Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Syllabus roadmap
• Authors’ introduction to the third edition
• Theme A
• A Unity and diversity – Molecules
• A1.1: Water
• A1.1.1 – The medium of life
• A1.1.2 – The structure and polarity of water molecules
• A1.1.3 – Cohesion of water molecules
• A1.1.4 – Adhesion between water and other polar substances
• A1.1.5 – The solvent properties of water
• A1.1.6 – The physical properties of water
• A1.1.7 – The origin of water on Earth
• A1.1.8 – The search for extraterrestrial life
• A1.2 Nucleic acids
• A1.2.1 – DNA is the universal genetic material
• A1.2.2 – The structure of nucleotides
• A1.2.3 – Sugar to phosphate “backbone” of DNA and RNA
• A1.2.4 – Nitrogenous bases within nucleic acids
• A1.2.5 – The structure of RNA
• A1.2.6 – The structure of DNA
• A1.2.7 – Distinguishing between DNA and RNA
• A1.2.8 – The importance of complementary base pairing
• A1.2.9 – Storage of genetic information
• A1.2.10 – Genetic uniqueness
• A1.2.11 – Directionality of RNA and DNA strands
• A1.2.12 – Purine-to-pyrimidine bonding
• A1.2.13 – Efficient packaging of DNA molecules
• A1.2.14 – The Hershey–Chase experiment
• A1.2.15 – Chargaff’s rule
• A Unity and diversity – Cells
• A2.1: Origins of cells
• A2.1.1 – The formation of carbon compounds
• A2.1.2 – Functions of life
• A2.1.3 – Evolution of the cell
• A2.1.4 – Inorganic to carbon compounds
• A2.1.5 – The formation of vesicles
• A2.1.6 – RNA as the first genetic material
• A2.1.7 – Evidence for a last universal common ancestor
• A2.1.8 – Dating the first living cells and LUCA
• A2.1.9 – Hydrothermal vents and the evolution of the LUCA
• A2.2: Cell structure
• A2.2.1 – Cells and the functions of life
• A2.2.2 – Cells and the microscope
• A2.2.3 – Advanced microscopy
• A2.2.4 – Structures common to all cells
• A2.2.5 – The prokaryote cell
• A2.2.6 – The eukaryote cell
• A2.2.7 – Unicellular organisms
• A2.2.8 – Different types of eukaryotic cells
• A2.2.9 – Atypical eukaryotes
• A2.2.10 and A2.2.11 – Electron micrograph skills
• A2.2.12 – The origin of eukaryotic cells
• A2.2.13 and A2.2.14 – Cell specialization and multicellularity
• A2.3: Viruses
• A2.3.1 – Characteristics of viruses
• A2.3.2 – Structural diversity in viruses
• A2.3.3 and A2.3.4 – The life cycle of viruses
• A2.3.5 – The origin of viruses
• A2.3.6 – Rapidly evolving viruses
• A Unity and diversity – Organisms
• A3.1: Diversity of organisms
• A3.1.1 – Variation between organisms
• A3.1.2 – Species as groups of organisms
• A3.1.3 – The binomial naming system
• A3.1.4 – Biological species
• A3.1.5 – Distinguishing between populations and species
• A3.1.6 – Diversity in chromosome numbers
• A3.1.7 – Karyotypes
• A3.1.8 – Unity and diversity of genomes
• A3.1.9 – Eukaryote genomes
• A3.1.10 – Genome sizes
• A3.1.11 – Whole genome sequencing
• A3.1.12 – Difficulties with the biological species concept
• A3.1.13 – Chromosome number as a shared trait
• A3.1.14 – Dichotomous keys
• A3.1.15 – DNA barcoding
• A3.2: Classification and cladistics
• A3.2.1 – The classification of organisms
• A3.2.2 – Difficulties in classifying organisms
• A3.2.3 – Classification using evolutionary relationships
• A3.2.4 – Clades display common ancestries and shared characteristics
• A3.2.5 – The evolutionary clock
• A3.2.6 – Constructing cladograms
• A3.2.7 – Using cladograms
• A3.2.8 – Cladistics and reclassification
• A3.2.9 – Three domains of life, not two
• A Unity and diversity – Ecosystems
• A4.1: Evolution and speciation
• A4.1.1 – Evolution
• A4.1.2 – Biochemical evidence for evolution
• A4.1.3 – Selective breeding
• A4.1.4 – Homologous and analogous structures
• A4.1.5 – Convergent evolution
• A4.1.6 – Speciation
• A4.1.7 – Reproductive isolation and differential selection
• A4.1.8 – Allopatric and sympatric speciation
• A4.1.9 – Adaptive radiation
• A4.1.10 – Barriers to hybridization, and hybrid sterility
• A4.1.11 – Abrupt speciation in plants
• A4.2: Conservation of biodiversity
• A4.2.1 – Biodiversity exists in many forms
• A4.2.2 – Has biodiversity changed over time?
