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• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Dedication
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. The Human Growth Curve, Canalization and Catch-Up Growth
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Historical Background
• 1.3 The Distance Curve of Growth
• 1.4 The Velocity Growth Curve and Growth Spurts
• 1.5 Other Patterns of Growth
• 1.6 Growth Versus Maturity
• 1.7 The Control of Growth
• 1.8 Growth Reference Charts
• 1.9 Canalization
• 1.10 Catch-Up Growth
• 1.11 Summary and Conclusions
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 2. Growth in Infancy and Childhood: A Pediatric Approach
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 The Growth Curve
• 2.3 Changes in Body Fat and Other Tissues
• 2.4 Measurements of Clinical Importance
• 2.5 Some Particular Features of Growth During Infancy and Childhood
• 2.6 Growth Problems in Infancy and Childhood
• 2.7 Causes of Short Stature
• 2.8 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 3. Adolescent Growth
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 The Adolescent Growth Cycle
• 3.3 Tempo of Growth
• 3.4 Growth Modeling and Biological Parameters
• 3.5 Individual Versus Average Growth
• 3.6 Sex Differences in Growth
• 3.7 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Chapter 4. Puberty
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 The Neuroendocrinology of Puberty
• 4.3 Upstream Factors Influencing Pubertal Timing
• 4.4 Downstream Consequences of Pubertal Activation of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
• 4.5 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 5. Endocrine Control of Growth
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Why Do Animals Grow?
• 5.3 What Causes Animals to Grow?
• 5.4 Structure of Insulin-Like Growth Factor
• 5.5 Targeted Disruption of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Genes
• 5.6 Growth Hormone Receptor
• 5.7 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Deficiency
• 5.8 Therapeutic Implications
• 5.9 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 6. Nutrition and Growth
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Nutrition for Students of Growth
• 6.3 Nutrition and Growth
• 6.4 Transitions in Nutrition and Growth
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 7. Genomics, Epigenetics and Growth
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Genomic Factors that Influence and Regulate Growth
• 7.3 Mutations in Genes
• 7.4 Association Studies
• 7.5 Epigenetic Factors that Influence and Regulate Growth
• 7.6 Conclusion
• REFERENCES
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 8. The Genetic Epidemiology of Growth and Development
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Statistical Genetic Terms and Concepts
• 8.3 Study Designs
• 8.4 Studies of the Genetics of Growth and Development
• 8.5 Examples from the Fels Longitudinal Study
• 8.6 Summary
• Glossary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 9. Social and Economic Effects on Growth
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Socioeconomic Influences
• 9.3 Consequences of Stature
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 10. Environmental Effects on Growth
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Temperature and Climate
• 10.3 Season
• 10.4 High-Altitude Hypoxia
• 10.5 Sleep
• 10.6 Pollutants
• 10.7 How Do We Interpret Differences in Growth Related to Environmental Factors?
• 10.8 Conclusion
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 11. The Evolution of Human Growth
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Life History and Stages of the Life Cycle
• 11.3 Human Life Stages
• 11.4 Evolution of the Human Life Cycle
• 11.5 Life-Cycle Trade-Offs and Risks for Children, Adolescents and Postmenopausal Women
• 11.6 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 12. Early Environments, Developmental Plasticity and Chronic Degenerative Disease
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Evidence and Mechanisms
• 12.3 Developmental Plasticity as a Means of Adaptation
• 12.4 Implications of Developmental Programming for Human Health Disparities
• 12.5 Conclusion
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 13. Leg Length, Body Proportion, Health and Beauty
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Leg Length Defined
• 13.3 Practical Methods and Techniques
• 13.4 Evolutionary Background of Human Body Shape
• 13.5 Size and Shape in Living Humans
• 13.6 Developmental Plasticity
• 13.7 Use of Leg Length in Human Biology and Environmental Epidemiology
• 13.8 Leg Length and Risk for Morbidity and Mortality
• 13.9 Leg Length and Beauty
• 13.10 Conclusion
• 13.11 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 14. Physical Activity as a Factor in Growth and Maturation
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior
• 14.3 Approaches to the Study of Physical Activity
• 14.4 Physical Activity, Height, Weight and Body Composition
• 14.5 Physical Activity and Biological Maturation
• 14.6 Physical Activity and Physical Fitness
• 14.7 Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Risk
• 14.8 Training for Sport and the Growth and Maturation of Young Athletes
• 14.9 Overview
• 14.10 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Chapter 15. Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Brain Growth
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Comparative Perspectives on Brain Size and Metabolism
• 15.3 Human Brain Growth: Patterns and Metabolic Consequences
• 15.4 Brain Growth and Body Composition
• 15.5 Summary
• Glossary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 16. Saltation and Stasis
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Saltation and Stasis: How Children Grow
• 16.3 Generation of the Saltation and Stasis Hypothesis
• 16.4 Methods: How the Growth Process is Identified
• 16.5 The Biology of Saltatory Growth: Mechanisms and Hypothesis Testing
• 16.6 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 17. Lectures on Human Growth
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Endocrinology of Growth
• 17.3 The Growth Hormone–Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Axis and Its Association With Fetal Growth
• 17.4 Endocrinology of Prepubertal Growth
• 17.5 Endocrinology of Puberty
• 17.6 Short Stature
• 17.7 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• Chapter 18. Body Composition During Growth and Development
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Basic Concepts
• 18.3 Methods
• 18.4 Body Composition and Growth
• 18.5 Body Composition in Health and Disease
• 18.6 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 19. The Measurement of Human Growth
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 The Context of Measurement: Screening, Surveillance and Monitoring
• 19.3 Accuracy, Precision, Reliability and Validity
• 19.4 Frequency of Measurement
• 19.5 Measurements
• 19.6 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 20. Assessment of Maturation
• 20.1 Introduction
• 20.2 Initial Considerations
• 20.3 Methods of Assessment
• 20.4 Summary
• REFERENCES
• Suggested Reading
• Internet Resources
• Chapter 21. Growth References and Standards
• 21.1 Introduction
• 21.2 Defining the Reference Population
• 21.3 Drawing the Sample
• 21.4 Collecting the Data
• 21.5 Cleaning the Data
• 21.6 Estimating Distance Centiles
• 21.7 Variants of the Distance Chart
• 21.8 Interpreting the Curves
• 21.9 Charting Velocity
• 21.10 Conditional References
• 21.11 Designing and Printing the Chart
• 21.12 When to Replace
• 21.13 Conclusion
• REFERENCES
• Internet Resources
• Color Plates
• Index