Efnisyfirlit

• Front Cover
• Dedication
• Human Growth and Development
• Copyright
• Contents
• Contributors
• Introduction
• USING THIS BOOK
• THE LECTURES AND LECTURERS
• EDITORS’ PERSONAL STATEMENTS
• CODA
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 1 – The Human Growth Curve, Canalization and Catch-Up Growth
• 1.1 INTRODUCTION
• 1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• 1.3 THE DISTANCE CURVE OF GROWTH
• 1.4 THE VELOCITY GROWTH CURVE AND GROWTH SPURTS
• 1.5 OTHER PATTERNS OF GROWTH
• 1.6 GROWTH VERSUS MATURITY
• 1.7 THE CONTROL OF GROWTH
• 1.8 GROWTH REFERENCE CHARTS
• 1.9 CANALIZATION
• 1.10 CATCH-UP GROWTH
• 1.11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 2 – Growth in Infancy and Childhood: A Pediatric Approach
• 2.1 INTRODUCTION
• 2.2 THE GROWTH CURVE
• 2.3 CHANGES IN BODY FAT AND OTHER TISSUES
• 2.4 MEASUREMENTS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
• 2.5 SOME PARTICULAR FEATURES OF GROWTH DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
• 2.6 GROWTH PROBLEMS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
• 2.7 CAUSES OF SHORT STATURE
• 2.8 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 3 – Adolescent Growth
• 3.1 INTRODUCTION
• 3.2 THE ADOLESCENT GROWTH CYCLE
• 3.3 TEMPO OF GROWTH
• 3.4 GROWTH MODELING AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
• 3.5 INDIVIDUAL VERSUS AVERAGE GROWTH
• 3.6 SEX DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH
• 3.7 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• Chapter 4 – Puberty
• 4.1 INTRODUCTION
• 4.2 THE NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF PUBERTY
• 4.3 UPSTREAM FACTORS INFLUENCING PUBERTAL TIMING
• 4.4 DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCES OF PUBERTAL ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–GONADAL AXIS
• 4.5 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 5 – Endocrine Control of Growth
• 5.1 INTRODUCTION
• 5.2 WHY DO ANIMALS GROW?
• 5.3 WHAT CAUSES ANIMALS TO GROW?
• 5.4 STRUCTURE OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR
• 5.5 TARGETED DISRUPTION OF THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR GENES
• 5.6 GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR
• 5.7 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR DEFICIENCY
• 5.8 THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS
• 5.9 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 6 – Nutrition and Growth
• 6.1 INTRODUCTION
• 6.2 NUTRITION FOR STUDENTS OF GROWTH
• 6.3 NUTRITION AND GROWTH
• 6.4 TRANSITIONS IN NUTRITION AND GROWTH
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 7 – Genomics, Epigenetics and Growth
• 7.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.2 GENOMIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AND REGULATE GROWTH
• 7.3 MUTATIONS IN GENES
• 7.4 ASSOCIATION STUDIES
• 7.5 EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AND REGULATE GROWTH
• 7.6 CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 8 – The Genetic Epidemiology of Growth and Development
• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.2 STATISTICAL GENETIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS
• 8.3 STUDY DESIGNS
• 8.4 STUDIES OF THE GENETICS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• 8.5 EXAMPLES FROM THE FELS LONGITUDINAL STUDY
• 8.6 SUMMARY
• GLOSSARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 9 – Social and Economic Effects on Growth
• 9.1 INTRODUCTION
• 9.2 SOCIOECONOMIC INFLUENCES
• 9.3 CONSEQUENCES OF STATURE
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 10 – Environmental Effects on Growth
• 10.1 INTRODUCTION
• 10.2 TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE
• 10.3 SEASON
• 10.4 HIGH-ALTITUDE HYPOXIA
• 10.5 SLEEP
• 10.6 POLLUTANTS
• 10.7 HOW DO WE INTERPRET DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS?
• 10.8 CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 11 – The Evolution of Human Growth
• 11.1 INTRODUCTION
• 11.2 LIFE HISTORY AND STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE
• 11.3 HUMAN LIFE STAGES
• 11.4 EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
• 11.5 LIFE-CYCLE TRADE-OFFS AND RISKS FOR CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
• 11.6 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 12 – Early Environments, Developmental Plasticity and Chronic Degenerative Disease
• 12.1 INTRODUCTION
• 12.2 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE: EVIDENCE AND MECHANISMS
• 12.3 DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AS A MEANS OF ADAPTATION
• 12.4 IMPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING FOR HUMAN HEALTH DISPARITIES
• 12.5 CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 13 – Leg Length, Body Proportion, Health and Beauty1
• 13.1 INTRODUCTION
• 13.2 LEG LENGTH DEFINED
• 13.3 PRACTICAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
• 13.4 EVOLUTIONARY BACKGROUND OF HUMAN BODY SHAPE
• 13.5 SIZE AND SHAPE IN LIVING HUMANS
• 13.6 DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY
• 13.7 USE OF LEG LENGTH IN HUMAN BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• 13.8 LEG LENGTH AND RISK FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
• 13.9 LEG LENGTH AND BEAUTY
• 13.10 CONCLUSION
• 13.11 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 14 – Physical Activity as a Factor in Growth and Maturation
• 14.1 INTRODUCTION
• 14.2 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR
• 14.3 APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
• 14.4 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEIGHT, WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION
• 14.5 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND BIOLOGICAL MATURATION
• 14.6 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL FITNESS
• 14.7 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK
• 14.8 TRAINING FOR SPORT AND THE GROWTH AND MATURATION OF YOUNG ATHLETES
• 14.9 OVERVIEW
• 14.10 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• Chapter 15 – Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Brain Growth
• 15.1 INTRODUCTION
• 15.2 COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON BRAIN SIZE AND METABOLISM
• 15.3 HUMAN BRAIN GROWTH: PATTERNS AND METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES
• 15.4 BRAIN GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION
• 15.5 SUMMARY
• GLOSSARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 16 – Saltation and Stasis
• 16.1 INTRODUCTION
• 16.2 SALTATION AND STASIS: HOW CHILDREN GROW
• 16.3 GENERATION OF THE SALTATION AND STASIS HYPOTHESIS
• 16.4 METHODS: HOW THE GROWTH PROCESS IS IDENTIFIED
• 16.5 THE BIOLOGY OF SALTATORY GROWTH: MECHANISMS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• 16.6 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 17 – Lectures on Human Growth
• 17.1 INTRODUCTION
• 17.2 ENDOCRINOLOGY OF GROWTH
• 17.3 THE GROWTH HORMONE–INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 AXIS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH FETAL GROWTH
• 17.4 ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PREPUBERTAL GROWTH
• 17.5 ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PUBERTY
• 17.6 SHORT STATURE
• 17.7 CONCLUSION
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 18 – Body Composition During Growth and Development
• 18.1 INTRODUCTION
• 18.2 BASIC CONCEPTS
• 18.3 METHODS
• 18.4 BODY COMPOSITION AND GROWTH
• 18.5 BODY COMPOSITION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
• 18.6 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 19 – The Measurement of Human Growth
• 19.1 INTRODUCTION
• 19.2 THE CONTEXT OF MEASUREMENT: SCREENING, SURVEILLANCEAND MONITORING
• 19.3 ACCURACY, PRECISION, RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
• 19.4 FREQUENCY OF MEASUREMENT
• 19.5 MEASUREMENTS
• 19.6 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 20 – Assessment of Maturation
• 20.1 INTRODUCTION
• 20.2 INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS
• 20.3 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
• 20.4 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• SUGGESTED READING
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Chapter 21 – Growth References and Standards
• 21.1 INTRODUCTION
• 21.2 DEFINING THE REFERENCE POPULATION
• 21.3 DRAWING THE SAMPLE
• 21.4 COLLECTING THE DATA
• 21.5 CLEANING THE DATA
• 21.6 ESTIMATING DISTANCE CENTILES
• 21.7 VARIANTS OF THE DISTANCE CHART
• 21.8 INTERPRETING THE CURVES
• 21.9 CHARTING VELOCITY
• 21.10 CONDITIONAL REFERENCES
• 21.11 DESIGNING AND PRINTING THE CHART
• 21.12 WHEN TO REPLACE
• 21.13 CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• INTERNET RESOURCES
• Color Plates
• Index