• A4.2.3 – Human activities and the rate of species extinction
• A4.2.4 – Human activities and ecosystem loss
• A4.2.5 – A biodiversity crisis
• A4.2.6 – Causes of the biodiversity crisis
• A4.2.7 – Conservation of biodiversity
• A4.2.8 – The EDGE of Existence programme
• Theme B
• B Form and function – Molecules
• B1.1: Carbohydrates and lipids
• B1.1.1 – The variety of compounds containing carbon
• B1.1.2 and B1.1.3 – Condensation and hydrolysis
• B1.1.4 – Monosaccharides
• B1.1.5 – Polysaccharides and energy storage
• B1.1.6 – Cellulose as a structural polysaccharide
• B1.1.7 – Conjugated carbon molecules
• B1.1.8 – Lipid solubility
• B1.1.9 – Triglycerides and phospholipids
• B1.1.10 – Properties of fatty acids
• B1.1.11 – Adipose tissue
• B1.1.12 – Phospholipid bilayers
• B1.1.13 – Steroid hormones
• B1.2: Proteins
• B1.2.1 – The common structure of amino acids
• B1.2.2 – Condensation reactions bond amino acids together
• B1.2.3 – Essential amino acids
• B1.2.4 – The vast variety of polypeptides
• B1.2.5 – The effect of pH and temperature
• B1.2.6 – R-groups provide diversity
• B1.2.7 – Primary structure of a protein
• B1.2.8 – Secondary structure of a protein
• B1.2.9 – Tertiary structure of a protein
• B1.2.10 – Polar and non-polar amino acids
• B1.2.11 – Quaternary structure of proteins
• B1.2.12 – Protein shape and its function
• B Form and function – Cells
• B2.1: Membranes and membrane transport
• B2.1.1 and B2.1.2 – Membrane structure
• B2.1.3 – Diffusion across cellular membranes
• B2.1.4 – Membrane proteins
• B2.1.5 and B2.1.6 – Membrane transport
• B2.1.7 – Active transport and pump proteins
• B2.1.8 – Membrane permeability
• B2.1.9 – Glycoproteins and glycolipids
• B2.1.10 – The fluid mosaic model
• B2.1.11 – Fatty acids and membrane fluidity
• B2.1.12 – Cholesterol and membrane fluidity
• B2.1.13 – Bulk transport and membrane fluidity
• B2.1.14 – Gated ion channels and cellular transport
• B2.1.15 – The sodium−potassium pump
• B2.1.16 – Indirect active transport
• B2.1.17 – Cell adhesion
• B2.2: Organelles and compartmentalization
• B2.2.1 – Cell compartmentalization
• B2.2.2 – The nucleus and cytoplasm
• B2.2.3 – Compartmentalization of the cytoplasm
• B2.2.4 – The mitochondrion
• B2.2.5 – The chloroplast
• B2.2.6 – The double membrane of the nucleus
• B2.2.7 – The ribosome
• B2.2.8 – The Golgi apparatus
• B2.2.9 – Cellular vesicles
• B2.3: Cell specialization
• B2.3.1 – Cell reproduction and organism development
• B2.3.2 – Stem cells
• B2.3.3 – Stem cell niches
• B2.3.4 – Types of stem cell
• B2.3.5 – Cell size and specialization
• B2.3.6 – Constraints on cell size
• B2.3.7 – Surface area-to-volume adaptations
• B2.3.8 – Lung alveoli
• B2.3.9 – Muscle fibres
• B2.3.10 – Sperm and egg cells
• B Form and function – Organisms
• B3.1: Gas exchange
• B3.1.1 – The exchange of gases between organisms and their environment
• B3.1.2 – Gas exchange surfaces
• B3.1.3 – Concentration gradients at exchange surfaces in animals
• B3.1.4 – Gas exchange in mammalian lungs
• B3.1.5 – Lung ventilation
• B3.1.6 – Lung volume
• B3.1.7 – Gas exchange in leaves
• B3.1.8 – Leaf tissue distribution
• B3.1.9 – Transpiration
• B3.1.10 – Stomata
