Efnisyfirlit

• Brief contents
• Title page
• Copyright page
• About the author
• Contents
• Preface
• Keep current in biology
• Engage with high interest essays
• Connect concepts and applications to everyday life
• Support for studentsany time, anywhere
• Chapter-specific changes
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Human Biology, Science and Society
• Current issue mandatory childhood vaccinations
• 1.1 The characteristics of life
• 1.2 How humans fit into the natural world
• Living things are grouped according to their characteristics
• The defining features of humans
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Human biology can be studied on any level of biological organization
• 1.3 Science is both a body of knowledge and a process
• The scientific method is a process for testing ideas
• Health & wellness the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
• Designing and conducting the experiment
• Making the findings known
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• A well-tested hypothesis becomes a theory
• 1.4 Sources of scientific information vary in style and quality
• 1.5 Learning to be a critical thinker
• Become a skeptic
• Learn how to read graphs
• Appreciate the value of statistics
• Distinguish anecdotes from scientific evidence
• Separate facts from conclusions
• Understand the difference between correlation and causation
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 1.6 The role of science in society
• Science improves technology and the human physical condition
• Science has limits
• The importance of making informed choices
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 2 The Chemistry of Living Things
• Current issue functional foods and dietary supplements—safe and effective?
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 2.1 All matter consists of elements
• Atoms are the smallest functional units of an element
• Isotopes have a different number of neutrons
• Free radicals have unpaired electrons
• 2.2 Atoms combine to form molecules
• Energy fuels life’s activities
• Chemical bonds link atoms to form molecules
• Living organisms contain only certain elements
• 2.3 Life depends on water
• Water is the biological solvent
• Water is a liquid at body temperature
• Water helps regulate body temperature
• Water participates in chemical reactions
• 2.4 The importance of hydrogen ions
• Acids donate hydrogen ions, bases accept them
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• The pH scale expresses hydrogen ion concentration
• Buffers minimize changes in pH
• 2.5 The organic molecules of living organisms
• Carbon is the common building block of organic molecules
• Macromolecules are synthesized and broken down within the cell
• 2.6 Carbohydrates: used for energy and structural support
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars
• Oligosaccharides: more than one monosaccharide linked together
• Polysaccharides store energy
• 2.7 Lipids: insoluble in water
• Triglycerides are energy-storage molecules
• Phospholipids are the primary component of cell membranes
• Health & wellness radon: a known cancer risk
• Steroids are composed of four rings
• 2.8 Proteins: complex structures constructed of amino acids
• Protein function depends on structure
• Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions
• 2.9 Nucleic acids store genetic information
• 2.10 ATP carries energy
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 3 Structure and Function of Cells
• Current issue the use of human stem cells
• 3.1 Cells are classified according to their internal organization
• Eukaryotes have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles
• Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles
• 3.2 Cell structure reflects cell function
• Cells remain small to stay efficient
• Visualizing cells with microscopes
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 3.3 Internal structures carry out specific functions
• The nucleus controls the cell
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
• The endoplasmic reticulum is the manufacturing center
• The golgi apparatus refines, packages, and ships
• Vesicles: membrane-bound storage and shipping containers
• Mitochondria provide energy
• Fat and glycogen: sources of energy
• 3.4 Cells have structures for support and movement
• The cytoskeleton supports the cell
• Cilia and flagella are specialized for movement
• Centrioles are involved in cell division
• 3.5 A plasma membrane surrounds the cell
• The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer
• 3.6 Molecules cross the plasma membrane in several ways
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Passive transport: principles of diffusion and osmosis
• Passive transport moves with the concentration gradient
• Active transport requires energy
• Endocytosis and exocytosis move materials in bulk
• Information can be transferred across the plasma membrane
• The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain cell volume
• Health & wellness do antioxidant supplements slow the rate of cellular aging?
• Isotonic extracellular fluid also maintains cell volume
• 3.7 Cells use and transform matter and energy
• Glucose provides the cell with energy
• Glycolysis: glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules
• Cellular respiration uses oxygen
• Fats and proteins are additional energy sources
• Anaerobic pathways make energy available without oxygen
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 4 From Cells to Organ Systems
• Current issue reshaping your body
• 4.1 Tissues are groups of cells with a common function
• 4.2 Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and cavities
• Epithelial tissues are classified according to cell shape
• The basement membrane provides structural support
• 4.3 Connective tissue supports and connects body parts
• Fibrous connective tissues provide strength and elasticity
• Specialized connective tissues serve special functions
• Health & wellness suntans, smoking, and your skin
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 4.4 Muscle tissues contract to produce movement
• Skeletal muscles move body parts
• Cardiac muscle cells activate each other
• Smooth muscle surrounds hollow structures
• 4.5 Nervous tissue transmits impulses
• 4.6 Organs and organ systems perform complex functions
• The human body is organized by organ systems
• Tissue membranes line body cavities
• Describing body position or direction
• 4.7 The skin as an organ system
• Skin has many functions
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Skin consists of epidermis and dermis
• 4.8 Multicellular organisms must maintain homeostasis
• Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback
• Negative feedback helps maintain core body temperature
• Positive feedback amplifies events
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 5 The Skeletal System
• Current issue a black market in human bones?
• 5.1 The skeletal system consists of connective tissue
• Bones are the hard elements of the skeleton
• Bone contains living cells
• Ligaments hold bones together
• Cartilage lends support
• 5.2 Bones develop from cartilage
• 5.3 Mature bone undergoes remodeling and repair
• Bones can change in shape, size, and strength
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Bone cells are regulated by hormones
• Bones undergo repair
• 5.4 Bones fit together to form the skeleton
• The axial skeleton forms the midline of the body
• The appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs
• 5.5 Joints form connections between bones
• Joints vary from immovable to freely movable
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Health & wellness treating a sprained ankle
• Ligaments, tendons, and muscles strengthen and stabilize joints
• 5.6 Diseases and disorders of the skeletal system
• Osteoporosis is caused by excessive bone loss
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Sprains mean damage to ligaments
• Bursitis and tendinitis are caused by inflammation
• Arthritis is inflammation of joints
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 6 The Muscular System
• Current issue drug abuse among athletes
• 6.1 Muscles produce movement or generate tension
• The fundamental activity of muscle is contraction
• Skeletal muscles cause bones to move
• A muscle is composed of many muscle cells
• The contractile unit is a sarcomere
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 6.2 Individual muscle cells contract and relax
• Nerves activate skeletal muscles
• Activation releases calcium
• Calcium initiates the sliding filament mechanism
• When nerve activation ends, contraction ends
• Muscles require energy to contract and to relax
• Producing and storing energy within muscle
• Health & wellness delayed onset muscle soreness
• 6.3 Muscles vary in movement, force, and endurance
• Isotonic versus isometric contractions: movement versus static position
• The degree of nerve activation influences force
• Slow-twitch versus fast-twitch fibers: endurance versus strength
• Exercise training improves muscle mass, strength, and endurance
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 6.4 Cardiac and smooth muscles have special features
• How cardiac and smooth muscles are activated
• Arrangement of myosin and actin filaments
• Speed and sustainability of contraction
• 6.5 Diseases and disorders of the muscular system
• Muscular dystrophy
• Tetanus
• Muscle cramps
• Pulled muscles
• Fasciitis
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 7 Blood
• Current issue should you bank your baby’s cord blood?
• 7.1 The composition and functions of blood
• Plasma consists of water and dissolved solutes
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying capacity
• All blood cells and platelets originate from stem cells
• Rbcs have a short life span
• Rbc production is regulated by a hormone
• White blood cells defend the body
• Platelets are essential for blood clotting
• 7.2 Hemostasis: stopping blood loss
• Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow
• Platelets stick together to seal a ruptured vessel
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• A blood clot forms around the platelet plug
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 7.3 Human blood types
• Abo blood typing is based on a and b antigens
• Rh blood typing is based on rh factor
• Blood typing and cross-matching ensure blood compatibility
• New tests make transfused blood safer
• 7.4 Blood substitutes
• Health & wellness donating blood
• 7.5 Blood disorders
• Mononucleosis: contagious viral infection of lymphocytes
• Blood poisoning: bacterial infection of blood
• Anemia: reduction in blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity
• Leukemia: uncontrolled production of white blood cells
• Multiple myeloma: uncontrolled production of plasma cells
• Thrombocytopenia: reduction in platelet number
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 8 Heart and Blood Vessels
• Current issue how should comparative effec- tiveness research be used?
• 8.1 Blood vessels transport blood
• Arteries transport blood away from the heart
• Arterioles and precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow
• Capillaries: where blood exchanges substances with tissues
• The lymphatic system helps maintain blood volume
• Veins return blood to the heart
• 8.2 The heart pumps blood through the vessels
• The heart is mostly muscle
• The heart has four chambers and four valves
• The pattern of blood flow through the cardiovascular system
• Arteries and veins of the human body
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• The cardiac cycle: the heart contracts and relaxes
• Heart sounds reflect closing heart valves
• The cardiac conduction system coordinates contraction
• Electrocardiogram records the heart’s electrical activity
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 8.3 Blood exerts pressure against vessel walls
• Measuring blood pressure
• Hypertension: high blood pressure can be dangerous
• Health & wellness cholesterol and atherosclerosis
• Hypotension: when blood pressure is too low
• 8.4 How the cardiovascular system is regulated
• Baroreceptors maintain arterial blood pressure
• Local requirements dictate local blood flows
• Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac output
• 8.5 Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue
• Angina: chest pain warns of impaired blood flow
• Heart attack: permanent damage to heart tissue
• Heart failure: the heart becomes less efficient
• Embolism: blockage of a blood vessel
• Stroke: damage to blood vessels in the brain
• 8.6 Replacing a failing heart
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 8.7 Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 9 The Immune System and Mechanisms of Defense
• Current issue an outbreak of ebola
• 9.1 Pathogens cause disease
• Bacteria: single-celled living organisms
• Viruses: tiny infectious agents
• Prions: infectious proteins
• Transmissibility, mode of transmission, and virulence determine health risk
• 9.2 The lymphatic system defends the body
• Lymphatic vessels transport lymph
• Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph
• The spleen cleanses blood
• Thymus gland hormones cause t lymphocytes to mature
• Tonsils protect the throat
• 9.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defense
• Skin: an effective deterrent
• Impeding pathogen entry in areas not covered by skin
• 9.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second line of defense
• The complement system assists other defense mechanisms
• Phagocytes engulf foreign cells
• Inflammation: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain
• Natural killer cells target tumors and virus-infected cells
• Interferons interfere with viral reproduction
• Fever raises body temperature
• 9.5 Specific defense mechanisms: the third line of defense
• The immune system targets antigens
• Lymphocytes are central to specific defenses
• B cells: antibody-mediated immunity
• The five classes of antibodies
• An antibody’s structure enables it to bind to a specific antigen
• T cells: cell-mediated immunity
• 9.6 Immune memory creates immunity
• Health & wellness the case for breast milk
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 9.7 Medical assistance in the war against pathogens
• Active immunization: an effective weapon against pathogens
• Passive immunization can help against existing or anticipated infections
• Monoclonal antibodies: laboratory-created for commercial use
• Antibiotics combat bacteria
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 9.8 Tissue rejection: a medical challenge
• 9.9 Inappropriate immune system activity causes health problems
• Allergies: a hypersensitive immune system
• Autoimmune disorders: defective recognition of self
• 9.10 Immune deficiency: the special case of aids
• Hiv targets helper t cells of the immune system
• Hiv is transmitted in body fluids
• Aids develops slowly
• The aids epidemic: a global health issue
• Risky behaviors increase your chances of getting aids
• Making sex safer
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• New treatments offer hope
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 10 The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases
• Current issue the fight over regulation of e-cigarettes
• 10.1 Respiration takes place throughout the body
• 10.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts
• The upper respiratory tract filters, warms, and humidifies air
• The lower respiratory tract exchanges gases
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 10.3 The process of breathing involves a pressure gradient
• Inspiration brings in air, expiration expels it
• Lung volumes and vital capacity measure lung function
• 10.4 Gas exchange and transport occur passively
• Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• External respiration: the exchange of gases between air and blood
• Internal respiration: the exchange of gases with tissue fluids
• Hemoglobin transports most oxygen molecules
• Most co is transported in plasma as bicarbonate 2
• 10.5 The nervous system regulates breathing
• A respiratory center establishes rhythm of breathing
• Chemical receptors monitor co, h, and o levels 22
• We can exert some conscious control
• 10.6 Disorders of the respiratory system
• Reduced air flow or gas exchange impedes respiratory function
• Microorganisms can cause respiratory disorders
• Health & wellness carbon monoxide: an invisible, odorless killer
• Lung cancer is caused by proliferation of abnormal cells
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Exposure to asbestos can lead to mesothelioma
• Pneumothorax and atelectasis: a failure of gas exchange
• Congestive heart failure impairs lung function
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 11 The Nervous System: Integration and Control
• Current issue head trauma in young athletes
• 11.1 The nervous system has two principal parts
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 11.2 Neurons are the communication cells of the nervous system
• 11.3 Neurons initiate action potentials
• Sodium-potassium pump maintains resting potential
• Graded potentials can initiate an action potential
• Action potentials are all-or-none and self-propagating
• 11.4 Neuroglial cells support and protect neurons
• 11.5 Information is transferred from a neuron to its target
• Neurotransmitter is released
• Neurotransmitters exert excitatory or inhibitory effects
• Postsynaptic neurons integrate and process information
• 11.6 The pns relays information between tissues and the cns
• Nerves carry signals to and from the cns
• Sensory neurons provide information to the cns
• The somatic division controls skeletal muscles
• The autonomic division controls automatic body functions
• The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions oppose each other
• 11.7 The brain and spinal cord constitute the cns
• Bone, meninges, and the blood-brain barrier protect the cns
• The spinal cord relays information
• 11.8 The brain processes and acts on information
• The hindbrain: movement and automatic functions
• The midbrain: vision, hearing, and sleep/ wakefulness
• The forebrain: emotions and conscious thought
• 11.9 Memory involves storing and retrieving information
• 11.10 Psychoactive drugs affect higher brain functions
• 11.11 Disorders of the nervous system
• Trauma
• Infections
• Brain tumors: abnormal growths
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Health & wellness repairing spinal cord injuries
• Disorders of neural and synaptic transmission
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 12 Sensory Mechanisms
• Current issue dwd: driving while distracted
• 12.1 Receptors receive and convert stimuli
• Receptors are classified according to stimulus
• The cns interprets nerve impulses based on origin and frequency
• Some receptors adapt to continuing stimuli
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Somatic sensations and special senses provide sensory information
• 12.2 Somatic sensations arise from receptors through- out the body
• The skin contains a variety of sensory receptors
• Mechanoreceptors indicate limb position, muscle length, and tension
• Thermoreceptors detect temperature
• Pain receptors signal discomfort
• 12.3 Taste and smell depend on chemoreceptors
• Taste: chemoreceptors bind with dissolved substances
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Smell: chemoreceptors bind with odorants
• 12.4 Hearing: mechanoreceptors detect sound waves
• The outer ear channels sound waves
• The middle ear amplifies sound
• The inner ear sorts and converts sounds
• 12.5 The inner ear plays an essential role in balance
• Sensing rotational movement
• Sensing head position and acceleration
• 12.6 Vision: detecting and interpreting visual stimuli
• Structure of the eye
• Regulating the amount of light and focusing the image
• Eyeball shape affects focus
• Light is converted into action potentials
• Rods and cones respond to light
• Health & wellness lasik to correct vision problems
• Rods provide vision in dim light
• Cones provide color vision and accurate images
• Visual receptors adapt
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 12.7 Disorders of sensory mechanisms
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 13 The Endocrine System
• Current issue endocrine disruptors in the environment
• 13.1 The endocrine system produces hormones
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 13.2 Hormones are classified as steroid or nonsteroid
• Steroid hormones enter target cells
• Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on target cell membranes
• Some hormones participate in negative feedback loops
• 13.3 The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
• The posterior pituitary stores adh and oxytocin
• The anterior pituitary produces six key hormones
• Pituitary disorders: hypersecretion or hyposecretion
• 13.4 The pancreas secretes glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin
• 13.5 The adrenal glands comprise the cortex and medulla
• The adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
• The adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
• 13.6 Thyroid and parathyroid glands
• The thyroid gland: thyroxine speeds cellular metabolism
• Parathyroid hormone (pth) controls blood calcium levels
• 13.7 Testes and ovaries produce sex hormones
• Testes produce testosterone
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
• 13.8 Other glands and organs also secrete hormones
• Thymus gland hormones aid the immune system
• The pineal gland secretes melatonin
• Endocrine functions of the heart, the digestive system, and the kidneys
• 13.9 Other chemical messengers
• Histamine is important in inflammation
• Prostaglandins: local control of blood flow
• Nitric oxide has multiple functions
• Growth factors regulate tissue growth
• 13.10 Disorders of the endocrine system
• Diabetes mellitus: inadequate control of blood sugar
• Hypothyroidism: underactive thyroid gland
• Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland
• Health & wellness dealing with diabetes: prevention or treatment?
• Addison’s disease: too little cortisol and aldosterone
• Cushing’s syndrome: too much cortisol
• Hypogonadism: too little testosterone
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition
• Current issue choosing organic versus conventional foods
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 14.1 The digestive system brings nutrients into the body
• The walls of the gi tract are composed of four layers
• Five basic processes accomplish digestive system function
• Two types of motility aid digestive processes
• 14.2 The mouth processes food for swallowing
• Teeth bite and chew food
• The tongue positions and tastes food
• Saliva begins the process of digestion
• 14.3 The pharynx and esophagus deliver food to the stomach
• 14.4 The stomach stores food, digests protein, and regulates delivery
• Gastric juice breaks down proteins
• Stomach contractions mix food and push it forward
• 14.5 the small intestine digests food and absorbs nutrients and water
• 14.6 Accessory organs aid digestion and absorption
• The pancreas secretes enzymes and nahco 3
• The liver produces bile and performs many other functions
• The gallbladder stores bile until needed
• 14.7 The large intestine absorbs nutrients and eliminates wastes
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 14.8 How nutrients are absorbed
• Proteins and carbohydrates are digested, then absorbed
• Lipids are broken down, then reassembled
• Water is absorbed by osmosis
• Health & wellness should you drink raw milk?
• Vitamins and minerals follow a variety of paths
• 14.9 Nerves and hormones regulate digestion
• 14.10 Nutrition: you are what you eat
• Choosemyplate.gov offers a personalized approach
• Carbohydrates: a major energy source
• Lipids: essential cell components and energy sources
• Complete proteins contain every amino acid
• Vitamins are essential for normal function
• Minerals: elements essential for body processes
• Fiber benefits the colon
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 14.11 Food labels
• 14.12 Energy balance
• Energy balance, body weight, and physical activity
• Healthy weight improves overall health obesity
• Obesity
• 14.13 Eating disorders
• 14.14 Disorders of the digestive system
• Disorders of the gi tract
• Disorders of the accessory organs
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 15 The Urinary System
• Current issue a shortage of kidneys
• 15.1 The urinary system regulates body fluids
• The kidneys regulate water levels
• The kidneys regulate nitrogenous wastes and other solutes
• 15.2 Organs of the urinary system
• Ureters transport urine to the bladder
• Urinary bladder stores urine
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• The urethra carries urine from the body
• 15.3 The internal structure of a kidney
• Special blood vessels supply the tubule
• 15.4 Formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
• Glomerular filtration filters fluid from capillaries
• Tubular reabsorption returns filtered water and solutes to blood
• Tubular secretion removes other substances from blood
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 15.5 Producing diluted or concentrated urine
• Producing dilute urine: excreting excess water
• Producing concentrated urine: conserving water
• 15.6 Urination depends on a reflex
• 15.7 The kidneys contribute to homeostasis in many ways
• Adh regulates water balance
• Aldosterone regulates salt balance
• The renin-angiotensin system controls blood volume and blood pressure
• Atrial natriuretic hormone protects against blood volume excess
• Kidneys help maintain acid-base balance and blood ph
• Erythropoietin stimulates production of red blood cells
• Kidneys activate vitamin d
• 15.8 Disorders of the urinary system
• Kidney stones can block urine flow
• Health & wellness water intoxication
• Urinary tract infections are often caused by bacteria
• Acute and chronic renal failure impair kidney function
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Dialysis cleanses the blood artificially
• Kidney transplants are a permanent solution to renal failure
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Urinary incontinence is a loss of bladder control
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 16 Reproductive Systems
• Current issue would you like a boy or a girl?
• 16.1 The male reproductive system delivers sperm
• Testes produce sperm
• Accessory glands help sperm survive
• Sperm production requires several cell divisions
• Testosterone affects male reproductive capacity
• 16.2 The female reproductive system produces eggs and supports pregnancy
• Ovaries release oocytes and secrete hormones
• The uterus nurtures the developing embryo
• The vagina: organ of sexual intercourse and birth canal
• Mammary glands nourish the infant
• 16.3 The menstrual cycle consists of ovarian and uterine cycles
• The ovarian cycle: oocytes mature and are released
• The uterine cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy
• Cyclic changes in hormone levels produce the menstrual cycle
• 16.4 Human sexual response, intercourse, and fertilization
• The male sexual response
• The female sexual response
• Fertilization: one sperm penetrates the egg
• 16.5 Birth control methods: controlling fertility
• Abstinence: not having intercourse
• Surgical sterilization: vasectomy and tubal ligation
• Hormonal methods: pills, injections, patches, and rings
• Iuds are inserted into the uterus
• Diaphragms and cervical caps block the cervix
• Chemical spermicides kill sperm
• Condoms trap ejaculated sperm
• Withdrawal and periodic abstinence
• Pills that can be used after intercourse
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Elective abortion
• The future in birth control
• 16.6 Infertility: inability to conceive
• Infertility can have many causes
• Enhancing fertility
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 16.7 Sexually transmitted diseases
• Bacterial stds: syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia
• Viral stds: hiv, hepatitis b, hpv, and genital herpes
• Health & wellness have you had your gardasil?
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Other stds: yeast infections, trichomoniasis, and pubic lice
• Protecting yourself against stds
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 17 Cell Reproduction and Differentiation
• Current issue therapeutic cloning
• 17.1 The cell cycle creates new cells
• 17.2 DNA structure and function: an overview
• Replication: copying dna before cell division
• Mutations are alterations in dna
• Mechanisms of dna repair
• Transcription: converting a gene’s code into mrna
• Translation: making a protein from rna
• 17.3 Cell reproduction: one cell becomes two
• Mitosis: daughter cells are identical to the parent cell
• Cytokinesis divides one cell into two identical cells
• Mitosis produces cells identical to the parent cell
• Meiosis prepares cells for sexual reproduction
• Sex differences in meiosis: four sperm versus one egg
• 17.4 How cell reproduction is regulated
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 17.5 Environmental factors influence cell differentiation
• Differentiation during early development
• Differentiation later in development
• 17.6 Reproductive cloning requires an undifferentiated cell
• Embryo splitting produces identical offspring
• Somatic cell nuclear transfer produces a clone of an adult
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 17.7 Therapeutic cloning: creating tissues and organs
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation
• Current issue preventive double mastectomy to reduce breast cancer risk
• 18.1 Tumors can be benign or cancerous
• 18.2 Cancer cells undergo structural and functional changes
• A pattern of changes leading to a lack of control
• Cancer stages
• 18.3 Factors contributing to cancer development
• Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancer
• A variety of factors can lead to cancer
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• The immune system plays an important role in cancer prevention
• 18.4 Advances in diagnosis enable early detection
• Tumor imaging: x-rays, pet, and mri
• Genetic testing can identify mutated genes
• Enzyme tests may detect cancer markers
• 18.5 Cancer treatments
• Conventional cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Magnetism and photodynamic therapy target malignant cells
• Immunotherapy promotes immune response
• “starving” cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis
• Molecular treatments target defective genes
• 18.6 The ten deadliest cancers
• Lung cancer: smoking is leading risk factor
• Cancers of colon and rectum: tests can detect them early
• Breast cancer: early detection pays off
• Pancreatic cancer: rarely detected early enough
• Prostate cancer: most common after age 50
• Health & wellness what if you could save someone’s life?
• Leukemia: chemotherapy is often effective
• Lymphoma: cancers of lymphoid tissues
• Urinary bladder cancer: surgery is often successful if done early
• Esophageal cancer: a high ratio of deaths to cases
• Cancer of the uterus: unusual uterine bleeding is major symptom
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 18.7 Some other notable cancers
• Kidney cancers
• Skin cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Testicular cancer
• 18.8 Most cancers could be prevented
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 19 Genetics and Inheritance
• Current issue should you have genetic tests for disease risks?
• 19.1 Your genotype is the genetic basis of your phenotype
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 19.2 Genetic inheritance follows certain patterns
• Punnett square analysis predicts patterns of inheritance
• Mendel established the basic principles of genetics
• Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles
• Two-trait crosses: independent assortment of genes for different traits
• 19.3 Incomplete dominance and codominance
• Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have an interme- diate phenotype
• Codominance: both gene products are equally expressed
• Health & wellness cystic fibrosis
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 19.4 Other factors influencing inheritance patterns and phenotype
• Polygenic inheritance: phenotype is influenced by many genes
• Both genotype and the environment affect phenotype
• Linked alleles may or may not be inherited together
• 19.5 Sex-linked inheritance
• Sex-linked inheritance depends on genes located on sex chromosomes
• Sex-influenced traits are affected by actions of sex genes
• 19.6 Alterations in chromosome number or structure
• Down syndrome: three copies of chromosome 21
• Alterations of the number of sex chromosomes
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Deletions and translocations alter chromosome structure
• 19.7 Inherited disorders involving recessive alleles
• Phenylketonuria is caused by a missing enzyme
• Tay-sachs disease leads to brain dysfunction
• Huntington disease is caused by a dominant-lethal allele
• 19.8 Genes code for proteins, not for specific behaviors
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 20 DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
• Current issue genetically modified plants
• 20.1 DNA sequencing reveals the structure of dna
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 20.2 DNA can be cloned in the laboratory
• Recombinant dna technology: isolating and cloning genes
• Cloning dna fragments: the polymerase chain reaction
• Health & wellness dna-based vaccines against viruses
• Identifying the source of dna: dna fingerprinting
• 20.3 Genetic engineering creates transgenic organisms
• Transgenic bacteria have many uses
• Transgenic plants: more vitamins and better pest resistance
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Transgenic animals: a bigger challenge
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 20.4 Gene therapy: the hope of the future?
• Gene therapy must overcome many obstacles
• Vectors transfer genes into human cells
• Success with scid gives hope
• Research targets cystic fibrosis and cancer
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 21 Development, Maturation, Aging and Death
• Current issue death with dignity (brittany maynard’s journey)
• 21.1 Fertilization begins when sperm and egg unite
• The journeys of egg and sperm
• One sperm fertilizes the egg
• Twins may be fraternal or identical
• 21.2 Developmental processes: cleavage, growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis
• 21.3 Pre-embryonic development: the first two weeks
• 21.4 Embryonic development: weeks three to eight
• Tissues and organs derive from three germ layers
• Extra-embryonic membranes
• The placenta and umbilical cord
• The embryo develops rapidly
• 21.5 Gender development
• 21.6 Fetal development: nine weeks to birth
• Months three and four
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Months five and six
• Months seven through nine
• 21.7 Birth and the early postnatal period
• Labor ends in delivery
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Cesarean delivery: surgical delivery of a baby
• The transition from fetus to newborn
• Lactation produces milk to nourish the newborn
• 21.8 Maturation: from birth to adulthood
• The neonatal period: a helpless time
• Infancy: rapid development and maturation of organ systems
• Childhood: continued development and growth
• Adolescence: the transition to adulthood
• Health & wellness prenatal diagnostic techniques
• 21.9 Aging
• What causes aging?
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Body systems age at different rates
• Aging well
• 21.10 Death
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 22 Evolution and the Origins of Life
• Current issue who were the flores people?
• 22.1 The evidence for evolution
• The fossil record: incomplete but valuable
• Comparative anatomy and embryology provide more evidence
• Comparative biochemistry examines similarities between molecules
• Biogeography: the impact of geographic barriers and continental drift on evolutionary processes
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 22.2 Natural selection contributes to evolution
• Random mutations underlie evolution
• Natural selection encourages changes in the gene pool
• Genetic drift and gene flow alter populations
• Mass extinctions eliminated many species
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Evolutionary trees trace relationships between species
• 22.3 In the beginning, earth was too hot for life
• 22.4 The first cells lived without oxygen
• Organic molecules formed from atmospheric gases
• Self-replicating rna and dna formed
• The first living cells were anaerobic
• 22.5 Photosynthesis altered the course of evolution
• Aerobic organisms evolved
• The rise of animals and our human ancestors
• 22.6 Humans share a common ancestor with primates
• Humans are primates
• Evolution of homo sapiens
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Differences within the human species
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 23 Ecosystems and Populations
• Current issue overharvesting is depleting the oceans’ wildlife populations
• 23.1 Ecosystems: living organisms and their
• 23.2 The dynamic nature of populations
• Where a species lives: habitat and range
• Population growth rate tends toward biotic potential
• Environmental resistance limits biotic potential
• Invasive species alter the ecological balance
• 23.3 Communities: different species living together
• Overlapping niches foster competition
• Succession leads toward a mature community
• Ecosystems: communities and their physical environment
• 23.4 Energy flows through living organisms
• Producers capture and convert energy, consumers rely on stored energy
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• A food web: interactions among producers and consumers
• The lower levels of an ecological pyramid support consumer populations
• Human activities disrupt ecological pyramids
• 23.5 The matter (material) comprising living organisms is recycled
• The water cycle is essential to other biogeochemical cycles
• The carbon cycle: organisms exchange co with the atmosphere
• Nitrogen: an essential component of nucleic acids and proteins
• Phosphorus: a sedimentary cycle
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 23.6 Human population growth
• Zero population growth has not yet been achieved
• Population age structure is linked to economic development
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity and Environmental Issues
• Current issue global warming and global climate change
• 24.1 Pollutants impair air quality
• Excessive greenhouse gases are causing global warming
• Cfcs deplete the ozone layer
• Pollutants produce acid rain
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Smog blankets industrial areas
• 24.2 Pollution jeopardizes scarce water supplies
• Water is scarce and unequally distributed
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Urbanization increases storm water runoff
• Human activities pollute freshwater
• Groundwater pollution may impair human health
• Oil pollution and garbage are damaging oceans and shorelines
• 24.3 Pollution and overuse damage the land
• 24.4 Energy: many options, many choices
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• 24.5 Environmental change and loss of biodiversity
• Humans alter and destroy habitats
• Urbanization is a major force for environmental change
• Biodiversity is healthy for humans, too
• 24.6 Toward sustainable development
• Measuring sustainability and quality of life
• Strategies to support sustainable development
• Mj’s bloginfocus
• Glossary
• Answers
• Credits
• Index