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• Half-title
• Title
• Copyright
• Deadication
• CONTENTS
• PREFACE
• Acknowledgments
• STUDY GUIDE
• Graduate heat transfer class
• Undergraduate heat transfer class
• NOMENCLATURE
• Greek Symbols
• Superscripts
• Subscripts
• Other notes
• HEAT TRANSFER
• 1 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
• 1.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
• 1.1.1 Introduction
• 1.1.2 Thermal Conductivity
• Thermal Conductivity of a Gas
• 1.2 Steady-State 1-D Conduction without Generation
• 1.2.1 Introduction
• 1.2.2 The Plane Wall
• 1.2.3 The Resistance Concept
• 1.2.4 Resistance to Radial Conduction through a Cylinder
• 1.2.5 Resistance to Radial Conduction through a Sphere
• 1.2.6 Other Resistance Formulae
• Convection Resistance
• Contact Resistance
• Radiation Resistance
• 1.3 Steady-State 1-D Conduction with Generation
• 1.3.1 Introduction
• 1.3.2 Uniform Thermal Energy Generation in a Plane Wall
• 1.3.3 Uniform Thermal Energy Generation in Radial Geometries
• 1.3.4 Spatially Non-Uniform Generation
• 1.4 Numerical Solutions to Steady-State 1-D Conduction Problems (EES)
• 1.4.1 Introduction
• 1.4.2 Numerical Solutions in EES
• 1.4.3 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity
• 1.4.4 Alternative Rate Models
• 1.5 Numerical Solutions to Steady-State 1-D Conduction Problems using
• 1.5.1 Introduction
• 1.5.2 Numerical Solutions in Matrix Format
• 1.5.3 Implementing a Numerical Solution in MATLAB
• 1.5.4 Functions
• 1.5.5 Sparse Matrices
• 1.5.6 Temperature-Dependent Properties
• 1.6 Analytical Solutions for Constant Cross-Section Extended Surfaces
• 1.6.1 Introduction
• 1.6.2 The Extended Surface Approximation
• 1.6.3 Analytical Solution
• 1.6.4 Fin Behavior
• 1.6.5 Fin Efficiency and Resistance
• 1.6.6 Finned Surfaces
• 1.6.7 Fin Optimization
• 1.7 Analytical Solutions for Advanced Constant Cross-Section Extended Surfaces
• 1.7.1 Introduction
• 1.7.2 Additional Thermal Loads
• 1.7.3 Moving Extended Surfaces
• 1.8 Analytical Solutions for Non-Constant Cross-Section Extended Surfaces
• 1.8.1 Introduction
• 1.8.2 Series Solutions
• 1.8.3 Bessel Functions
• 1.8.4 Rules for using Bessel Functions
• 1.9 Numerical Solution to Extended Surface Problems
• 1.9.1 Introduction
• Chapter 1: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
• REFERENCES
• 2 Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
• 2.1 Shape Factors
• 2.2 Separation of Variables Solutions
• 2.2.1 Introduction
• 2.2.2 Separation of Variables
• Requirements for using Separation of Variables
• Separate the Variables
• Solve the Eigenproblem
• Solve the Non-homogeneous Problem for each Eigenvalue
• Obtain Solution for each Eigenvalue
• Create the Series Solution and Enforce the Remaining Boundary Conditions
• Summary of Steps
• 2.2.3 Simple Boundary Condition Transformations
• 2.3 Advanced Separation of Variables Solutions
• 2.4 Superposition
• 2.4.1 Introduction
• 2.4.2 Superposition for 2-D Problems
• 2.5 Numerical Solutions to Steady-State 2-D Problems with EES
• 2.5.1 Introduction
• 2.5.2 Numerical Solutions with EES
• 2.6 Numerical Solutions to Steady-State 2-D Problems with MATLAB
• 2.6.1 Introduction
• 2.6.2 Numerical Solutions with MATLAB
• 2.6.3 Numerical Solution by Gauss-Seidel Iteration
• 2.7 Finite Element Solutions
• 2.8 Resistance Approximations for Conduction Problems
• 2.8.1 Introduction
• 2.8.2 Isothermal and Adiabatic Resistance Limits
• 2.8.3 Average Area and Average Length Resistance Limits
• 2.9 Conduction through Composite Materials
• 2.9.1 Effective Thermal Conductivity
• Chapter 2: Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
• Shape Factors
• Separation of Variables Solutions