• B3.1.11 – Haemoglobin and oxygen transport
• B.3.1.12 – The Bohr shift
• B3.1.13 – Oxygen dissociation curves
• B3.2: Transport
• B3.2.1 – Capillaries and chemical exchange
• B3.2.2 – Arteries and veins
• B3.2.3 – Adaptations of arteries
• B3.2.4 – Measuring the pulse rate
• B3.2.5 – Adaptations of veins
• B3.2.6 – Occlusion of coronary arteries
• B3.2.7 – Water transport from roots to leaves
• B3.2.8 – Adaptations of xylem vessels
• B3.2.9 – Tissues in a dicotyledonous stem
• B3.2.10 – Tissues in a dicotyledonous root
• B3.2.11 – Capillaries and tissue fluid
• B3.2.12 – Exchange between cells and tissue fluid
• B3.2.13 – Lymph ducts
• B3.2.14 – Single and double circulation
• B3.2.15 – The mammalian heart
• B3.2.16 – The cardiac cycle
• B3.2.17 – Xylem root pressure
• B3.2.18 – Phloem translocation of sap
• B3.3: Muscle and motility
• B3.3.1 – Adaptations for movement
• B3.3.2 – The sliding filament theory
• B3.3.3 – Antagonistic muscle pairs and titin
• B3.3.4 – Motor units
• B3.3.5 – Skeletons as levers and anchor points
• B3.3.6 – Synovial joints
• B3.3.7 – Range of motion
• B3.3.8 – Antagonistic muscle action
• B3.3.9 – The need for locomotion
• B3.3.10 – Swimming adaptations
• B Form and function – Ecosystems
• B4.1: Adaptation to environment
• B4.1.1 – What is a habitat?
• B4.1.2 – Adaptation to the abiotic environment
• B4.1.3 – Abiotic variables
• B4.1.4 – Limiting factors
• B4.1.5 – Coral reef formation
• B4.1.6 – Terrestrial biomes
• B4.1.7 – Biomes, ecosystems and communities
• B4.1.8 – Hot deserts and tropical rainforests
• B4.2: Ecological niches
• B4.2.1 – Species and ecosystems
• B4.2.2 – Obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes
• B4.2.3 – Photosynthesis
• B4.2.4 – Holozoic nutrition
• B4.2.5 – Mixotrophic nutrition
• B4.2.6 – Saprotrophic nutrition
• B4.2.7 – Diversity of nutrition in archaea
• B4.2.8 – The relationship between dentition and diet
• B4.2.9 – Adaptations of herbivores and plants
• B4.2.10 – Adaptations of predators and prey
• B4.2.11 – Harvesting light
• B4.2.12 – Ecological niches
• B4.2.13 – Competitive exclusion
• Theme C
• C Interaction and interdependence – Molecules
• C1.1: Enzymes and metabolism
• C1.1.1 – Enzymes as catalysts
• C1.1.2 – Metabolism
• C1.1.3 – Anabolism and catabolism
• C1.1.4 – Globular proteins and active sites
• C1.1.5 and C1.1.10 – Enzyme activation
• C1.1.6 – Molecular motion
• C1.1.7 – Mechanism of enzyme action
• C1.1.8 – Factors affecting enzyme-catalysed reactions
• C1.1.9 – Measuring enzyme-catalysed reactions
• C1.1.11 – Intracellular and extracellular reactions
• C1.1.12 – Metabolic efficiency
• C1.1.13 – Metabolic pathways
• C1.1.14 – Non-competitive inhibition
• C1.1.15 – Competitive inhibition
• C1.1.16 – Feedback inhibition
• C1.1.17 – Mechanism-based inhibition
• C1.2: Cell respiration
• C1.2.1 – ATP structure and function
• C1.2.2 – Life processes within cells require ATP
• C1.2.3 – ATP and ADP
• C1.2.4 and C1.2.5 – ATP and cell respiration
• C1.2.6 – The rate of cell respiration
• C1.2.7 – The role of NAD in cellular respiration
• C1.2.8 – Glycolysis, ATP and NAD
• C1.2.9 – The fate of pyruvate
• C1.2.10 – Anaerobic cell respiration in yeast
