Efnisyfirlit

• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Foreword
• Preface
• List of Contributors
• Acknowledgements
• 1 The child in society
• The child’s world
• Well-being
• Important public health issues for children and young people
• Major public child health initiatives
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 2 History and examination
• Taking a history
• An approach to examining children
• Obtaining the child’s cooperation
• Examination
• Communicating with children
• Investigations during consultation
• Summary and management plan
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 3 Normal child development, hearing and vision
• Influence of heredity and environment
• Fields of development
• Developmental milestones
• Is development normal?
• Pattern of child development
• Cognitive development
• Analysing developmental progress
• Developmental screening and assessment
• Child health surveillance
• Hearing
• Vision
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 4 Developmental problems and the child with special needs
• Abnormal development – key concepts
• Developmental delay
• Abnormal motor development
• Disordered speech and language development
• Abnormal development of social/communication skills (autism spectrum disorders)
• Slow acquisition of cognitive skills/general learning difficulty
• Specific learning difficulty
• Hearing impairment
• Abnormalities of vision and the ocular system
• Multidisciplinary child development services
• Education
• Transition of care to adult services
• The rights of disabled children
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 5 Care of the sick child and young person
• Primary care
• Secondary care
• Children in hospital
• Pain in children
• Prescribing medicines for children
• Communicating serious problems
• Palliative and end-of-life care
• Ethics
• Evidence-based paediatrics
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 6 Paediatric emergencies
• The seriously ill child
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• The seriously injured child
• Respiratory failure
• Shock
• Sepsis
• Anaphylaxis
• Neurological emergencies
• Apparent life-threatening events
• Unexpected death of a child
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 7 Accidents and poisoning
• Accidents
• Poisoning
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 8 Child protection
• Types of child abuse and neglect
• Prevalence of child maltreatment
• Safeguarding children
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 9 Genetics
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Disorders of chromosome number
• Structural chromosome anomalies
• Mendelian inheritance
• Unusual genetic mechanisms
• Polygenic, multifactorial or complex inheritance
• Dysmorphology
• Gene-based therapies
• Genetic services
• Further reading
• 10 Perinatal medicine
• Pre-pregnancy care
• Antenatal diagnosis
• Obstetric conditions affecting the fetus
• Maternal conditions affecting the fetus
• Maternal drugs affecting the fetus
• Congenital infections
• Adaptation to extrauterine life
• Neonatal resuscitation
• Size at birth
• Routine examination of the newborn infant
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 11 Neonatal medicine
• Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
• Birth injuries
• Stabilizing the preterm or sick infant
• The preterm infant
• Jaundice
• Respiratory distress in term infants
• Infection
• Hypoglycaemia
• Neonatal seizures
• Perinatal stroke
• Craniofacial disorders
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Child protection and the newborn
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 12 Growth and puberty
• Normal growth
• Measurement
• Puberty
• Short stature
• Tall stature
• Abnormal head growth
• Premature sexual development
• Delayed puberty
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 13 Nutrition
• The nutritional vulnerability of infants and children
• Infant feeding
• Weight faltering
• Malnutrition
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Other vitamin deficiencies
• Obesity
• Early childhood caries
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 14 Gastroenterology
• Vomiting
• Crying
• Acute abdominal pain
• Recurrent abdominal pain
• Gastroenteritis
• Malabsorption
• Chronic non-specific diarrhoea
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Constipation
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 15 Infection and immunity
• The febrile child
• Serious life-threatening infections
• Specific bacterial infections
• Common viral infections
• Uncommon viral infections
• Prolonged fever
• Tuberculosis
• Tropical infections
• HIV infection
• Lyme disease
• Immunization
• Immunodeficiency
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 16 Allergy
• Mechanisms of allergic disease
• The hygiene hypothesis
• The allergic march
• Prevention of allergic diseases
• Food allergy and food intolerance
• Eczema
• Allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis (rhinoconjunctivitis)
• Asthma