• Advanced Separation of Variables Solutions
• Superposition
• Numerical Solutions to Steady-State 2-D Problems using EES
• Finite-Difference Solutions to Steady-State 2-D Problems using MATLAB
• Finite Element Solutions to Steady-State 2-D Problems using FEHT
• Resistance Approximations for Conduction Problems
• Conduction through Composite Materials
• REFERENCES
• 3 Transient Conduction
• 3.1 Analytical Solutions to 0-D Transient Problems
• 3.1.1 Introduction
• 3.1.2 The Lumped Capacitance Assumption
• 3.1.3 The Lumped Capacitance Problem
• 3.1.4 The Lumped Capacitance Time Constant
• 3.2 Numerical Solutions to 0-D Transient Problems
• 3.2.1 Introduction
• 3.2.2 Numerical Integration Techniques
• Euler’s Method
• Heun’s Method
• Runge-Kutta Fourth Order Method
• Fully Implicit Method
• Crank-Nicolson Method
• Adaptive Step-Size and EES’ Integral Command
• MATLAB’s Ordinary Differential Equation Solvers
• 3.3 Semi-Infinite 1-D Transient Problems
• 3.3.1 Introduction
• 3.3.2 The Diffusive Time Constant
• 3.3.3 The Self-Similar Solution
• 3.3.4 Solution to other Semi-Infinite Problems
• 3.4 The Laplace Transform
• 3.4.1 Introduction
• 3.4.2 The Laplace Transformation
• Laplace Transformations with Tables
• Laplace Transformations with Maple
• 3.4.3 The Inverse Laplace Transform
• Inverse Laplace Transform with Tables and the Method of Partial Fractions
• Inverse Laplace Transformation with Maple
• 3.4.4 Properties of the Laplace Transformation
• 3.4.5 Solution to Lumped Capacitance Problems
• 3.4.6 Solution to Semi-Infinite Body Problems
• 3.5 Separation of Variables for Transient Problems
• 3.5.1 Introduction
• 3.5.2 Separation of Variables Solutions for Common Shapes
• The Plane Wall
• The Cylinder
• The Sphere
• 3.5.3 Separation of Variables Solutions in Cartesian Coordinates
• Requirements for using Separation of Variables
• Separate the Variables
• Solve the Eigenproblem
• Solve the Non-homogeneous Problem for each Eigenvalue
• Obtain a Solution for each Eigenvalue
• Create the Series Solution and Enforce the Initial Condition
• Limit Behaviors of the Separation of Variables Solution
• 3.5.4 Separation of Variables Solutions in Cylindrical Coordinates
• 3.5.5 Non-homogeneous Boundary Conditions
• 3.6 Duhamel’s Theorem
• 3.7 Complex Combination
• 3.8 Numerical Solutions to 1-D Transient Problems
• 3.8.1 Introduction
• 3.8.2 Transient Conduction in a Plane Wall
• Euler’s Method
• Fully Implicit Method
• Heun’s Method
• Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method
• Crank-Nicolson Method
• EES’ Integral Command
• 3.8.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties
• 3.9 Reduction of Multi-Dimensional Transient Problems
• Chapter 3: Transient Conduction
• The Laplace Transform
• Duhamel’s Theorem
• Complex Combination
• Transient Conduction Problems using FEHT (FEHT can be downloaded from www.cambridge.org/nellisandkle
• REFERENCES
• 4 External Forced Convection
• 4.1 Introduction to Laminar Boundary Layers
• 4.1.1 Introduction
• 4.1.2 The Laminar Boundary Layer
• A Conceptual Model of the Laminar Boundary Layer
• A Conceptual Model of the Friction Coefficient and Heat Transfer Coefficient
• The Reynolds Analogy
• 4.1.3 Local and Integrated Quantities
• 4.2 The Boundary Layer Equations
• 4.2.1 Introduction
• 4.2.2 The Governing Equations for Viscous Fluid Flow
• The Continuity Equation
• The Momentum Conservation Equations
• The Thermal Energy Conservation Equation
• 4.2.3 The Boundary Layer Simplifications
• The Continuity Equation
• The x-Momentum Equation
• The y-Momentum Equation
• The Thermal Energy Equation
• 4.3 Dimensional Analysis in Convection
• 4.3.1 Introduction
• 4.3.2 Dimensionless Boundary Layer Equations
• The Dimensionless Continuity Equation