• C1.2.11 – The link reaction
• C1.2.12 – Oxidation and decarboxylation in the Krebs cycle
• C1.2.13 – Reduced NAD
• C1.2.14 and C1.2.15 – The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
• C1.2.16 – The role of oxygen
• C1.2.17 – Respiratory substrates
• C1.3: Photosynthesis
• C1.3.1 – Light energy and life processes
• C1.3.2 and C1.3.3 – The equation for photosynthesis
• C1.3.4 – Photosynthetic pigments and light absorption
• C1.3.5 and C1.3.6 – Absorption and action spectra
• C1.3.7 – Measuring the rate of photosynthesis
• C1.3.8 – Carbon dioxide levels and future rates of photosynthesis
• C1.3.9 – Light-dependent reactions and photosystems
• C1.3.10 – Advantages of the structured array
• C1.3.11 – Oxygen as a waste product
• C1.3.12 and C1.3.13 – Photophosphorylation
• C1.3.14 – The role of thylakoids
• C1.3.15, C1.3.16 and C1.3.17 – Light independentreactions and the Calvin cycle
• C1.3.18 – Synthesis of other carbohydrates and amino acids
• C1.3.19 – Overview of photosynthesis
• C Interaction and interdependence – Cells
• C2.1: Chemical signalling
• C2.1.1 – The requirements for cell signalling
• C2.1.2 – Quorum sensing in bacteria
• C2.1.3 – Functional categories of animal signalling chemicals
• C2.1.4 – The diversity of signalling chemicals
• C2.1.5 – The range of effects of signalling molecules
• C2.1.6 and C2.1.7 – Differences between transmembrane and intracellular receptors
• C2.1.8 – Acetylcholine and changes to membrane potential
• C2.1.9 and C2.1.10 – G protein-coupled receptors
• C2.1.11 – Tyrosine kinase activity
• C2.1.12 – Intracellular receptors and gene expression
• C2.1.13 – Effects of oestradiol and progesterone on target cells
• C2.1.14 – Regulation of cell signalling pathways
• C2.2 – Neural signalling
• C2.2.1 – The role of neurons
• C2.2.2 and C2.2.3 – Generation and transmission of an impulse along a neuron
• C2.2.4 – The speed of nerve impulses
• C2.2.5 and C2.2.6 – Synapses,neurotransmitters, and their actions
• C2.2.7 – Acetylcholine and the generation of a postsynaptic potential
• C2.2.8, C2.2.9 and C2.2.10 – Neuron depolarization and repolarization
• C2.2.11 – Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons
• C2.2.12 – The effect of exogenous chemicals
• C2.2.13 – Neurotransmitters and postsynaptic potentials
• C2.2.14 – Summation of inhibitory and excitatory effects
• C2.2.15 – Perception of pain
• C2.2.16 – Consciousness as an emergent property
• C Interaction and interdependence – Organisms
• C3.1: Integration of body systems
• C3.1.1 – Coordinating systems
• C3.1.2 – Hierarchy of body subsystems
• C3.1.3 – Integration of organs in animals
• C3.1.4 – The brain and information processing
• C3.1.5 – The spinal cord and unconscious processes
• C3.1.6 – Sensory neurons and conveying information
• C3.1.7 – Motor neurons and muscle stimulation
• C3.1.8 – Nerve fibres
• C3.1.9 – Pain reflex arcs
• C3.1.10 – The cerebellum and skeletal muscle coordination
• C3.1.11 – Melatonin secretion and sleep patterns
• C3.1.12 – Epinephrine and vigorous activity
• C3.1.13 – The hypothalamus, pituitary gland and endocrine system
• C3.1.14 – Feedback control of heart rate
• C3.1.15 – Feedback control of ventilation rate
