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• Title Page
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Notable Scientists
• Acknowledgments
• Global Edition Acknowledgments
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Unit 1: Organization of the Body
• Chapter 1. The Human Body: An Orientation
• 1.1 Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology)
• 1.2 The body’s organization ranges from atoms to the entire organism
• 1.3 What are the requirements for life?
• 1.4 Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback
• 1.5 Anatomical terms describe body directions, regions, and planes
• A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body
• 1.6 Many internal organs lie in membrane-lined body cavities
• Chapter 2. Chemistry Comes Alive
• Part 1 Basic Chemistry
• 2.1 Matter is the stuff of the universe and energy moves matter
• 2.2 The properties of an element depend on the structure of its atoms
• 2.3 Atoms bound together form molecules; different molecules can make mixtures
• 2.4 Three types of chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
• 2.5 Chemical reactions occur when electrons are shared, gained, or lost
• Part 2 Biochemistry
• 2.6 Inorganic compounds include water, salts, and many acids and bases
• 2.7 Organic compounds are made by dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis
• 2.8 Carbohydrates provide an easily used energy source for the body
• 2.9 Lipids insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy
• 2.10 Proteins are the body’s basic structural material and have many vital functions
• 2.11 DNA and RNA store, transmit, and help express genetic information
• 2.12 ATP transfers energy to other compounds
• Chapter 3. Cells: The Living Units
• 3.1 Cells are the smallest unit of life
• Part 1 Plasma Membrane
• 3.2 The plasma membrane is a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
• Focus Figure 3.1 The Plasma Membrane
• 3.3 Passive membrane transport is diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradient
• 3.4 Active membrane transport directly or indirectly uses ATP
• Focus Figure 3.2 Primary Active Transport: The Na+-K+Pump
• 3.5 Selective diffusion establishes the membrane potential
• 3.6 Cell adhesion molecules and membrane receptors allow the cell to interact with its environment
• Focus Figure 3.3 G Proteins
• Part 2 The Cytoplasm
• 3.7 Cytoplasmic organelles each perform a specialized task
• 3.8 Cilia and microvilli are two main types of cellular extensions
• Part 3 Nucleus
• 3.9 The nucleus includes the nuclear envelope, the nucleolus, and chromatin
• 3.10 The cell cycle consists of interphase and a mitotic phase
• 3.11 Messenger RNA carries instructions from DNA for building proteins
• Focus Figure 3.4 Mitosis
• Focus Figure 3.5 Translation
• 3.12 Autophagy and proteasomes dispose of unneeded organelles and proteins; apoptosis disposes of un
• Developmental Aspects of Cells
• Chapter 4. Tissue: The Living Fabric
• 4.1 Tissue samples are fixed, sliced, and stained for microscop
• 4.2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands
• 4.3 Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
• 4.4 Muscle tissue is responsible for body movement
• 4.5 Nervous tissue is a specialized tissue of the nervous system
• 4.6 The cutaneous membrane is dry; mucous and serous membranes are wet
• 4.7 Tissue repair involves inflammation, organization, and regeneration
• A Closer Look Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
• Developmental Aspects of Tissues
• Unit 2: Covering, Support, and Movement of the Body
• Chapter 5. The Integumentary System
• 5.1 The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and dermis
• 5.2 The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• 5.3 The dermis consists of papillary dermis and reticular dermis
• 5.4 Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin determine skin color
• 5.5 Hair consists of dead, keratinized cells
• 5.6 Nails are scale-like modifications of the epidermis
• 5.7 Sweat glands help control body temperature, and sebaceous glands secrete sebum
• 5.8 First and foremost, the skin is a barrier
• 5.9 Skin cancer and burns are major challenges to the body
• Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System
• System Connections
• Chapter 6. Bones and Skeletal Tissues
• 6.1 Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage help form the skeleton
• 6.2 Bones perform several important functions
• 6.3 Bones are classified by their location and shape
• 6.4 The gross structure of all bones consists of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone
• 6.5 Bones develop either by intramembranous or endochondral ossification
• 6.6 Bone remodeling involves bone deposition and removal
• 6.7 Bone repair involves hematoma and callus formation, and remodeling
• 6.8 Bone disorders result from abnormal bone deposition and resorption