• Urticaria and angioedema
• Drug allergy
• Insect sting hypersensitivity
• Anaphylaxis
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 17 Respiratory disorders
• Physiology of stridor and wheeze
• Upper respiratory tract infection
• Stridor
• Wheeze
• Cough
• Pneumonia
• Chronic lung infection
• Cystic fibrosis
• Primary ciliary dyskinesia
• Immunodeficiency
• Tuberculosis
• Sleep-disordered breathing
• Tracheostomy
• Long-term ventilation
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 18 Cardiac disorders
• Epidemiology
• Aetiology
• Circulatory changes at birth
• Presentation
• Diagnosis
• Nomenclature
• Left-to-right shunts
• Right-to-left shunts
• Common mixing (blue and breathless)
• Outflow obstruction in the well child
• Outflow obstruction in the sick infant
• Care following cardiac surgery
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Syncope
• Chest pains
• Rheumatic fever
• Infective endocarditis
• Myocarditis/cardiomyopathy
• Kawasaki disease
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 19 Kidney and urinary tract disorders
• Assessment of the kidneys and urinary tract
• Congenital abnormalities
• Urinary tract infection
• Enuresis
• Proteinuria
• Haematuria
• Hypertension
• Renal masses
• Renal calculi
• Renal tubular disorders
• Acute kidney injury
• Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
• Chronic kidney disease
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 20 Genital disorders
• Inguinoscrotal conditions
• Abnormalities of the penis
• Genital disorders in girls
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 21 Liver disorders
• Neonatal cholestasis
• Neonatal metabolic liver disease
• Viral hepatitis
• Acute liver failure (fulminant hepatitis)
• Liver disease in older children
• Complications of chronic liver disease
• Liver transplantation
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 22 Malignant disease
• Aetiology
• Clinical presentation
• Investigations
• Treatment
• Supportive care and side-effects of treatment
• Leukaemia
• Brain tumours
• Lymphomas
• Neuroblastoma
• Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)
• Soft tissue sarcomas
• Bone tumours
• Retinoblastoma
• Kaposi sarcoma
• Rare tumours
• Long-term survivors
• Palliative and end-of-life care
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 23 Haematological disorders
• Anaemia
• Bone marrow failure syndromes
• Bleeding disorders
• Thrombosis in children
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 24 Child and adolescent mental health
• How to ask about emotional and behavioural problems
• Adversities in the family
• Specific paediatric mental health problems
• Management of emotional and behavioural problems
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 25 Dermatological disorders
• The newborn
• Rashes of infancy
• Infections and infestations
• Other childhood skin disorders
• Rashes and systemic disease
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 26 Diabetes and endocrinology
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypoglycaemia
• Thyroid disorders
• Parathyroid disorders
• Pituitary disorders
• Adrenal disorders
• Disorders of sex development
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 27 Inborn errors of metabolism
• Overview
• Newborn screening
• Metabolic disease and acid-base disturbance
• Hyperammonaemia
• Hypoglycaemia
• Lysosomal storage disorders
• Mitochondrial disease
• Lipid storage disorders
• Disorders of lipid metabolism
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 28 Musculoskeletal disorders
• Assessment of the musculoskeletal system
• Variations of normal posture
• Abnormal posture
• The painful limb, knee, and back
• Limp
• Arthritis
• Genetic skeletal conditions
• Further reading
• 29 Neurological disorders
• Headache
• Seizures
• Epilepsies of childhood
• Motor disorders
• Central motor disorders
• Peripheral motor disorders: the neuromuscular disorders
• Ataxia
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Microcephaly and macrocephaly
• Neural tube defects and hydrocephalus
• The neurocutaneous syndromes
• Neurodegenerative disorders
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 30 Adolescent medicine
• Communicating with adolescents
• Consent and confidentiality
• Range of health problems
• Mortality
• Impact of chronic conditions
• Fatigue, headache, and other somatic symptoms
• Mental health problems
• Health-risk behaviour
• Sexual health
• Health promotion
• Transition to adult services
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• 31 Global child health
• Child mortality
• Improving neonatal survival
• Maternal health and obstetric care
• Improving the survival of children
• Mental health
• Coexisting multiple pathologies: a major threat to child survival
• Children affected by conflict
• Future developments
• Acknowledgements
• Further reading
• Appendix
• Growth charts
• Gestational age assessment of newborn infants
• Management action plan for asthma
• Blood pressure chart
• Peak flow chart
• Imaging in children
• Blood tests
• Index