• The Dimensionless Momentum Equation in the Boundary Layer
• The Dimensionless Thermal Energy Equation in the Boundary Layer
• 4.3.3 Correlating the Solutions of the Dimensionless Equations
• The Friction and Drag Coefficients
• The Nusselt Number
• 4.3.4 The Reynolds Analogy (revisited)
• 4.4 Self-Similar Solution for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
• 4.4.1 Introduction
• 4.4.2 The Blasius Solution
• The Problem Statement
• The Similarity Variables
• The Problem Transformation
• Numerical Solution
• 4.4.3 The Temperature Solution
• The Problem Statement
• The Similarity Variables
• The Problem Transformation
• Numerical Solution
• 4.4.4 The Falkner-Skan Transformation
• 4.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Concepts
• 4.5.1 Introduction
• 4.5.2 A Conceptual Model of the Turbulent Boundary Layer
• 4.6 The Reynolds Averaged Equations
• 4.6.1 Introduction
• 4.6.2 The Averaging Process
• The Reynolds Averaged Continuity Equation
• The Reynolds Averaged Momentum Equation
• The Reynolds Averaged Thermal Energy Equation
• 4.7 The Laws of the Wall
• 4.7.1 Introduction
• 4.7.2 Inner Variables
• 4.7.3 Eddy Diffusivity of Momentum
• 4.7.4 The Mixing Length Model
• 4.7.5 The Universal Velocity Profile
• 4.7.6 Eddy Diffusivity of Momentum Models
• 4.7.7 Wake Region
• 4.7.8 Eddy Diffusivity of Heat Transfer
• 4.7.9 The Thermal Law of the Wall
• 4.8 Integral Solutions
• 4.8.1 Introduction
• 4.8.2 The Integral Form of the Momentum Equation
• Derivation of the Integral Form of the Momentum Equation
• Application of the Integral Form of the Momentum Equation
• 4.8.3 The Integral Form of the Energy Equation
• Derivation of the Integral Form of the Energy Equation
• Application of the Integral Form of the Energy Equation
• 4.8.4 Integral Solutions for Turbulent Flows
• 4.9 External Flow Correlations
• 4.9.1 Introduction
• 4.9.2 Flow over a Flat Plate
• Friction Coefficient
• Nusselt Number
• Unheated Starting Length
• Constant Heat Flux
• Flow over a Rough Plate
• 4.9.3 Flow across a Cylinder
• Drag Coefficient
• Nusselt Number
• Flow across a Bank of Cylinders
• Non-Circular Extrusions
• 4.9.4 Flow Past a Sphere
• Chapter 4: External Convection
• Introduction to Laminar Boundary Layers
• The Boundary Layer Equations and Dimensional Analysis in Convection
• The Self-Similar Solution for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
• Turbulence
• Integral Solutions
• External Flow Correlations
• REFERENCES
• 5 Internal Forced Convection
• 5.1 Internal Flow Concepts
• 5.1.1 Introduction
• 5.1.2 Momentum Considerations
• The Mean Velocity
• The Laminar Hydrodynamic Entry Length
• Turbulent Internal Flow
• The Turbulent Hydrodynamic Entry Length
• The Friction Factor
• 5.1.3 Thermal Considerations
• The Mean Temperature
• The Heat Transfer Coefficient and Nusselt Number
• The Laminar Thermal Entry Length
• Turbulent Internal Flow
• 5.2 Internal Flow Correlations
• 5.2.1 Introduction
• 5.2.2 Flow Classification
• 5.2.3 Friction Factor
• Laminar Flow
• Turbulent Flow
• EES’ Internal Flow Convection Library
• 5.2.4 The Nusselt Number
• Laminar Flow
• Turbulent Flow
• 5.3 The Energy Balance
• 5.3.1 Introduction
• 5.3.2 The Energy Balance
• 5.3.3 Prescribed Heat Flux
• Constant Heat Flux
• 5.3.4 Prescribed Wall Temperature
• Constant Wall Temperature
• 5.3.4 Prescribed External Temperature
• 5.4 Analytical Solutions for Internal Flows
• 5.4.1 Introduction
• 5.4.2 The Momentum Equation
• Fully Developed Flow between Parallel Plates
• The Reynolds Equation
• Fully Developed Flow in a Circular Tube
• 5.4.3 The Thermal Energy Equation
• Fully Developed Flow through a Round Tube with a Constant Heat Flux
• Fully Developed Flow between Parallel Plates with a Constant Heat Flux