• Developmental Aspects of Bones
• System Connections
• Chapter 7. The Skeleton
• Part 1 The Axial Skeleton
• 7.1 The skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones
• 7.2 The vertebral column is a flexible, curved support structure
• 7.3 The thoracic cage is the bony structure of the chest
• Part 2 The Appendicular Skeleton
• 7.4 Each pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula
• 7.5 The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, and hand
• 7.6 The hip bones attach to the sacrum, forming the pelvic girdle
• 7.7 The lower limb consists of the thigh, leg, and foot
• Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
• Chapter 8. Joints
• 8.1 Joints are classified into three structural and three functional categories
• 8.2 In fibrous joints, the bones are connected by fibrous tissue
• 8.3 In cartilaginous joints, the bones are connected by cartilage
• 8.4 Synovial joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity
• Focus Figure 8.1 Synovial Joints
• 8.5 Five examples illustrate the diversity of synovial joints
• 8.6 Joints are easily damaged by injury, inflammation, and degeneration
• A Closer Look Joints: From Medieval Armor to Bionic Humans
• Developmental Aspects of Joints
• Chapter 9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue
• 9.1 There are three types of muscle tissue
• 9.2 A skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues
• 9.3 Skeletal muscle fibers contain calcium-regulated molecular motors
• 9.4 Motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract
• Focus Figure 9.1 Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
• Focus Figure 9.2 Excitation-Contraction Coupling
• Focus Figure 9.3 Cross Bridge Cycle
• 9.5 Temporal summation and motor unit recruitment allow smooth, graded skeletal muscle contractions
• 9.6 ATP for muscle contraction is produced aerobically or anaerobically
• 9.7 The force, velocity, and duration of skeletal muscle contractions are determined by a variety of
• 9.8 How does skeletal muscle respond to exercise?
• 9.9 Smooth muscle is nonstriated involuntary muscle
• Developmental Aspects of Muscles
• A Closer Look Athletes Looking Good and Doing Better with Anabolic Steroids?
• System Connections
• Chapter 10. The Muscular System
• 10.1 For any movement, muscles can act in one of three ways
• 10.2 How are skeletal muscles named?
• Focus Figure 10.1 Muscle Action
• 10.3 Fascicle arrangements help determine muscle shape and force
• 10.4 Muscles acting with bones form lever systems
• 10.5 A muscle’s origin and insertion determine its action
• Table 10.1 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression
• Table 10.2 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement
• Table 10.3 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing
• Table 10.4 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension
• Table 10.5 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing
• Table 10.6 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera
• Table 10.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs
• Table 10.8 Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula and Ar
• Table 10.9 Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint: Movements of the Arm (Humerus)
• Table 10.10 Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint: Flexion and Extension of the Forearm
• Table 10.11 Muscles of the Forearm: Movements of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
• Table 10.12 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand
• Table 10.13 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Fine Movements of the Fingers
• Table 10.14 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg
• Table 10.15 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes
• Table 10.16 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support
• Table 10.17 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
• Unit 3: Regulation and Integration of the Body
• Chapter 11. Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
• 11.1 The nervous system receives, integrates, and responds to information
• 11.2 Neuroglia support and maintain neurons
• 11.3 Neurons are the structural units of the nervous system
• 11.4 The resting membrane potential depends on differences in ion concentration and permeability
• Focus Figure 11.1 Resting Membrane Potential
• 11.5 Graded potentials are brief, short-distance signals within a neuron
• 11.6 Action potentials are brief, long-distance signals within a neuron
• Focus Figure 11.2 Action Potential
• 11.7 Synapses transmit signals between neurons
• Focus Figure 11.3 Chemical Synapse
• 11.8 Postsynaptic potentials excite or inhibit the receiving neuron
• 11.9 The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on its receptor
• Focus Figure 11.4 Postsynaptic Potentials and Their Summation
• 11.10 Neurons act together, making complex behaviors possible
