Efnisyfirlit

• Brief Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Detailed Contents
• 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
• 1.1 An Overview of Anatomy
• 1.1a Subdisciplines of Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Other Branches of Anatomy
• 1.1b The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
• FOCUS FIGURE 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization
• 1.1c Units of Measurement
• 1.1d Anatomical Terminology
• 1.2 Gross Anatomy: An Introduction
• 1.2a Regional and Directional Terms
• 1.2b Body Planes and Sections
• 1.2c The Human Body Plan
• 1.2d Body Cavities and Membranes
• Dorsal Body Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity
• Serous Cavities
• 1.2e Abdominal Quadrants
• 1.2f Anatomical Variability
• 1.3 Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction
• 1.3a Light and Electron Microscopy
• 1.3b Scanning Electron Microscopy
• 1.3c Artifacts
• 1.4 Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
• 1.4a X‐Ray Imaging
• 1.4b Advanced X‐Ray Techniques
• Computed Tomography
• Angiography
• 1.4c Positron Emission Tomography
• 1.4d Sonography
• 1.4e Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 2 Cells: The Living Units
• 2.1 Overview of Cells
• 2.2 The Plasma Membrane
• 2.2a Structure
• 2.2b Functions
• 2.2c Membrane Transport
• 2.3 The Cytoplasm
• 2.3a Cytosol
• 2.3b Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Peroxisomes
• Cytoskeleton
• Centrosome and Centrioles
• 2.3c Cytoplasmic Inclusions
• 2.4 The Nucleus
• 2.4a Nuclear Envelope
• 2.4b Nucleolus
• 2.4c Chromatin and Chromosomes
• 2.5 The Cell Life Cycle
• 2.5a Interphase
• 2.5b Cell Division
• Mitosis
• FOCUS FIGURE 2.17 Mitosis
• Cytokinesis
• 2.6 Developmental Aspects of Cells
• 2.6a Cell Differentiation
• 2.6b Aging
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Hypercholesterolemia 
• Tay‐Sachs Disease
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 3 Basic Embryology
• 3.1 Stages of Prenatal Development
• 3.2 The Basic Body Plan
• 3.3 The Embryonic Period
• 3.3a Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst
• 3.3b Week 2: The Two‐Layered Embryo
• 3.3c Week 3: The Three‐Layered Embryo
• The Primitive Streak and the Three Germ Layers
• The Notochord
• Neurulation
• The Mesoderm Begins to Differentiate
• 3.3d Week 4: The Body Takes Shape
• Folding
• Derivatives of the Germ Layers
• 3.3e Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development
• 3.4 The Fetal Period
• A CLOSER LOOK Focus on Birth Defects
• CLINICAL APPLICATION
• Conjoined (Siamese) Twins 
• Neural Tube Defects
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 4 Tissues
• 4.1 Epithelial Tissue
• 4.1a Special Characteristics of Epithelia
• 4.1b Classification of Epithelia
• Simple Epithelia
• Stratified Epithelia
• 4.1c Glands
• Endocrine Glands
• Exocrine Glands
• 4.1d Epithelial Surface Features
• Lateral Surface Features: Cell Junctions
• Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina
• Apical Surface Features: Microvilli and Cilia
• 4.2 Connective Tissue
• 4.2a Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues
• 4.2b Structural Elements of Connective Tissues
• Cells
• Fibers
• Ground Substance
• 4.2c Classification of Connective Tissues
• Connective Tissue Proper—Loose Connective Tissues
• Connective Tissue Proper—Dense Connective Tissue
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood
• 4.2d Covering and Lining Membranes
• FOCUS FIGURE 4.11 Identifying Epithelial and Connective Tissues
• 4.3 Muscle Tissue
• 4.4 Nervous Tissue
• 4.5 Tissue Response to Injury
• 4.5a Inflammation
• 4.5b Repair
• 4.6 The Tissues Throughout Life
• A CLOSER LOOK Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
• CLINICAL APPLICATION
• Basement Membranes and Diabetes 
• Kartagener’s Syndrome
• Scurvy
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 5 The Integumentary System
• 5.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
• 5.1a Epidermis
• Layers of the Epidermis
• 5.1b Dermis
• Papillary Dermis
• Reticular Dermis
• A CLOSER LOOK Tattoos
• 5.1c Subcutaneous Tissue
• 5.1d Skin Color
• 5.2 Appendages of the Skin
• 5.2a Nails
• 5.2b Hair and Hair Follicles
• Hair
• Hair Follicles
• Types and Growth of Hair
• Hair Thinning and Baldness
• 5.2c Sebaceous Glands
• 5.2d Sweat Glands
• Eccrine Sweat Glands
• Apocrine Sweat Glands
• 5.3 Disorders of the Integumentary System
• 5.3a Burns
• 5.3b Skin Cancer
• Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Melanoma
• 5.4 The Skin Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Skin’s Response to Friction 
• Decubitus Ulcer
• The Patch Drug Delivery System
• Acne
• Freckles and Moles 
• Cyanosis 
• Chemotherapy and Hair Loss
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues
• 6.1 Cartilages
• 6.1a Location and Basic Structure
• 6.1b Types of Cartilage
• Hyaline Cartilage
• A CLOSER LOOK The Marvelous Properties of Cartilage
• Elastic Cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
• 6.1c Growth of Cartilage
• 6.2 Bones
• 6.2a Functions of Bones
• 6.2b Bone Tissue
• Extracellular Matrix
• Cells
• 6.2c Gross Anatomy of Bones
• Classification of Bones
• Compact and Spongy Bone
• Structure of a Typical Long Bone
• Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
• Bone Design and Stress
• 6.2d Microscopic Structure of Bone
• Compact Bone
• Spongy Bone
• 6.2e Bone Development and Growth
• Intramembranous Ossification
• Endochondral Ossification
• Anatomy of the Epiphyseal Plate
• Postnatal Growth of Endochondral Bones
• 6.2f Bone Remodeling
• 6.2g Repair of Bone Fractures
• 6.3 Disorders of Bones
• 6.3a Osteoporosis
• 6.3b Osteomalacia and Rickets
• 6.3c Osteosarcoma
• 6.4 The Skeleton Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Achondroplasia
• Paget’s Disease
• Traction
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 7 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton
• 7.1 The Skull
• 7.1a Overview of Skull Geography
• 7.1b Cranial Bones
• Parietal Bones and the Major Sutures
• Sutural Bones
• Frontal Bone
• Occipital Bone
• Temporal Bones
• Sphenoid Bone
• Ethmoid Bone
• 7.1c Facial Bones
• Mandible
• Maxillary Bones
• Zygomatic Bones
• Nasal Bones
• Lacrimal Bones
• Palatine Bones
• Vomer
• Inferior Nasal Conchae
• 7.1d Special Parts of the Skull
• Nasal Cavity
• Paranasal Sinuses
• Orbits
• The Hyoid Bone
• 7.2 The Vertebral Column
• 7.2a Regions and Normal Curvatures
• 7.2b Ligaments of the Spine
• 7.2c Intervertebral Discs
• 7.2d General Structure of Vertebrae
• 7.2e Regional Vertebral Characteristics
• Cervical Vertebrae
• Thoracic Vertebrae
• Lumbar Vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
• 7.3 The Thoracic Cage
• 7.3a Sternum
• 7.3b Ribs
• 7.4 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton
• 7.4a Cleft Palate
• 7.4b Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine
• 7.4c Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
• 7.5 The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Deviated Septum
• Herniated Disc
• The Dens and Fatal Trauma
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 8 Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton
• 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
• 8.1a Clavicles
• 8.1b Scapulae
• 8.2 The Upper Limb
• 8.2a Arm
• 8.2b Forearm
• Ulna
• Radius
• 8.2c Hand
• Carpus
• Metacarpus
• Phalanges of the Fingers
• 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle
• 8.3a Ilium
• 8.3b Ischium
• 8.3c Pubis
• 8.3d Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
• 8.4 The Lower Limb
• 8.4a Thigh
• 8.4b Leg
• Tibia
• Fibula
• 8.4c Foot
• Tarsus
• Metatarsus
• Phalanges of the Toes
• Arches of the Foot
• 8.5 Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
• 8.6 The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Fractures of the Clavicle
• Palpation of Colles’ Fracture
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Hip Fracture as a Result of Osteoporosis
• Ankle Fractures
• Metatarsal Stress Fracture
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 9 Joints
• 9.1 Classification of Joints
• 9.2 Fibrous Joints
• 9.2a Sutures
• 9.2b Syndesmoses
• 9.2c Gomphoses
• 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
• 9.3a Synchondroses
• 9.3b Symphyses
• 9.4 Synovial Joints
• 9.4a General Structure of Synovial Joints
• 9.4b Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
• Gliding
• Angular Movements
• Special Movements
• 9.4c Types of Synovial Joints
• 9.4d Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints
• Articular Surfaces
• FOCUS FIGURE 9.8 Synovial Joints
• Ligaments
• Muscle Tone
• 9.5 Selected Synovial Joints
• 9.5a Temporomandibular Joint
• 9.5b Sternoclavicular Joint
• 9.5c Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
• 9.5d Elbow Joint
• 9.5e Wrist Joint
• 9.5f Hip Joint
• 9.5g Knee Joint
• 9.5h Ankle Joint
• 9.6 Disorders of Joints
• 9.6a Joint Injuries
• Torn Cartilage
• Sprains
• Dislocations
• 9.6b Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
• Bursitis, Tendonitis, and Tenosynovitis
• Arthritis
• 9.7 The Joints Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Temporomandibular Disorders
• Shoulder Dislocations
• Elbow Trauma
• Knee Injuries
• Ankle Sprains
• Autologous Cartilage Implantation
• Nursemaid’s Elbow
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 10 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue
• 10.1a Properties of Muscle Tissue
• Terminology Specific to Muscle Tissue
• 10.1b Functions of Muscle Tissue
• 10.1c Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Muscle Tissue
• 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
• 10.2a Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
• Connective Tissue and Fascicles
• Nerves and Blood Vessels
• Muscle Attachments
• 10.2b Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• The Skeletal Muscle Fiber
• Myofibrils and Sarcomeres
• Titin and Other Myofibril Proteins
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules
• 10.2c Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Mechanism of Contraction
• Muscle Extension
• Muscle Fiber Length and the Force of Contraction
• Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
• Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• 10.3 Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• 10.3a Muscular Dystrophy
• 10.3b Myofascial Pain Syndrome
• 10.3c Fibromyalgia
• 10.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life
• A CLOSER LOOK: Anabolic Steroid Abuse
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Delayed‐Onset Muscle Soreness
• Muscle Twitch
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 11 Muscles of the Body
• 11.1 Mechanics of Muscle Function
• 11.1a Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
• 11.1b Lever Systems: Bone‐Muscle Relationships
• First‐Class Lever
• Second‐Class Lever
• Third‐Class Lever
• 11.1c Muscle Actions and Interactions
• FOCUS FIGURE 11.4 Muscle Action
• 11.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscles
• 11.2a Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development
• 11.2b Muscle Compartments of the Limbs
• Upper Limb
• Lower Limb
• 11.3 Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body
• 11.3a Naming the Skeletal Muscles
• 11.3b The Muscle Tables
• Table 11.1 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression
• Table 11.2 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement
• Table 11.3 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing
• Table 11.4 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension
• Table 11.5 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing
• Table 11.6 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera
• Table 11.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs
• Table 11.8 Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula
• Table 11.9 Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint: Movements of the Arm (Humerus)
• Table 11.10 Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint: Flexion and Extension of the Forearm
• Table 11.11 Muscles of the Forearm: Movements of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
• Table 11.12 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand
• Table 11.13 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Fine Movements of the Fingers
• Table 11.14 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg
• Table 11.15 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes
• Table 11.16 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
• Table 11.17 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Foot Support
• 11.4 Regional Surface Anatomy
• 11.4a The Head
• The Cranium
• The Face
• 11.4b The Neck
• Skeletal Landmarks
• Muscles of the Neck
• Triangles of the Neck
• 11.4c The Thorax
• Skeletal Landmarks
• Muscles of the Thorax
• 11.4d The Abdomen
• Skeletal Landmarks
• Muscles and Other Abdominal Surface Features
• 11.4e The Back
• Bones of the Back
• Muscles of the Back
• 11.4f The Upper Limb and Shoulder
• The Axilla
• The Shoulder
• The Arm
• The Elbow Region
• The Forearm and Hand
• 11.4g The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region
• The Gluteal Region
• The Thigh
• The Leg and Foot
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Compartment Syndrome
• Torticollis
• Hernia
• Tennis Elbow
• Lacerations to the Neck
• The Triangle of Auscultation
• Gluteal Intramuscular Injections
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 12 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
• 12.1 The Functional Organization of the Nervous System
• 12.1a Functions of the Nervous System
• 12.1b Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
• Somatic Sensory (SS)
• Visceral Sensory (VS)
• Somatic Motor (SM)
• Visceral Motor (VM)
• 12.2 Nervous Tissue
• 12.2a The Neuron
• The Cell Body
• Neuron Processes
• Synapses
• Classification of Neurons
• 12.2b Neuroglia
• Neuroglia in the CNS
• Neuroglia in the PNS
• Myelin Sheaths
• 12.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview
• 12.3a Gray and White Matter of the CNS
• 12.3b Nerves
• 12.4 Neuronal Integration
• 12.4a Reflex Arcs
• Monosynaptic Reflex
• Polysynaptic Reflex
• 12.4b Neuronal Circuits
• Diverging Circuit
• Converging Circuit
• Reverberating Circuit
• Serial Processing
• Parallel Processing
• FOCUS FIGURE 12.13 Neuronal Pathways
• 12.4c Integration Between the PNS and CNS
• 12.5 Disorders of Nervous Tissue
• 12.5a Multiple Sclerosis
• 12.5b Neuronal Regeneration
• 12.6 Nervous Tissue Throughout Life
• 12.6a Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Gliomas
• Tic Douloureux
• Regeneration and Spinal Cord Injuries
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 13 The Central Nervous System
• 13.1 The Brain
• 13.1a Embryonic Development of the Brain
• 13.1b Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain
• Ventricles of the Brain
• Distribution of Gray Matter and White Matter
• 13.1c The Brain Stem
• The Medulla Oblongata
• The Pons
• The Midbrain
• 13.1d The Cerebellum
• The Cerebellar Peduncles
• 13.1e The Diencephalon
• The Thalamus
• The Hypothalamus
• The Epithalamus
• 13.1f The Cerebrum
• Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
• Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
• White Matter of the Cerebrum
• Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum
• 13.1g Functional Brain Systems
• The Limbic System
• The Reticular Formation
• 13.1h Protection of the Brain
• Meninges
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Blood Brain Barrier
• 13.2 The Spinal Cord
• 13.2a White Matter of the Spinal Cord
• 13.2b Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
• 13.2c Protection of the Spinal Cord
• 13.3 Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System
• 13.3a Ascending Pathways
• Spinocerebellar Pathway
• Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway
• Spinothalamic Pathway
• 13.3b Descending Pathways
• Direct Pathways (Pyramidal Tracts)
• Indirect Pathways (Extrapyramidal Tracts)
• 13.4 Disorders of the Central Nervous System
• 13.4a Spinal Cord Damage
• 13.4b Brain Dysfunction
• Cerebrovascular Accidents
• A CLOSER LOOK Traumatic Brain Injury
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• 13.5 The Central Nervous System Throughout Life
• 13.5a Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions
• 13.5b Postnatal Changes in the Brain
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Localization of a Brain Stem Injury
• Injury to the Cerebellum
• Why Won’t Teenagers Sleep at Night?