• 5.5 Numerical Solutions to Internal Flow Problems
• 5.5.1 Introduction
• 5.5.2 Hydrodynamically Fully Developed Laminar Flow
• The Euler Technique
• MATLAB’s Ordinary Differential Equation Solvers
• 5.5.3 Hydrodynamically Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
• Chapter 5: Internal Convection
• Internal Flow Concepts
• Internal Flow Correlations and the Energy Balance
• Analytical Solutions to Internal Flow Problems
• Numerical Solutions to Internal Flow Problems
• REFERENCES
• 6 Natural Convection
• 6.1 Natural Convection Concepts
• 6.1.1 Introduction
• 6.1.2 Dimensionless Parameters for Natural Convection
• Identification from Physical Reasoning
• Identification from the Governing Equations
• 6.2 Natural Convection Correlations
• 6.2.1 Introduction
• 6.2.2 Plate
• Heated or Cooled Vertical Plate
• Horizontal Heated Upward Facing or Cooled Downward Facing Plate
• Horizontal Heated Downward Facing or Cooled Upward Facing Plate
• Plate at an Arbitrary Tilt Angle
• 6.2.3 Sphere
• 6.2.4 Cylinder
• Horizontal Cylinder
• Vertical Cylinder
• 6.2.5 Open Cavity
• Vertical Parallel Plates
• 6.2.6 Enclosures
• 6.2.7 Combined Free and Forced Convection
• 6.3 Self-Similar Solution
• 6.4 Integral Solution
• Chapter 6: Natural Convection
• Natural Convection Correlations
• Self-Similar Solution
• REFERENCES
• 7 Boiling and Condensation
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Pool Boiling
• 7.2.1 Introduction
• 7.2.2 The Boiling Curve
• 7.2.3 Pool Boiling Correlations
• 7.3 Flow Boiling
• 7.3.1 Introduction
• 7.3.2 Flow Boiling Correlations
• 7.4 Film Condensation
• 7.4.1 Introduction
• 7.4.2 Solution for Inertia-Free Film Condensation on a Vertical Wall
• 7.4.3 Correlations for Film Condensation
• Vertical Wall
• Horizontal, Downward Facing Plate
• Horizontal, Upward Facing Plate
• Single Horizontal Cylinder
• Bank of Horizontal Cylinders
• Single Horizontal Finned Tube
• 7.5 Flow Condensation
• 7.5.1 Introduction
• 7.5.2 Flow Condensation Correlations
• Chapter 7: Boiling and Condensation
• Pool Boiling
• Flow Boiling
• Film Condensation
• Flow Condensation
• REFERENCES
• 8 Heat Exchangers
• 8.1 Introduction to Heat Exchangers
• 8.1.1 Introduction
• 8.1.2 Applications of Heat Exchangers
• 8.1.3 Heat Exchanger Classifications and Flow Paths
• 8.1.4 Overall Energy Balances
• 8.1.5 Heat Exchanger Conductance
• Fouling Resistance
• 8.1.6 Compact Heat Exchanger Correlations
• 8.2 The Log-Mean Temperature Difference Method
• 8.2.1 Introduction
• 8.2.2 LMTD Method for Counter-Flow and Parallel-Flow Heat Exchangers
• 8.2.3 LMTD Method for Shell-and-Tube and Cross-flow Heat Exchangers
• 8.3 The Effectiveness-NTU Method
• 8.3.1 Introduction
• 8.3.2 The Maximum Heat Transfer Rate
• 8.3.3 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
• 8.3.4 Further Discussion of Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
• Behavior as CR Approaches Zero
• Behavior as NTU Approaches Zero
• Behavior as NTU Becomes Infinite
• Heat Exchanger Design
• 8.4 Pinch Point Analysis
• 8.4.1 Introduction
• 8.4.2 Pinch Point Analysis for a Single Heat Exchanger
• 8.4.3 Pinch Point Analysis for a Heat Exchanger Network
• 8.5 Heat Exchangers with Phase Change
• 8.5.1 Introduction
• 8.5.2 Sub-Heat Exchanger Model for Phase-Change
• 8.6 Numerical Model of Parallel- and Counter-Flow Heat Exchangers
• 8.6.1 Introduction
• 8.6.2 Numerical Integration of Governing Equations
• Parallel-Flow Configuration
• 8.6.3 Discretization into Sub-Heat Exchangers
• Parallel-Flow Configuration
• Counter-Flow Configuration
• 8.6.4 Solution with Axial Conduction
• 8.7 Axial Conduction in Heat Exchangers
• 8.7.1 Introduction
• 8.7.2 Approximate Models for Axial Conduction
• Approximate Model at Low λ
