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• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Part I Fundamentals
• Chapter 1 Human Trafficking in Context
• No-So-Modern Slavery
• Challenge Yourself 1.1
• Root Causes of Human Trafficking: Supply, Demand, and Globalization
• International Definition of Human Trafficking
• Key Elements of Human Trafficking
• Trafficking Involves a Broad Range of Exploitive Practices and Is Not Limited to Sexual Exploitation
• Case Study: “Cristopher”
• Trafficking Does Not Require Movement
• Trafficking Does Not Require Physical Bondage
• Challenge Yourself 1.2
• Trafficking Is Distinct From Migrant Smuggling
• There Is No Such Thing as Consenting to Human Trafficking
• Focus on Migrant Workers in Thailand
• Anyone Can Be a Trafficker or a Victim of Human Trafficking
• Challenge Yourself 1.3
• Approaches to Combating Human Trafficking
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Chapter 2 Challenges, Resources, and Recommendations
• Challenges to Understanding Human Trafficking
• Definitions of Human Trafficking
• Challenge Yourself 2.1
• Focus on Child Marriage: An Example of Cultural Differences
• International Laws on Human Trafficking
• United States Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act
• Challenge Yourself 2.2
• Focus on Shared Hope International’s Protected Innocence Challenge
• Focus on State-Level Attention to Human Trafficking
• Additional Factors Causing Confusion in Understanding Human Trafficking
• Smuggling
• Case Study: “Sonia”
• Focus on the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center
• Men and Boys
• Data and Measurement
• Challenge Yourself 2.3
• Existing Resources to Improve Our Understanding of Human Trafficking
• The Trafficking in Persons Report
• Focus on the U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report Tier Rankings
• The TIP Report: Is It Effective?
• Politicization of the TIP Report
• Focus on the Reuters Investigative Report Into the 2015 TIP Report
• U.S. Authority
• Data and Methodological Challenges
• Global Resources to Monitor Human Trafficking
• The United Nations
• The Global Slavery Index
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Chapter 3 Do Traditional Theories Help Us Understand Human Trafficking?
• Challenge Yourself 3.1
• Assessing the Cost/Benefit Ratio: The Motivations of the Trafficker, Victim, and Buyer
• Rational Choice Theory
• Routine Activities Theory
• Situational Crime Prevention
• Traffickers
• Focus on Proposed Application of SCP in Turkey to Reduce the Sex Trafficking of Females
• Victims
• Sex Buyers
• Moving Beyond Rational Thinking: Additional Considerations in Explaining the Behavior of Traffickers and Victims at the Individual Level
• Neutralizing the Decision to Traffic
• The Role of Strain in the Life of a Trafficking Victim
• Trauma Bonding
• Case Study: “Tiffany”: An Illustration of the Development of Trauma-Coerced Bonds
• Moving Beyond the Trafficker and Victim: Exploring the Impact of Ecological Factors
• Community and State Disorganization: Creating an Environment Fertile for Trafficking
• Globalization: Increasing the Options for Maximizing Profit While Reducing Protections to the Vulnerable
• Conclusion
• Challenge Yourself 3.2
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Chapter 4 The Victims of Human Trafficking
• Case Study: “Jana”
• Who Is a Victim?
• The United States
• Global
• Turning Vulnerabilities Into Victimization
• Gender
• Push Factors
• Pull Factors
• Women Don’t Need to Be Saved
• Males Are Trafficked Too
• Challenge Yourself 4.1
• Youth
• Children Traveling Alone
• The Intersection of Child Welfare and Trafficking
• Weak Child Protection Laws and Policies
• Poverty
• Focus on the CNN Freedom Project
• Statelessness
• Focus on Statelessness in Thailand
• Statelessness and Human Trafficking
• Migrants and Refugees
• What Is Smuggling? Where Is It Happening?
• When the Smuggled Become the Trafficked
• Is This Human Trafficking?
• Case Study: The Life of Migrants Crossing the U.S. Southern Border
• Disabilities
• Challenge Yourself 4.2
• Religious Vulnerabilities
• Religious Belief Systems
• Religious Minorities
• Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
• Political Instability, War, and Conflict
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Chapter 5 The Traffickers
• Challenge Yourself 5.1
• Motivation
• Offenders’ Self-Reported Justifications and Risk Mitigation Strategies
• Roles
• Recruiters
• Abusive Recruitment Practices
• Focus on Prosecution for Unfair Recruitment Practices
• Policies and Legislation Against Unfair Recruitment Practices
• Transporters
• Case Study: Recruiter Working in a Transit Station
• Buses and Trains
• Airplanes
• Case Study: Transportation Used by Trafficker to Exploit Victim, and Used by Victim for Escape
• Response
• Case Study: Flight Attendant Identifies Trafficker and Trafficking Victim
• Other Roles in Trafficking Operations
• Case Study: Manager in a Trafficking Operation
• Organizational Structure of Trafficking Operations
• Focus on Human Trafficking by MS-13
• Case Study: Human Trafficking in a Regional Hierarchy—the Fuk Ching
• Characteristics of Traffickers
• Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background
• Gender
• Case Study: Female Trafficker Working With a Romantic Partner
• Victims Who Become Traffickers
• Age
• Family/Marital Status
• Case Study: Family Involvement in Trafficking
• Occupation
• Government Corruption
• Perceived Corruption
• Involvement of Corrupt Government Officials
• Case Study: Corruption at Multiple Levels of Government
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Part II Sex Trafficking
• Chapter 6 The Colliding Worlds of Prostitution and Human Trafficking
• What Is Prostitution?
• Prevalence
• Demographics
• Gender
• Age
• Push Factors for Prostitution
• Poverty and Gender
• Abuse and Addiction
• Socialization
• Challenge Yourself 6.1
• Focus on Why and How Pimps Do What They Do
• Are Prostitution and Sex Trafficking the Same Thing?
• Case Study: The Challenges Faced by a Prostitute by Choice
• Regulating Prostitution
• The United States
• Challenge Yourself 6.2
• Focus on How All Laws Are Not Created Equal
• Acknowledging the Nonconsenting Sex Worker in the U.S.
• Focus on How What Happens in Vegas Stays in Vegas
• Global Perspectives
• International Trends in Regulating Prostitution
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Regulation
• Efforts to Control Prostitution and Their Impacts on Sex Trafficking
• Criminalization
• Challenge Yourself 6.3
• Abolition
• Focus on Sweden
• Decriminalization
• Focus on New Zealand
• Case Study: India’s Sex Work Collectives
• Legalization
• A New Model?
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Chapter 7 Moving Past the Prostitution Debate: An Examination of Sex Trafficking
• Case Study: “Tonya”
• An Introduction to Sex Trafficking
• Explaining the Prevalence of Sex Trafficking
• Challenge Yourself 7.1
• Stages in Sex Trafficking
• Recruitment
• Trafficking Experience
• Case Study: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
• Case Study: Violence in Brothels
• Case Study Continued: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
• Identification
• Case Study: Escaping From Brothels
• Recovery and Reintegration
• Case Study Continued: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
• Focus on the Challenge of Housing in the U.S.—Where to Place Sex Trafficking Victims Immediately After Identification
• Child Sex Trafficking
• Special Legislative Attention to Child Sex Trafficking
• United States
• International Law
• Focus on the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (“the Convention”)
• Magnitude
• Vulnerabilities
• Child Welfare Involvement
• Age
• Focus on Sex Trafficking and HIV/AIDS
• Race
• Drug Addiction
• Homelessness
• LGBTQ Youth
• Focus on Gang Involvement and Sex Trafficking
• Women and Children Are Not the Only Victims
• Males
• Challenge Yourself 7.2
• Case Study: Urban Light
• LGBTQ Individuals
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Chapter 8 Sex Trafficking: Demand and Prevention
• Demand
• Sex Tourism
• Challenge Yourself 8.1
• The Use of the Internet to Drive Demand
• Challenge Yourself 8.2
• Focus on FOSTA: The Takedown of Backpage
• Challenge Yourself 8.3
• Reactions to Sex Trafficking
• Prevention
• Trauma-Informed Care
• Research
• Using Technology for Good
• DARPA
• Thorn
• Project Vic
• Protection
• Safe Harbor
• Challenge Yourself 8.4
• Post-Conviction Relief
• Human Trafficking Courts
• Temporary Visas
• United States
• Canada
• United Kingdom
• Challenge Yourself 8.5
• Prosecution
• Case Study: “Jennifer”
• Focus on the Human Trafficking Knowledge Portal Case Law Database
• Case Study: Successful Investigations Lead to Successful Prosecutions
• Partnership
• Task Forces
• Other Forms of Partnership
• Focus on Strategies to Reduce Sex Trafficking Between Nepal and India
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Part III Labor Trafficking
• Chapter 9 More Than Unfair Labor Practices
• What Is Labor Trafficking?
