Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contributors
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Using this book
• The Lecturers
• Chapter 1. The pattern of human growth
• Introduction
• Historical background
• The distance curve of growth
• The velocity growth curve and growth spurts
• Other patterns of growth
• Growth versus maturity
• The control of growth
• Growth reference charts
• Canalization
• Catch-up growth
• Summary and conclusions
• Chapter 2. Prenatal and infant growth
• Introduction
• Periods of gestation
• Assessing growth during pregnancy
• Factors affecting fetal growth
• Birth
• Infant growth
• Chapter 3. Child and juvenile growth
• Introduction
• Characterizing physical growth during childhood
• Physiology of childhood growth
• Environmental factors associated with childhood size
• Childhood growth and long-term health
• Summary
• Chapter 4. Adolescent growth
• Introduction
• The adolescent growth cycle
• Tempo of growth
• Growth modeling and biological parameters
• Individual versus average growth
• Sex differences in growth
• Summary
• Suggested reading
• Chapter 5. Puberty
• Introduction
• The neuroendocrinology of puberty
• Upstream factors influencing pubertal timing
• Downstream consequences of pubertal activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
• Summary
• Chapter 6. Endocrine control of growth
• Overview of the endocrine system, hypothalamic-pituitary-gland axes, hormones relevant to growth
• Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
• Fetal, infancy, childhood, and adolescent endocrine controlled growth characteristics
• Growth disorders characteristics, diagnosis and treatment
• Assessment of growth in clinical scenarios
• Chapter 7. Nutrition and growth
• Introduction
• Basic concepts
• Assessment of nutritional status during childhood and adolescence
• Nutrition and growth
• Malnutrition
• Summary
• Annotated Bibliography
• Chapter 8. The genetic epidemiology of growth and development
• Introduction
• Statistical genetic terms and concepts
• Study designs
• Studies of the genetics of growth and development
• Summary
• Chapter 9. Social and economic effects on growth
• Introduction
• Two types of variation of anthropometric traits caused by social factors
• Social gradients in height of conscripts
• Social gradients in growth of school children
• Social gradients in menarcheal age
• Mode of action of social factors on biological features
• Are social gradients of height in the Polish population partly genetic?
• The role of inequality in society
• Concluding remarks
• Chapter 10. Environmental effects on growth
• Introduction
• Research design issues
• Temperature and climate
• Season
• High altitude hypoxia
• Pollutants
• Social and economic influences on postnatal human growth
• How do we interpret differences in growth related to environmental factors?
• Conclusion
• Chapter 11. The measurement of human growth
• Introduction
• The context of measurement; screening, surveillance and monitoring
• VIMAR: validity, instrumentation, minimum unit of measurement, accuracy, reliability
• Frequency of measurement
• Measurements
• Surface landmarks
• Chapter 12. Assessment of maturation
• Introduction
• Initial considerations
• Methods of assessment
• Summary
• Chapter 13. Modeling growth curves for epidemiology
• Finding the curve
• Multilevel growth curve models
• Growth mixture models
• Concluding remarks
• Chapter 14. Growth references and standards
• Introduction
• Defining the reference population
• Drawing the sample
• Collecting the data
• Cleaning the data
• Estimating distance centiles
• Variants of the distance chart
• Visualizing the curves
• Charting velocity
• Conditional references
• Designing and printing the chart
• When to replace
• Electronic growth charts
• Conclusions
• Chapter 15. Evolution of human growth
• Introduction: evolution of human maturation
• Anthropology: evolutionary approach
• Fossil evidence
• Concluding thoughts
• Chapter 16. Early environments, developmental plasticity, and chronic degenerative disease
• Introduction
• Developmental origins of health and disease: evidence and mechanisms
• Developmental plasticity as a means of adaptation
• Implications of developmental programming for social health disparities
• Conclusion
• Chapter 17. Physical activity and growth
• Definitions of physical activity/sedentary behavior
• Physical activity and health and wellbeing
• Physical activity guidelines
• Measurement of physical activity
• Correlates
• Physical activity and chronological age
• Growth, development and physical activity
• Biological maturity and growth-related injury risk
• Emerging areas
• Conclusion
• Chapter 18. Biological models of human growth
• Introduction
• Human growth: building a body is a cellular job
• Saltation and stasis: how children grow
• A paradigm shift in growth models
• The emergence of the saltation and stasis model
• The biology of saltatory growth: the model and the evidence
• Saltation and stasis: an integrated model of growth
• Summary
• Chapter 19. Body composition during growth and development
• Introduction
• Basic concepts
• Methods
• Body composition and growth
• Body composition in health and disease
• Summary
• Index