• Approximate Model at High λ
• Temperature Jump Model
• 8.8 Perforated Plate Heat Exchangers
• 8.8.1 Introduction
• 8.8.2 Modeling Perforated Plate Heat Exchangers
• 8.9 Numerical Modeling of Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers
• 8.9.1 Introduction
• 8.9.2 Finite Difference Solution
• Both Fluids Unmixed with Uniform Properties
• Both Fluids Unmixed with Temperature-Dependent Properties
• One Fluid Mixed, One Fluid Unmixed
• Both Fluids Mixed
• 8.10 Regenerators
• 8.10.1 Introduction
• 8.10.2 Governing Equations
• 8.10.3 Balanced, Symmetric Flow with No Entrained Fluid Heat Capacity
• Utilization and Number of Transfer Units
• Regenerator Effectiveness
• 8.10.4 Correlations for Regenerator Matrices
• Packed Bed of Spheres
• Screens
• Triangular Passages
• 8.10.5 Numerical Model of a Regenerator with No Entrained Heat Capacity
• Chapter 8: Heat Exchangers
• Introduction to Heat Exchangers
• The Effectiveness-NTU Method
• Numerical Modeling of Parallel-Flow and Counter-Flow Heat Exchangers
• Regenerators
• REFERENCES
• 9 Mass Transfer
• Chapter 9: Mass Transfer
• Mass Transfer Concepts
• Mass Diffusion and Fick’s Law
• Transient Diffusion through a Stationary Medium
• Mass Convection
• Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer
• Cooling Coil Analysis
• 10 Radiation
• 10.1 Introduction to Radiation
• 10.1.1 Radiation
• 10.1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• 10.2 Emission of Radiation by a Blackbody
• 10.2.1 Introduction
• 10.2.2 Blackbody Emission
• Planck’s Law
• Blackbody Emission in Specified Wavelength Bands
• 10.3 Radiation Exchange between Black Surfaces
• 10.3.1 Introduction
• 10.3.2 View Factors
• The Enclosure Rule
• Reciprocity
• Other View Factor Relationships
• The Crossed and Uncrossed Strings Method
• View Factor Library
• 10.3.3 Blackbody Radiation Calculations
• The Space Resistance
• N-Surface Solutions
• 10.3.4 Radiation Exchange between Non-Isothermal Surfaces
• 10.4 Radiation Characteristics of Real Surfaces
• 10.4.1 Introduction
• 10.4.2 Emission of Real Materials
• Intensity
• Spectral, Directional Emissivity
• Hemispherical Emissivity
• Total Hemispherical Emissivity
• The Diffuse Surface Approximation
• The Diffuse Gray Surface Approximation
• The Semi-Gray Surface
• 10.4.3 Reflectivity, Absorptivity, and Transmittivity
• Diffuse and Specular Surfaces
• Hemispherical Reflectivity, Absorptivity, and Transmittivity
• Kirchoff’s Law
• Total Hemispherical Values
• The Diffuse Surface Approximation
• The Diffuse Gray Surface Approximation
• The Semi-Gray Surface
• 10.5 Diffuse Gray Surface Radiation Exchange
• 10.5.1 Introduction
• 10.5.2 Radiosity
• 10.5.3 Gray Surface Radiation Calculations
• 10.5.4 The Parameter
• 10.5.5 Radiation Exchange for Semi-Gray Surfaces
• 10.6 Radiation with other Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• 10.6.1 Introduction
• 10.6.2 When Is Radiation Important?
• 10.6.3 Multi-Mode Problems
• 10.7 The Monte Carlo Method
• 10.7.1 Introduction
• 10.7.2 Determination of View Factors with the Monte Carlo Method
• Select a Location on Surface 1
• Select the Direction of the Ray
• Determine whether the Ray from Surface 1 Strikes Surface 2
• 10.7.3 Radiation Heat Transfer Determined by the Monte Carlo Method
• Chapter 10: Radiation
• Emission of Radiation by a Blackbody
• Radiation Exchange between Black Surfaces
• Radiation Characteristics of Real Surfaces
• Diffuse Gray Surface Radiation Exchange
• Radiation with other Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• The Monte Carlo Method
• REFERENCES
• Appendices
• A.1: Introduction to EES
• A.2: Introduction to Maple
• A.3: Introduction to MATLAB
• A.4: Introduction to FEHT
• A.5: Introduction to Economics
• INDEX