• Developmental Aspects of Neurons
• A Closer Look Pleasure and Addiction
• Chapter 12. The Central Nervous System
• 12.1 Folding during development determines the complex structure of the adult brain
• 12.2 The cerebral hemispheres consist of cortex, white matter, and the basal nuclei
• 12.3 The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
• 12.4 The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
• 12.5 The cerebellum adjusts motor output, ensuring coordination and balance
• 12.6 Functional brain systems span multiple brain structures
• 12.7 The interconnected structures of the brain allow higher mental functions
• 12.8 The brain is protected by bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood brain barrier
• 12.9 Brain injuries and disorders have devastating consequences
• 12.10 The spinal cord is a reflex center and conduction pathway
• 12.11 Neuronal pathways carry sensory and motor information to and from the brain
• Developmental Aspects of the Central Nervous System
• Chapter 13. The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity
• Part 1 Sensory Receptors And Sensation
• 13.1 Sensory receptors are activated by changes in the internal or external environment
• 13.2 Receptors, ascending pathways, and cerebral cortex process sensory information
• Part 2 Transmission Lines: Nerves And Their Structure And Repair
• 13.3 Nerves are cordlike bundles of axons that conduct sensory and motor impulses
• 13.4 There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• 13.5 31 pairs of spinal nerves innervate the body
• Part 3 Motor Endings And Motor Activity
• 13.6 Peripheral motor endings connect nerves to their effectors
• 13.7 There are three levels of motor control
• Part 4 Reflex Activity
• 13.8 The reflex arc enables rapid and predictable responses
• 13.9 Spinal reflexes are somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord
• Focus Figure 13.1 Stretch Reflex
• Developmental Aspects of the Peripheral Nervous System
• Chapter 14. The Autonomic Nervous System
• 14.1 The ANS differs from the somatic nervous system in that it can stimulate or inhibit its effecto
• 14.2 The ANS consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
• 14.3 Long preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the craniosacral CNS
• 14.4 Short preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate in the thoracolumbar CNS
• 14.5 Visceral reflex arcs have the same five components as somatic reflex arcs
• 14.6 Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are the major ANS neurotransmitters
• 14.7 The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions usually produce opposite effects
• 14.8 The hypothalamus oversees ANS activity
• 14.9 Most ANS disorders involve abnormalities in smooth muscle control
• Developmental Aspects of the ANS
• System Connections
• Chapter 15. The Special Senses
• Part 1 The Eye And Vision
• 15.1 The eye has three layers, a lens, and humors, and is surrounded by accessory structures
• 15.2 The cornea and lens focus light on the retina
• 15.3 Phototransduction begins when light activates visual pigments in retinal photoreceptors
• 15.4 Visual information from the retina passes through relay nuclei to the visual cortex
• Part 2 The Chemical Senses: Smell And Taste
• 15.5 Airborne chemicals are detected by olfactory receptors in the nose
• 15.6 Dissolved chemicals are detected by receptor cells in taste buds
• Part 3 The Ear: Hearing And Balance
• 15.7 The ear has three major areas
• 15.8 Sound is a pressure wave that stimulates mechanosensitive cochlear hair cells
• 15.9 Sound information is processed and relayed through brain stem and thalamic nuclei to the audito
• 15.10 Hair cells in the maculae and cristae ampullares monitor head position and movement
• 15.11 Ear abnormalities can affect hearing, equilibrium, or both
• Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses
• Chapter 16. The Endocrine System
• 16.1 The endocrine system is one of the body’s two major control systems
• 16.2 The chemical structure of a hormone determines how it acts
• 16.3 Hormones act through second messengers or by activating specific genes
• 16.4 Three types of stimuli cause hormone release
• 16.5 Cells respond to a hormone if they have a receptor for that hormone
• 16.6 The hypothalamus controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland in two different ways
• Focus Figure 16.1 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions
• 16.7 The thyroid gland controls metabolism
• 16.8 The parathyroid glands are primary regulators of blood calcium levels
• 16.9 The adrenal glands produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response
• 16.10 The pineal gland secretes melatonin
• Focus Figure 16.2 Stress and the Adrenal Gland
• 16.11 The pancreas, gonads, and most other organs secrete hormones
• A Closer Look Sweet Revenge: Taming the Diabetes Monster?
• Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
• System Connections
• Unit 4: Maintenance of the Body
• Chapter 17. Blood
• 17.1 The functions of blood are transport, regulation, and protection
• 17.2 Blood consists of plasma and formed elements
• 17.3 Erythrocytes play a crucial role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
• 17.4 Leukocytes defend the body
• 17.5 Platelets are cell fragments that help stop bleeding
• 17.6 Hemostasis prevents blood loss
• 17.7 Transfusion can replace lost blood
• 17.8 Blood tests give insights into a patient’s health
• Developmental Aspects of Blood
• Chapter 18. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
• 18.1 The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
• 18.2 Heart valves make blood flow in one direction
• 18.3 Blood flows from atrium to ventricle, and then to either the lungs or the rest of the body
• Focus Figure 18.1 Blood Flow through the Heart
• 18.4 Intercalated discs connect cardiac muscle fibers into a functional syncytium
• 18.5 Pacemaker cells trigger action potentials throughout the heart
• 18.6 The cardiac cycle describes the mechanical events associated with blood flow through the heart
• Focus Figure 18.2 The Cardiac Cycle
• 18.7 Stroke volume and heart rate are regulated to alter cardiac output
• Developmental Aspects of the Heart
• Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
• Part 1 Blood Vessel Structure And Function
• 19.1 Most blood vessel walls have three layers
• 19.2 Arteries are pressure reservoirs, distributing vessels, or resistance vessels
• 19.3 Capillaries are exchange vessels
• 19.4 Veins are blood reservoirs that return blood toward the heart
• 19.5 Anastomoses are special interconnections between blood vessels
• Part 2 Physiology Of Circulation
• 19.6 Blood flows from high to low pressure against resistance
• 19.7 Blood pressure decreases as blood flows from arteries through capillaries and into veins
• 19.8 Blood pressure is regulated by short- and long-term controls
• 19.9 Intrinsic and extrinsic controls determine blood flow through tissues
• 19.10 Slow blood flow through capillaries promotes diffusion of nutrients and gases, and bulk flow o
• Focus Figure 19.1 Bulk Flow across Capillary Walls
• Part 3 Circulatory Pathways: Blood Vessels Of The Body
• 19.11 The vessels of the systemic circulation transport blood to all body tissues
• Table 19.3 Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
• Table 19.4 The Aorta and Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
• Table 19.5 Arteries of the Head and Neck
• Table 19.6 Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
• Table 19.7 Arteries of the Abdomen
• Table 19.8 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• Table 19.9 The Venae Cavae and the Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
• Table 19.10 Veins of the Head and Neck
• Table 19.11 Veins of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
• Table 19.12 Veins of the Abdomen
• Table 19.13 Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• Developmental Aspects of Blood Vessels
• A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drain Cleaner
• System Connections
• Chapter 20. The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
• 20.1 The lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes
• 20.2 Lymphoid cells and tissues are found in lymphoid organs and in connective tissue of other organ
• 20.3 Lymph nodes cleanse lymph and house lymphocytes
• 20.4 The spleen removes bloodborne pathogens and aged red blood cells
• 20.5 MALT guards the body’s entryways against pathogens
• 20.6 T lymphocytes mature in the thymus
• Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System andLymphoid Organs and Tissues
• System Connections
• Chapter 21. The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
• Part 1 Innate Defenses
• 21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep invaders out of the body
• 21.2 Innate internal defenses are cells and chemicals that act as the second line of defense
• Part 2 Adaptive Defenses
• 21.3 Antigens are substances that trigger the body’s adaptive defenses
• 21.4 B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells are cells of the adaptive immune response
• 21.5 In humoral immunity, antibodies are produced that target extracellular antigens