• Unfair Practices Versus Labor Trafficking
• Challenge Yourself 9.1
• Portrait of Labor Trafficking in the U.S.
• Prevalence
• Laws
• Focus on the 13th Amendment
• U.S. Law
• Focus on Which U.S. Government Agencies Are Involved in Anti-Trafficking Efforts
• Migrant Workers in the U.S.
• Focus on History of Temporary Work Visa Programs in the U.S.
• Case Study: H-2B Visa
• Portrait of Labor Trafficking Globally
• Prevalence
• Challenge Yourself 9.2
• Revenue
• Industries
• Domestic Work
• Case Study: Qatar Commits to Strengthen Workers’ Rights for Two Million Migrants
• Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
• Construction, Manufacturing, Mining, Utilities, and Hospitality
• International Laws
• Case Study: Labor Trafficking in the United Kingdom
• Vulnerabilities and Demographics of Labor Trafficking Victims
• Migration
• Age
• Gender
• Education and Literacy
• Poverty
• Marginalized Populations
• Child Labor Trafficking
• Case Study: Forced Labor in North Korea
• Case Study: Forced Labor of Talibés
• Consequences of Child Labor Trafficking
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Full-Length Case Studies
• Chapter 10 Responses to Labor Trafficking
• Reactions to Labor Trafficking
• Challenge Yourself 10.1
• Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Existing Responses to Labor Trafficking
• Human Rights Approach
• Labor Approach
• Review of Human Rights Guaranteed by International Statutes
• Research
• Data-Driven Responses to Labor Trafficking
• Use of Financial Services Data
• Challenge Yourself 10.2
• Use of Big Data to Identify Traffickers
• Focus on the Global Emancipation Network
• Recovery: The Identification of Traffickers and Victims
• Prioritize Prosecution of Civil Labor Violations
• Increase Investigation Efforts
• Focus on Justice at Work
• Involve Health Care Providers
• Case Study: When Traffickers Have Diplomatic Immunity
• Case Study: Health Care Provider Identifies Labor Trafficking Victim
• Transparency in Supply Chain Laws, aka “Name and Shame”
• Focus on Supply Chain Transparency
• Resources and Restoration
• Case Study: Recovery and Restoration For Natalia
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Part IV Other Forms of Human Trafficking
• Chapter 11 Child Soldiers
• Case Study: Junior Nzita Nsuami
• Historical Context
• Definition
• Focus on Definitions
• Where Are Child Soldiers Found?
• Country-Level Examples
• Is This Human Trafficking?
• Risk Factors
• Age Blindness
• Structural Factors
• Challenge Yourself 11.1
• Individual-Level Factors
• Case Study: Child Soldiers in Africa: A Synopsis of Armed & Underage, an Exposé of Child Soldiers in Africa
• The Experiences of Child Soldiers
• Recruitment
• Living as a Child Soldier
• Exposure to Violence and Sexual Exploitation
• Reintegration
• Case Study: Boko Haram
• Responses to the Use of Child Soldiers
• International Responses
• Improvements to Existing Policy
• Focus on Child Soldiers International’s 10-Point Checklist
• The U.S. Child Soldiers Prevention Act
• The United States’ Failed Opportunity
• Consequences
• Psychological Consequences
• Community Acceptance
• Other Forms of Human Trafficking
• Moving Forward
• Challenge Yourself 11.2
• Focus on Sierra Leone
• Research
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Chapter 12 Organ Trafficking
• Brief History of Organ Transplantation
• Challenge Yourself 12.1
• Brief History of Trafficking in Organs
• Forms of Trafficking in Organs
• Legal and Ethical Frameworks Pertaining to Trafficking in Organs
• Guiding Instruments
• Legally Binding Instruments
• Case Study: Harvesting Organs From Prisoners in China
• Prevalence of Organ Trafficking
• Causes of Organ Trafficking
• Structure of Organ-Trafficking Operations
• Local Middlemen/Recruiters
• International Coordinators/Brokers
• Medical Professionals
• Case Study: Medical Professional Acts as International Coordinator
• Medical Facilities and Administrative Staff
• Lab Technicians
• Administrative Health Officials
• Health Insurance Companies
• Corrupt Government Officials
• Focus on a Medical Facility Involved in Trafficking
• Victim Donors
• Outcomes for Donors
• Organ Recipients
• Outcomes for Recipients
• Case Study: Doctor Charged With Organized Crime: The Medicus Clinic
• Organ Trafficking as Organized Crime
• Challenge Yourself 12.2
• Research
• Economic Approaches
• Challenge Yourself 12.3
• Challenge Yourself 12.4
• Recovery
• Identification of Traffickers and Victims
• Policy Measures
• Resources and Restoration
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resource
• Chapter 13 Forced and Child Marriage
• Case Study: Talamt
• The Fundaments of Forced and Child Marriage
• Challenge Yourself 13.1
• The Prevalence of Forced and Child Marriage
• Gender
• Age
• Case Study: Slave Grooms
• The Condemnation of Child Marriage
• If Condemnation Isn’t Universal, Is Child Marriage So Wrong?
• Challenge Yourself 13.2
• Global Perspectives of Child Marriage
• Asia
• Africa
• Focus on India: Efforts to Reduce Child Marriage
• A Comparison of Child Marriage Hot Spots
• Focus on Ghana
• The Americas
• Focus on Tahirih Justice Center’s Work on Forced Marriage
• Europe
• What Fuels Child Marriage?
• Poverty
• Culture, Religion, and Social Norms
• Focus on Additional Factors That Contribute to Child Marriage
• The Consequences of Child Marriage
• Limited Education
• A Call for Education and Empowerment
• Exposure to Domestic Violence
• Sexual Health
• Pregnancy
• Case Study: Aysheh
• Focus on Obstetric Fistulas
• Mental Health
• Responding to Forced and Child Marriage
• International Response
• Focus on Reducing Child Marriage in Ethiopia: A Promising Intervention
• Predicting the Future of Child Marriage
• Conclusion
• Key Words
• Discussion Questions
• Resources
• Chapter 14 Conclusion
• Overview
• Challenge Yourself 14.1
• Defining Elements
• Challenge Yourself 14.2
• Root Causes
• Challenge Yourself 14.3
• Research
• Identifying Traffickers
• Where Do We Go From Here?
• Case Study: “Now I Dare to Speak”: SYSTERM Students Reflect on the Project’s Impact
• Remaining Issues in the Field of Human Trafficking
• Primary Prevention Efforts
• Educational Programs
• Demand Reduction Efforts
• Focus on “I Am Little Red”
• Public Awareness Campaigns
• Focus on John Schools
• Focus on Responsible Public Awareness Campaigns for Anti-trafficking
• Secondary Prevention Efforts
• Tertiary Prevention Efforts
• Victim/Survivor Services
• Prosecuting Traffickers
• Challenge Yourself 14.4
• Final Remarks
• References
• Index