• C3.1.16 – Control of peristalsis in the alimentary canal
• C3.1.17 and C3.1.18 – Tropic responses
• C3.1.19 – Plant hormones
• C3.1.20 – Auxin efflux carriers
• C3.1.21 – Plant cell elongation
• C3.1.22 – Integration of root and shoot growth
• C3.1.23 – Feedback control of fruit ripening
• C3.2: Defence against disease
• C3.2.1 – Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens
• C3.2.2 – Skin and mucous membranes as the first line of defence
• C3.2.3 – Blood clotting minimizes blood loss and infection
• C3.2.4 – A two-layered immune system: innate and adaptive
• C3.2.5 – The role of phagocytes
• C3.2.6 – The role of lymphocytes
• C3.2.7 – Antigens trigger antibody production
• C3.2.8 – The role of helper T-lymphocytes
• C3.2.9 – Activation of a B-lymphocyte results in cloning
• C3.2.10 – The role of memory cells
• C3.2.11 – HIV transmission
• C3.2.12 – The result of HIV infection
• C3.2.13 – Antibiotics against bacterial infections
• C3.2.14 – Pathogenic resistance to antibiotics
• C3.2.15 – Zoonotic diseases
• C3.2.16 – Vaccines and immunity
• C3.2.17 – The role of herd immunity
• C3.2.18 – Evaluating COVID-19 data
• C Interaction and interdependence – Ecosystems
• C4.1: Populations and communities
• C4.1.1 – Populations
• C4.1.2 – Estimating population size
• C4.1.3 – Sampling sessile organisms
• C4.1.4 – Sampling motile organisms
• C4.1.5 – Carrying capacity
• C4.1.6 – Negative feedback
• C4.1.7 – Population growth
• C4.1.8 – Modelling population growth
• C4.1.9 – Communities
• C4.1.10 – Intraspecific relationships
• C4.1.11 – Interspecific relationships
• C4.1.12 – Mutualism
• C4.1.13 – Endemic and invasive species
• C4.1.14 – Interspecific competition
• C4.1.15 – The chi-squared test
• C4.1.16 – Predator–prey relationships
• C4.1.17 – Control of populations
• C4.1.18 – Allelopathy and antibiotic secretion
• C4.2: Transfers of energy and matter
• C4.2.1 – Ecosystems are open systems
• C4.2.2 – Sunlight sustains most ecosystems
• C4.2.3 – The flow of energy
• C4.2.4 – Food chains and food webs
• C4.2.5 – Decomposers
• C4.2.6 – Autotrophs
• C4.2.7 – Energy sources
• C4.2.8 – Heterotrophs
• C4.2.9 – The release of energy by cell respiration
• C4.2.10 – Trophic levels
• C4.2.11 – Energy pyramids
• C4.2.12 – Energy loss between trophic levels
• C4.2.13 – Heat loss from cell respiration
• C4.2.14 – The number of trophic levels
• C4.2.15 – Primary production
• C4.2.16 – Secondary production
• C4.2.17 – The carbon cycle
• C4.2.18 – Carbon sinks and sources
• C4.2.19 – The release of carbon dioxide during combustion
• C4.2.20 – The Keeling Curve
• C4.2.21 – The dependence on atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide
• C4.2.22 – The recycling of chemical elements
• Theme D
• D Continuity and change – Molecules
• D1.1: DNA replication
• D1.1.1 – The role of DNA replication
• D1.1.2 and D1.1.3 – Semi-conservative replication and complementary base pairing
• D1.1.4 – Amplifying and separating DNA
• D1.1.5 – Applications of amplifying and separating DNA
• D1.1.6 – DNA polymerases
• D1.1.7 – Leading and lagging strands
• D1.1.8 – Functions of specifi c enzymes and molecules