• Phantom Limb Pain
• Agnosia
• Neglect Syndrome
• Dyskinesia
• Hydrocephalus
• Flaccid and Spastic Paralysis
• Meningitis
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 14 The Peripheral Nervous System
• 14.1 Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System
• 14.2 Peripheral Sensory Receptors
• 14.2a Functional Classification
• Location of Receptors
• Stimulus Type
• 14.2b Structural Classification
• Free Nerve Endings
• Encapsulated Nerve Endings
• 14.3 Cranial Nerves
• 14.4 Spinal Nerves
• 14.4a Innervation of the Back
• 14.4b Innervation of the Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall
• 14.4c Nerve Plexuses
• The Cervical Plexus and Innervation of the Neck
• The Brachial Plexus and Innervation of the Upper Limb
• FOCUS FIGURE 14.10 Innervation of the Upper Limb
• The Lumbar Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limb
• The Sacral Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limb
• FOCUS FIGURE 14.13 Innervation of the Lower Limb
• 14.4d Innervation of Joints of the Body
• 14.4e Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes
• 14.5 Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System
• 14.5a Shingles
• 14.5b Migraines
• 14.5c Peripheral Neuropathy
• 14.6 The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Paresthesia
• Anosmia
• Optic Nerve Damage
• Oculomotor Nerve Paralysis
• Trochlear Nerve Damage
• Anesthesia for Upper and Lower Jaws
• Abducens Nerve Paralysis
• Bell’s Palsy
• Vestibulocochlear Nerve Damage
• Glossopharyngeal Nerve Damage
• Vagus Nerve Damage
• Damage to Accessory Nerves
• Hypoglossal Nerve Damage
• Hiccups
• Brachial Plexus Injuries
• Median Nerve Injury
• Ulnar Nerve Injuries
• Radial Nerve Injuries
• Compression of Lumbar Spinal Nerves
• Sciatic Nerve Injuries
• Clinical Importance of Dermatomes
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 15 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons
• 15.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
• 15.1a Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems
• FOCUS FIGURE 15.2 Comparing Somatic Motor and Autonomic Innervation
• 15.1b Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
• 15.2 The Parasympathetic Division
• 15.2a Cranial Outflow
• Oculomotor Nerve (III)
• Facial Nerve (VII)
• Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
• Vagus Nerve (X)
• 15.2b Sacral Outflow
• 15.3 The Sympathetic Division
• 15.3a Basic Organization
• Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
• Collateral Ganglia
• 15.3b Sympathetic Pathways
• Pathways to the Body Periphery
• Pathways to the Head
• Pathways to the Thoracic Organs
• Pathways to the Abdominal Organs
• Pathways to the Pelvic Organs
• 15.3c The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division
• 15.4 Visceral Sensory Neurons
• 15.5 Visceral Reflexes
• 15.6 Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
• 15.6a Control by the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
• 15.6b Control by the Hypothalamus and Amygdaloid Body
• 15.6c Control by the Cerebral Cortex
• 15.7 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
• 15.8 The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Autonomic Neuropathy
• Horner’s Syndrome
• Stress‐Induced Hypertension
• Autonomic Hyperreflexia
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 16 The Special Senses
• 16.1 The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
• 16.1a Taste (Gustation)
• Taste Buds
• Taste Sensations and the Gustatory Pathway
• 16.1b Smell (Olfaction)
• 16.1c Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses
• 16.1d Disorders of the Chemical Senses
• 16.2 The Eye and Vision
• 16.2a Accessory Structures of the Eye
• Eyebrows
• Eyelids
• Conjunctiva
• Lacrimal Apparatus
• Extrinsic Eye Muscles
• 16.2b Anatomy of the Eyeball
• The Fibrous Layer
• The Vascular Layer
• The Inner Layer
• Internal Chambers and Fluids
• The Lens
• 16.2c The Eye as an Optical Device
• 16.2d Visual Pathways
• Visual Pathway to the Cerebral Cortex
• Visual Pathways to Other Parts of the Brain
• 16.2e Embryonic Development of the Eye
• 16.2f Disorders of the Eye and Vision
• 16.3 The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
• 16.3a The External Ear
• 16.3b The Middle Ear
• 16.3c The Internal Ear
