective Abortion in Asia: Patterns, Policies, and Debates
• Questions to keep in mind
• Female-Selective Abortion in Asia
• Data Constraints
• The Republic of Korea
• China
• Taiwan
• India
• Pakistan
• Summary
• Asian Patriarchal Demographics and Change
• Patriarchal Demographics
• Modernity and Patriarchal Demographics
• Modernity and Changing Marriage Costs
• The Technological Modernization of Male-Biased Reproduction
• China
• India
• Policies Regarding FSA
• The Republic of Korea
• China
• India
• Divergent Views on FSA
• Denial of Its Seriousness
• FSA Will Increase the Value of Women
• FSA as Preferable to Female Infanticide
• FSA Reduces Population Growth
• FSA Represents Free Choice
• Balanced Sex Ratios, Public Goods, and Human Rights
• A Balanced Sex Ratio as a Public Good
• Unbalanced Sex Ratios as Indicators of Human Rights Violations
• Notes
• References
• 51. Women from Polygamous and Monogamous Marriages in an Out-Patient Psychiatric Clinic
• Questions to keep in mind
• Polygamy
• Bedouin-Arabs
• Method
• Setting and Sample
• Procedure
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• References
• 52. “The Worst Hassle Is You Can’t Play Rugby”: Haemophilia and Masculinity in New Zealand
• Haemophilia
• Research Background
• Rugby and Haemophilia
• Rugby, Sport, and Masculinity
• Rugby in New Zealand
• Implications and Conclusion
• Recreational Strategies
• Adolescent Development
• Stoicism
• Male Carriers
• Increased Incidence
• Understanding Rugby, Masculinity, and Haemophilia
• References
• 53. Doing Gender, Doing Surgery: Women Surgeons in a Man’s Profession
• Gender Differences
• Gender Differences among Surgeons
• Gender as Interactional Process
• Final Reflections
• Notes
• References
• Biotechnology and Bioethics
• 54. The Cow Tipping Point
• Questions to keep in mind
• 55. Keeping an Eye on the Global Traffic in Human Organs
• Questions to keep in mind
• 56. Therapeutic and Reproductive Cloning: A Critique
• Questions to keep in mind
• The Origins of Cloning
• The Stem Cell Revolution and ‘Therapeutic’ Cloning
• The Slippery Slope
• The Right to an Open Future
• Sex Selection
• Designer Babies
• Genetic Choice as Parental Despotism
• The Dissolution of the Subject
• The Self-Understanding of the Species
• Notes
• References
• References