• D1.1.9 – Removing mismatched nucleotides
• D1.2: Protein synthesis
• D1.2.1 – The synthesis of RNA
• D1.2.2 – Hydrogen bonding and complementary base pairing
• D1.2.3 – DNA templates
• D1.2.4 – The expression of genes
• D1.2.5 – The synthesis of polypeptides
• D1.2.6 – RNA and ribosomes
• D1.2.7 – RNA complementary base pairing
• D1.2.8 – The genetic code
• D1.2.9 – mRNA codons
• D1.2.10 – Producing a polypeptide chain
• D1.2.11 – Changing the protein structure
• D1.2.12 – Directionality
• D1.2.13 – Initiating transcription
• D1.2.14 – Non-coding sequences
• D1.2.15 – Post-transcriptional modification
• D1.2.16 – Alternative splicing of exons
• D1.2.17 – Initiating translation
• D1.2.18 – Modifying polypeptides
• D1.2.19 – Recycling amino acids
• D1.3: Mutation and gene editing
• D1.3.1 – Gene mutations
• D1.3.2 – Base substitutions
• D1.3.3 – Insertions and deletions
• D1.3.4 – Mutagens and replication errors
• D1.3.5 – Location of mutations
• D1.3.6 – Mutations in germ cells and somatic cells
• D1.3.7 – Genetic variation
• D1.3.8 – Gene knockout
• D1.3.9 – CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing
• D1.3.10 – Conserved and highly conserved sequences
• D Continuity and change – Cells
• D2.1: Cell and nuclear division
• D2.1.1 – Generating new cells
• D2.1.2 – Cytokinesis
• D2.1.3 – Cytoplasm division
• D2.1.4 – Nuclear division
• D2.1.5 – DNA replication
• D2.1.6 – DNA condensation and chromosome movement
• D2.1.7 – Mitosis
• D2.1.8 – Identifying the phases of mitosis
• D2.1.9 – Meiosis
• D2.1.10 – Non-disjunction
• D2.1.11 – Genetic diversity
• D2.1.12 – Cell proliferation
• D2.1.13 – The cell cycle
• D2.1.14 – Interphase
• D2.1.15 – Cyclins
• D2.1.16 – The effect of mutations
• D2.1.17 – Tumour growth
• D2.2: Gene expression
• D2.2.1 – Phenotype
• D2.2.2 – Regulation of transcription
• D2.2.3 – Degradation of mRNA to regulate translation
• D2.2.4 – Epigenesis
• D2.2.5 – Genome, transcriptome and proteome
• D2.2.6 – Methylation
• D2.2.7 – Epigenetic inheritance
• D2.2.8 – Environmental effects
• D2.2.9 – Removal of epigenetic tags
• D2.2.10 – Monozygotic twins
• D2.2.11 – External factors
• D2.3: Water potential
• D2.3.1 – Water as a solvent
• D2.3.2 – Water movement in relation to solute concentration
• D2.3.3 and D2.3.4 – Hypotonic and hypertonic solutions and osmosis
• D2.3.5 – Water movement without cell walls
• D2.3.6 – Water movement with cell walls
• D2.3.7 – Isotonic solutions
• D2.3.8, D2.3.9 and D2.3.10 – Water movement through plants
• D2.3.11 – Water potential in plant tissue
• D Continuity and change – Organisms
• D3.1: Reproduction
• D3.1.1 – Sexual and asexual reproduction
• D3.1.2 – The role of meiosis and gametes
• D3.1.3 – Male and female gametes
• D3.1.4 – Male and female reproductive systems
• D3.1.5 – Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
• D3.1.6 – The process of fertilization
• D3.1.7 – In vitro fertilization
• D3.1.8 – Sexual reproduction in plants
• D3.1.9 – Insect pollination
• D3.1.10 – Cross-pollination in plants
• D3.1.11 – Self-incompatibility mechanisms
• D3.1.12 – The role of seeds
• D3.1.13 – Developmental changes during puberty
• D3.1.14 – The production of gametes
• D3.1.15 – Preventing polyspermy