• The Cochlea
• The Vestibule and the Utricle and Saccule
• The Semicircular Canals and Semicircular Ducts
• 16.3d Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways
• 16.3e Embryonic Development of the Ear
• 16.3f Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing
• Motion Sickness
• Meniere’s Syndrome
• Deafness
• 16.4 The Special Senses Throughout Life
• Olfaction and Taste
• Vision
• Hearing
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Anosmia
• Strabismus
• Corneal Transplants
• Age‐Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
• Detached Retina
• Glaucoma
• Cataract
• Focusing Disorders
• Perforated Eardrum
• Middle Ear Infections
• Otosclerosis
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 17 The Endocrine System
• 17.1 Overview
• 17.1a Endocrine Organs
• 17.1b Hormones
• Classes of Hormones
• Basic Hormone Action
• Control of Hormone Secretion
• 17.2 The Major Endocrine Organs
• 17.2a The Pituitary Gland
• Gross Anatomy
• The Anterior Lobe
• Hypothalamic Control of Hormone Secretion from the Anterior Lobe
• The Posterior Lobe
• FOCUS FIGURE 17.4 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions
• 17.2b The Thyroid Gland
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 17.2c The Parathyroid Glands
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 17.2d The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
• Gross Anatomy
• The Adrenal Medulla
• The Adrenal Cortex
• 17.2e The Pineal Gland
• 17.2f The Pancreas
• 17.2g The Thymus
• 17.2h The Gonads
• 17.3 Other Endocrine Structures
• 17.4 Disorders of the Endocrine System
• 17.4a Pituitary Disorders
• 17.4b A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Type 2 Diabetes
• 17.4c Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
• 17.4d Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
• 17.5 The Endocrine System Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Therapeutic Uses of Growth Hormone
• Therapeutic Uses of Oxytocin
• Osteoporosis Treatment
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 18 Blood
• 18.1 Composition of Blood
• 18.1a Blood Plasma
• 18.1b Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Platelets
• 18.2 Blood Cell Formation
• 18.2a Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
• 18.2b Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
• Genesis of Erythrocytes
• Formation of Leukocytes and Platelets
• 18.3 Disorders of the Blood
• 18.3a Disorders of Erythrocytes
• 18.3b Disorders of Leukocytes
• 18.3c Disorders of Platelets
• 18.4 The Blood Throughout Life
• A CLOSER LOOK Hematopoietic Cell Transplants
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Hemochromatosis
• Thalassemia
• Complete Blood Count
• Thrombus
• Abnormal Numbers of Immature Blood Cells
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 19 The Heart
• 19.1 Location and Orientation Within the Thorax
• 19.2 Structure of the Heart
• 19.2a Coverings
• 19.2b Layers of the Heart Wall
• 19.2c Heart Chambers
• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Left Atrium
• Left Ventricle
• 19.3 Heart Valves
• 19.3a Valve Structure
• 19.3b Valve Function
• 19.3c Heart Sounds
• 19.4 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
• FOCUS FIGURE 19.10 Blood Flow Through the Heart
• 19.5 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• 19.5a Structure of Cardiac Muscle
• 19.5b Mechanism of Contraction
• 19.6 Conducting System and Innervation
• 19.6a Conducting System
• 19.6b Innervation
• 19.7 Blood Supply to the Heart
• 19.7a Coronary Arteries
• 19.7b Cardiac Veins
• 19.8 Disorders of the Heart
• 19.8a Coronary Artery Disease
• 19.8b Heart Failure
• A CLOSER LOOK Coronary Artery Disease
• 19.8c Disorders of the Conduction System
• 19.9 The Heart Throughout Life
• 19.9a Development of the Heart
• 19.9b The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
• Valve Disorders
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Damage to the Conducting System
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 20 Blood Vessels
• Part 1: General Characteristics of Blood Vessels
• 20.1 Structure of Blood Vessel Walls
• 20.2 Types of Blood Vessels
• 20.2a Arteries
• Elastic Arteries
• Muscular Arteries
• Arterioles
• 20.2b Capillaries
• Continuous Capillaries
• Fenestrated Capillaries
• Sinusoid Capillaries (Sinusoids)
• Capillary Permeability
• Capillary Beds
• 20.2c Venous Vessels
• Venules
• Veins
• 20.3 Vascular Anastomoses
• Part 2: Blood Vessels of the Body
• 20.4 The Pulmonary Circulation
• 20.5 The Systemic Circulation
• 20.5a Systemic Arteries
• Aorta
• Arteries of the Head and Neck
• Arteries of the Thorax
• Arteries of the Upper Limbs
• Arteries of the Abdomen
• Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• 20.5b Systemic Veins
• Venae Cavae and Their Major Tributaries
• Veins of the Head and Neck
• Veins of the Thorax
• Veins of the Upper Limbs
• Veins of the Abdomen
• Portal‐Systemic Anastomoses
• Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• 20.6 Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• A CLOSER LOOK Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno
• FOCUS FIGURE 20.25 Fetal and Newborn Circulation
• 20.7 Blood Vessels Throughout Life
• 20.7a Fetal Circulation
• Vessels to and from the Placenta
• Shunts Away from the Pulmonary Circuit
• 20.7b Blood Vessels in Adulthood
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Varicose Veins
• Pulse Points in the Head and Neck
• Pulse Points in the Upper Limb
• Pulse Points in the Lower Limb
• Medical Importance of The Cavernous Sinus
• Medical Importance of the Saphenous Veins
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
• 21.1 The Lymphatic System
• 21.1a Lymphatic Capillaries
• 21.1b Collecting Lymphatic Vessels
• Lymph Transport
• 21.1c Lymph Nodes
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 21.1d Lymph Trunks
• 21.1e Lymph Ducts
• Thoracic Duct
• Right Lymphatic Duct
• 21.2 The Immune System
• 21.2a Lymphocytes
• 21.2b Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation
• 21.2c Lymphoid Tissue
• A CLOSER LOOK AIDS: The Modern‐Day Plague?
• 21.2d Lymphoid Organs
• Thymus
• Lymph Nodes
• Spleen
• Tonsils
• Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules and the Appendix
• 21.3 Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
• 21.4 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• The Lymph Vessels and Edema
• Swollen Lymph Nodes
• Vaccination
• Splenectomy
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 22 The Respiratory System
• 22.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• 22.1a The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses
• The Nose
• The Nasal Cavity
• The Paranasal Sinuses
• 22.1b The Pharynx
• The Nasopharynx
• The Oropharynx
• The Laryngopharynx
• 22.1c The Larynx
• Voice Production
• Sphincter Functions of the Larynx
• Innervation of the Larynx
• 22.1d The Trachea
• 22.1e The Bronchial Tree
• Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
• The Respiratory Zone
• 22.1f The Lungs and Pleurae
• Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
• Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
• The Pleurae
• 22.2 Ventilation
• 22.2a The Mechanism of Ventilation
• Inspiration
• Expiration
• 22.2b Neural Control of Ventilation
• 22.3 Disorders of the Respiratory System
• 22.3a Bronchial Asthma
• 22.3b Cystic Fibrosis
• A CLOSER LOOK Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen
• 22.3c Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• 22.4 The Respiratory System Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Rhinitis
• Epistaxis
• Sinusitis
• Infection of the Adenoids
• Laryngitis
• Tracheotomy (Tracheostomy)
• Pleurisy and Pleural Effusion
• Collapsed Lung
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 23 The Digestive System
• 23.1 Overview
• 23.1a Abdominal Regions
• FOCUS FIGURE 23.3 Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs
• 23.1b The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum
• Mesenteries
• 23.1c Digestive Processes
• 23.2 Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal
• 23.2a Histology
• The Mucosa
• The Submucosa
• The Muscularis Externa
• The Serosa
• 23.2b Smooth Muscle
• Structure of Smooth Muscle
• Mechanism of Contraction
• Innervation of Smooth Muscle and Glands
• 23.2c The Mouth and Associated Organs
• The Mouth
• The Tongue
• The Teeth
• The Salivary Glands
• 23.2d The Pharynx
• 23.2e The Esophagus
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 23.2f The Stomach
