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• Half-title
• Title page
• Copyright information
• Dedication
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Preface
• 1 Visions of Anthropology
• 1.1 Anthropology and Ethnology
• 1.2 The ‘Four Fields’ Approach
• 1.3 Theory and Ethnography
• 1.4 Anthropological Paradigms
• The Notion of a ‘Paradigm’
• Diachronic, Synchronic, and Interactive Perspectives
• Society and Culture
• 1.5 Visions of the History of Anthropology
• 1.6 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 2 Precursors of the Anthropological Tradition
• 2.1 Natural Law and the Social Contract
• The Seventeenth Century
• The Eighteenth Century
• 2.2 Definitions of Humanity in Eighteenth-Century Europe
• Feral Children
• The Orang Outang
• Notions of the ‘Savage’
• 2.3 Sociological and Anthropological Thought
• The Sociological Tradition
• Polygenesis and Monogenesis
• 2.4 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 3 Changing Perspectives on Evolution
• 3.1 Biological and Anthropological Traditions
• 3.2 Unilinear Evolutionism
• Maine, Lubbock, and Morgan
• Matrilineality versus Patrilineality
• Theories of ‘Totemism’
• Tylor and Frazer on ‘Early’ Religion
• 3.3 Universal Evolutionism
• V. Gordon Childe
• Leslie A. White
• 3.4 Multilinear Evolutionism and Cultural Ecology
• Julian H. Steward
• George Peter Murdock
• 3.5 Neo-Darwinism
• Sociobiology
• The Symbolic Revolution?
• 3.6 Recent Trends
• 3.7 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 4 Diffusionist and Culture-Area Theories
• 4.1 Antecedents of Diffusionism: Philology, Müller, and Bastian
• The Philological Tradition: Diffusionism before the Diffusionists?
• 4.2 Diffusionism Proper
• German-Austrian Diffusionism
• British Diffusionism
• Diffusionism Today?
• 4.3 Culture-Area and Regional Approaches
• The Culture-Area Approach in American Anthropology
• Regional Comparison, National Traditions, and Regional Traditions
• 4.4 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 5 Functionalism and Structural-Functionalism
• 5.1 Evolutionist Precursors and the Organic Analogy
• 5.2 Durkheimian Sociology
• 5.3 The Functionalism of Malinowski
• Functionalism and Fieldwork
• A Scientific Theory of Culture?
• 5.4 The Structural-Functionalism of Radcliffe-Brown
• A Natural Science of Society?
• Function, Structure, and Structural Form
• Semantic Structure or Social Structure?
• Two Theories of Totemism
• 5.5 The Influence of Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown
• 5.6 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 6 Action and Process
• 6.1 Roots in Sociology
• 6.2 Roots in Anthropology
• 6.3 Transactionalism
• 6.4 The Manchester School
• 6.5 Three Ethnographic Debates
• Friedman versus Leach: The Political Economy of the Kachin
• Wilmsen versus Lee: Kalahari History and Ethnography
• Obeyesekere versus Sahlins: The Death of Captain Cook
• 6.6 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 7 Marxist Perspectives
• 7.1 Marxism
• Key Concepts in Marxist Anthropology
• The Structural Marxism of Godelier
• The ‘Land and Labour’ Marxism of Meillassoux
• Political Economy and Globalization Theory
• 7.2 The Anarchist Challenge?
• 7.3 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 8 From Relativism to Cognitive Science
• 8.1 Franz Boas and the Rise of Cultural Relativism
• 8.2 Culture and Personality
• 8.3 Primitive Thought?
• The Anti-Relativism of Lévy-Bruhl
• The Linguistic Relativism of Whorf
• Criticisms of Whorfianism
• The Rationality Debate
• 8.4 Towards Cognitive Science
• Structural Semantics
• Cognitive Anthropology
• Ethnoscience
• 8.5 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 9 Structuralism, from Linguistics to Anthropology
• 9.1 Saussure and Structural Linguistics
• Saussure and His ‘Course’
• Four Key Distinctions
• After Saussure
• 9.2 Lévi-Strauss and Structural Anthropology
• Structuralism, Pattern, and Ideas
• Elementary Structures of Kinship
• The Culinary Triangle
• The Oedipus Myth
• 9.3 Structuralism and National Traditions of Anthropology
• 9.4 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 10 Poststructuralists and Feminists
• 10.1 Poststructuralism and Anthropology
• Derrida, Althusser, and Lacan
• Bourdieu’s Practice Theory
• Foucault’s Theory of Knowledge and Power
• 10.2 Feminism in Anthropology
• From Gender Studies to Feminist Anthropology
• Gender as a Symbolic Construction
• Gender as a Complex Set of Social Relations
• Embodiment
• 10.3 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 11 Mavericks
• 11.1 Structure and Conflict: Bateson on National Character
• 11.2 Structure and Action: Douglas on Grid and Group
• 11.3 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 12 Interpretive Approaches
• 12.1 Evans-Pritchard’s Interpretive Approach
• 12.2 Geertz’s Interpretivism
• 12.3 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 13 Postmodernism and Its Aftermath
• 13.1 Reflexivity and Reflexivism
• 13.2 Orientalism, Occidentalism, and Globalization
• 13.3 Postmodernism and Postmodern Anthropology
• The Return to Relativism
• ‘Writing Culture’
• 13.4 Problems with Postmodernism: Nationalism
• 13.5 Globalization and Postcolonialism
• 13.6 Mixed Approaches: Towards a Compromise?
• 13.7 Concluding Summary
• Further Reading
• 14 Conclusions
• 14.1 World History
• 14.2 National Traditions and the Future
• 14.3 Further Thoughts on Histories of Anthropology
• 14.4 Concluding Summary
• Postscript: Black Lives Matter
• Appendix 1: Dates of Birth and Death
• Appendix 2: Glossary
• References
• Index