• D3.1.16 – Embryo development
• D3.1.17 – Pregnancy testing
• D3.1.18 – The role of the placenta
• D3.1.19 – Pregnancy and childbirth
• D3.1.20 – Hormone replacement therapy
• D3.2: Inheritance
• D3.2.1 – Haploid gametes and diploid zygotes
• D3.2.2 – Genetic crosses in flowering plants
• D3.2.3 – Combinations of alleles
• D3.2.4 – Phenotype
• D3.2.5 – Dominant and recessive alleles
• D3.2.6 – Phenotypic plasticity
• D3.2.7 – Recessive genetic conditions
• D3.2.8 – Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple alleles
• D3.2.9 – ABO blood groups
• D3.2.10 – Intermediate and dual phenotypes
• D3.2.11 – Sex determination
• D3.2.12 – Haemophilia
• D3.2.13 – Pedigree charts
• D3.2.14 – Continuous variation
• D3.2.15 – Box-and-whisker plots
• D3.2.16 – Segregation and independent assortment
• D3.2.17 – Predicting genotypic and phenotypic ratios
• D3.2.18 – Gene loci and polypeptide products
• D3.2.19 – Gene linkage
• D3.2.20 – Recombinants
• D3.2.21 – Chi-squared tests
• D3.3 Homeostasis
• D3.3.1 – Maintaining the body’s internal environment
• D3.3.2 – Negative feedback mechanisms
• D3.3.3 – The role of hormones
• D3.3.4 – Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
• D3.3.5 and D3.3.6 – Body temperature control
• D3.3.7 – The role of the kidneys
• D3.3.8 – The glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and proximal convoluted tubule
• D3.3.9 – The loop of Henle
• D3.3.10 – Osmoregulation
• D3.3.11 – Variable blood supply dependent on activity
• D Continuity and change – Ecosystems
• D4.1: Natural selection
• D4.1.1 – Evolutionary change
• D4.1.2 – Sources of variation
• D4.1.3 – Overproduction and competition
• D4.1.4 – Selection pressure
• D4.1.5 – Intraspecific competition
• D4.1.6 – Heritable traits
• D4.1.7 – Sexual selection
• D4.1.8 – Modelling selection pressures
• D4.1.9 – Gene pools
• D4.1.10 – Geographically isolated populations
• D4.1.11 – Changes in allele frequency
• D4.1.12 – Reproductive isolation of populations
• D4.1.13 – The Hardy–Weinberg equation
• D 4.1.14 – Genetic equilibrium
• D4.1.15 – Artificial selection
• D4.2: Stability and change
• D4.2.1 – Sustainability of natural ecosystems
• D4.2.2 – Requirements for sustainability
• D4.2.3 – Tipping points
• D4.2.4 – Mesocosms
• D4.2.5 – Keystone species
• D4.2.6 – Sustainable harvesting of natural resources
• D4.2.7 – Sustainability of agriculture
• D4.2.8 – Eutrophication
• D4.2.9 – Biomagnification
• D4.2.10 – Microplastic and macroplastic pollution
• D4.2.11 – Rewilding
• D4.2.12 – Ecological succession
• D4.2.13 – Primary succession
• D4.2.14 – Cyclical succession
• D4.2.15 – Climax communities
• D4.3: Climate change
• D4.3.1 – Human activity and climate change
• D4.3.2 – Global warming
• D4.3.3 – Tipping points
• D4.3.4 – Polar habitat change
• D4.3.5 – Ocean current change
• D4.3.6 – Range shifts
• D4.3.7 – Ecosystem collapse
• D4.3.8 – Carbon sequestration
• D4.3.9 – Phenology
• D4.3.10 – Disruption of phenological events
• D4.3.11 – Insect life cycles
• D4.3.12 – Evolution and climate change
• Theory of Knowledge in biology
• Internal Assessment
• Skills in the study of biology
• Extended Essay
• Index
• Back Cover