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 23.2g The Small Intestine
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 23.2h The Large Intestine
• Gross Anatomy
• Defecation
• Microscopic Anatomy
• FOCUS FIGURE 23.24 Digestive Processes and Histology of the Alimentary Canal
• 23.3 Anatomy of the Accessory Organs
• 23.3a The Liver
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 23.3b The Gallbladder
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 23.3c The Pancreas
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 23.4 Disorders of the Digestive System
• 23.4a Peptic Ulcers
• 23.4b Intestinal Obstruction
• 23.4c Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• 23.4d Viral Hepatitis
• 23.4e Cystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas
• 23.5 The Digestive System Throughout Life
• 23.5a Embryonic Development
• 23.5b The Digestive System in Later Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Bowel Sounds
• Peritonitis
• Impacted Tooth
• Gum Disease
• Mumps
• Hiatal Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Appendicitis
• Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
• Hemorrhoids
• Cirrhosis
• Gallstones
• Pancreatitis
• Developmental Abnormalities
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 24 The Urinary System
• 24.1 Kidneys
• 24.1a Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Location and External Anatomy
• Internal Gross Anatomy
• Gross Vasculature and Nerve Supply
• 24.1b Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Mechanisms of Urine Production
• Nephron Structure
• Blood Vessels Associated with Nephrons
• Juxtaglomerular Complex
• 24.2 Ureters
• 24.2a Gross Anatomy
• 24.2b Microscopic Anatomy
• 24.3 Urinary Bladder
• 24.3a Gross Anatomy
• Vessels and Nerves
• 24.3b Microscopic Anatomy
• 24.4 Urethra
• 24.5 Micturition
• 24.6 Disorders of the Urinary System
• 24.6a Urinary Tract Infections
• 24.6b Renal Calculi
• 24.6c Cancer of Urinary Organs
• 24.7 The Urinary System Throughout Life
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Pyelonephritis
• Pyelography
• Micturition Dysfunctions
• Kidney Transplant
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• 25 The Reproductive System
• 25.1 The Male Reproductive System
• 25.1a The Testes
• Location
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 25.1b Male Reproductive Ducts
• The Epididymis
• The Ductus Deferens
• The Spermatic Cord
• The Urethra
• 25.1c Accessory Glands
• The Seminal Glands
• The Prostate
• The Bulbo‐urethral Glands
• 25.1d The Penis
• Vessels and Nerves
• Male Sexual Response
• 25.1e The Male Perineum
• 25.1f Spermatogenesis
• 25.2 The Female Reproductive System
• 25.2a The Ovaries
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 25.2b The Uterine Tubes
• 25.2c The Uterus
• Supports of the Uterus
• The Uterine Wall
• 25.2d The Vagina
• 25.2e The External Genitalia and Female Perineum
• 25.2f Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle
• Oogenesis
• The Ovarian Cycle
• The Uterine Cycle
• 25.2g The Mammary Glands
• A CLOSER LOOK Contraception: To Be or Not To Be
• 25.3 Pregnancy and Childbirth
• 25.3a Pregnancy
• Events Leading to Fertilization
• Implantation
• Formation of the Placenta
• Exchange Across the Placenta
• 25.3b Childbirth
• 25.4 Disorders of the Reproductive System
• 25.4a Reproductive System Cancers in Males
• Testicular Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• 25.4b Reproductive System Cancers in Females
• Ovarian Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Cervical Cancer
• Breast Cancer
• 25.5 The Reproductive System Throughout Life
• 25.5a Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs
• 25.5b Descent of the Gonads
• 25.5c Puberty
• 25.5d Menopause
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Varicocele
• Vasectomy
• Inguinal Hernia
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• Circumcision
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Episiotomy
• Endometriosis
• Ectopic Pregnancy
• Displaced Placenta
• Hypospadias
• Cryptorchidism
• Related Clinical Terms
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• Answers Appendix
• Appendix A The Metric System
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
• Word Roots: Combining Forms, Prefixes and Suffixes