• 21.6 Cellular immunity consists of T lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular ta
• Focus Figure 21.1 An Example of a Primary Immune Response
• A Closer Look COVID-19
• 21.7 Insufficient or overactive immune responses create problems
• Developmental Aspects of the Immune System
• Chapter 22. The Respiratory System
• Part 1 Functional Anatomy
• 22.1 The upper respiratory system warms, humidifies, and filters air
• 22.2 The lower respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory zone structures
• 22.3 Each multilobed lung occupies its own pleural cavity
• Part 2 Respiratory Physiology
• 22.4 Volume changes cause pressure changes, which cause air to move
• 22.5 Measuring respiratory volumes, capacities, and flow rates helps us assess ventilation
• 22.6 Gases exchange by diffusion between the blood, lungs, and tissues
• 22.7 Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin, and carbon dioxide is transported in three different ways
• Focus Figure 22.1 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
• 22.8 Respiratory centers in the brain stem control breathing with input from chemoreceptors and high
• 22.9 Exercise and high altitude bring about respiratory adjustments
• 22.10 Respiratory diseases are major causes of disability and death
• Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
• System Connections
• Chapter 23. The Digestive System
• Part 1 Overview Of The Digestive System
• 23.1 What major processes occur during digestive system activity?
• 23.2 The GI tract has four layers and is usually surrounded by peritoneum
• 23.3 The GI tract has its own nervous system called the enteric nervous system
• Part 2 Functional Anatomy Of The Digestive System
• 23.4 Ingestion occurs only at the mouth
• 23.5 The pharynx and esophagus move food from the mouth to the stomach
• 23.6 The stomach temporarily stores food and begins protein digestion
• 23.7 The liver secretes bile; the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes
• 23.8 The small intestine is the major site for digestion and absorption
• 23.9 The large intestine absorbs water and eliminates feces
• Part 3 Physiology Of Digestion And Absorption
• 23.10 Digestion hydrolyzes food into nutrients that are absorbed across the gut epithelium
• 23.11 How is each type of nutrient processed?
• Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System
• System Connections
• Chapter 24. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance
• Part 1 Nutrients
• 24.1 Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins supply energy and are used as building blocks
• 24.2 Most vitamins act as coenzymes; minerals have many roles in the body
• Part 2 Metabolism
• 24.3 Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
• 24.4 Carbohydrate metabolism is the central player in ATP production
• Focus Figure 24.1 Oxidative Phosphorylation
• 24.5 Lipid metabolism is key for long-term energy storage and release
• 24.6 Amino acids are used to build proteins or for energy
• 24.7 Energy is stored in the absorptive state and released in the postabsorptive state
• 24.8 The liver metabolizes, stores, and detoxifies
• A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted
• Part 3 Energy Balance
• 24.9 Neural and hormonal factors regulate food intake
• 24.10 Thyroxine is the major hormone that controls basal metabolic rate
• 24.11 The hypothalamus acts as the body’s thermostat
• Developmental Aspects of Nutrition and Metabolism
• Chapter 25. The Urinary System
• 25.1 The kidneys have three distinct regions and a rich blood supply
• 25.2 Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney
• 25.3 Overview: Filtration, absorption, and secretion are the key processes of urine formation
• 25.4 Urine formation, step 1: The glomeruli make filtrate
• 25.5 Urine formation, step 2: Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood
• 25.6 Urine formation, step 3: Certain substances are secreted into the filtrate
• 25.7 The kidneys create and use an osmotic gradient to regulate urine concentration and volume
• Focus Figure 25.1 Medullary Osmotic Gradient
• 25.8 Renal function is evaluated by analyzing blood and urine
• 25.9 The ureters, bladder, and urethra transport, store, and eliminate urine
• Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
• Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
• 26.1 Body fluids consist of water and solutes in three main compartments
• 26.2 Both intake and output of water are regulated
• 26.3 Sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate levels are tightly regulated
• 26.4 Chemical buffers and respiratory regulation rapidly minimize pH changes
• 26.5 Renal regulation is a long-term mechanism for controlling acid-base balance
• 26.6 Abnormalities of acid-base balance are classified as metabolic or respiratory
• A Closer Look Sleuthing: Using Blood Values to Determine the Cause of Acidosis or Alkalosis
• Developmental Aspects of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
• System Connections
• Unit 5: Continuity
• Chapter 27. The Reproductive System
• 27.1 The male and female reproductive systems share common features
• Part 1 Anatomy Of The Male Reproductive System
• 27.2 The testes are enclosed and protected by the scrotum
• 27.3 Sperm travel from the testes to the body exterior through a system of ducts
• 27.4 The penis is the copulatory organ of the male
• 27.5 The male accessory glands produce the bulk of semen
• Part 2 Physiology Of The Male Reproductive System
• 27.6 The male sexual response includes erection and ejaculation
• 27.7 Spermatogenesis is the sequence of events that leads to formation of sperm
• 27.8 Male reproductive function is regulated by hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and testicular hor
• Part 3 Anatomy Of The Female Reproductive System
• 27.9 Immature eggs develop in follicles in the ovaries
• 27.10 The female duct system includes the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
• 27.11 The external genitalia of the female include those structures that lie external to the vagina
• 27.12 The mammary glands produce milk
• Part 4 Physiology Of The Female Reproductive System
• 27.13 Oogenesis is the sequence of events that leads to the formation of ova
• 27.14 The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase and the luteal phase
• 27.15 Female reproductive function is regulated by hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and ovarian hor
• 27.16 The female sexual response is more diverse and complex than that of males
• Part 5 Sexually Transmitted Infections
• 27.17 Sexually transmitted infections cause reproductive and other disorders
• Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
• System Connections
• Chapter 28. Pregnancy and Human Development
• 28.1 Fertilization combines the sperm and egg chromosomes, forming a zygote
• Focus Figure 28.1 Sperm Penetration and the Blocks to Polyspermy
• 28.2 Embryonic development begins as the zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastocyst en route t
• 28.3 Implantation occurs when the embryo burrows into the uterine wall, triggering placenta formatio
• 28.4 Embryonic events include gastrula formation and tissue differentiation, which are followed by r
• Focus Figure 28.2 Fetal and Newborn Circulation
• 28.5 During pregnancy, the mother undergoes anatomical, physiological, and metabolic changes
• 28.6 The three stages of labor are the dilation, expulsion, and placental stages
• 28.7 An infant’s extrauterine adjustments include taking the first breath and closure of vascular
• 28.8 Lactation is milk secretion by the mammary glands in response to prolactin
• A Closer Look Contraception
• 28.9 Assisted reproductive technology may help an infertile couple have offspring
• Chapter 29. Heredity
• 29.1 Genes are the vocabulary of genetics
• 29.2 Genetic variation results from independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization
• 29.3 Several patterns of inheritance have long been known
• 29.4 Environmental factors may influence or override gene expression
• 29.5 Factors other than nuclear DNA sequence can determine inheritance
• 29.6 Genetic screening is used to detect genetic disorders
• Appendices
• Answers Appendix
• Appendix A. The Metric System
• Appendix B. Functional Groups in Organic Molecules
• Appendix C. The Amino Acids
• Appendix D. Two Important Metabolic Pathways
• Appendix E. Periodic Table of the Elements
• Appendix F. Reference Values for Selected Blood and Urine Studies
• Glossary
• Photo and Illustration Credits
• Index
• Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms
• Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion