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• Cover page
• Dedication
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• PART I: AN OVERVIEW
• 1. INTRODUCTION
• PART II: SOME IMAGES OF ORGANIZATION
• 2. MECHANIZATION TAKES COMMAND: ORGANIZATIONS AS MACHINES
• Machines, Mechanical Thinking, and the Rise of Bureaucratic Organization
• The Origins of Mechanistic Organization
• Classical Management Theory: Designing Bureaucratic Organizations
• Scientific Management
• Strengths and Limitations of the Machine Metaphor
• 3. NATURE INTERVENES: ORGANIZATIONS AS ORGANISMS
• Discovering Organizational Needs
• Recognizing the Importance of Environment: Organizations as Open Systems
• Contingency Theory: Adapting Organization to Environment
• The Variety of the Species
• Contingency Theory: Promoting Organizational Health and Development
• Natural Selection: The Population-Ecology View of Organizations
• Organizational Ecology: The Creation of Shared Futures
• Strengths and Limitations of the Organismic Metaphor
• 4. LEARNING AND SELF-ORGANIZATION: ORGANIZATIONS AS BRAINS
• Images of the Brain
• Organizations as Information Processing Brains
• Creating Learning Organizations
• Cybernetics, Learning, and Learning to Learn
• Can Organizations Learn to Learn?
• Guidelines for “Learning Organizations”
• Organizations as Holographic Brains
• Principles of Holographic Design
• Strengths and Limitations of the Brain Metaphor
• 5. CREATING SOCIAL REALTY: ORGANIZATIONS AS CULTURES
• Culture and Organization
• Organization as a Cultural Phenomenon
• Organization and Cultural Context
• Corporate Cultures and Subcultures
• Creating Organizational Reality
• Culture: Rule Following or Enactment?
• Organization: The Enactment of a Shared Reality
• Strengths and Limitations of the Culture Metaphor
• 6. INTERESTS, CONFLICT, AND POWER: ORGANIZATIONS AS POLITICAL SYSTEMS
• Organizations as Systems of Government
• Organizations as Systems of Political Activity
• Analyzing Interests
• Understanding Conflict
• Exploring Power
• Managing Pluralist Organizations
• Strengths and Limitations of the Political Metaphor
• 7. EXPLORING PLATO’S CAVE: ORGANIZATIONS AS PSYCHIC PRISONS
• The Trap of Favored Ways of Thinking
• Organization and the Unconscious
• Organization and Repressed Sexuality
• Organization and the Patriarchal Family
• Organization, Death, and Immortality
• Organization and Anxiety
• Organization, Dolls, and Teddy Bears
• Organization, Shadow, and Archetype
• The Unconscious: A Creative and Destructive Force
• Strengths and Limitations of the Psychic Prison Metaphor
• 8. UNFOLDING LOGICS OF CHANGE: ORGANIZATION AS FLUX AND TRANSFORMATION
• Autopoiesis: Rethinking Relations With the Environment
• Enactment as a Form of Narcissism: Organizations Interact With Projections of Themselves
• Identity and Closure: Egocentrism Versus Systemic Wisdom
• Shifting “Attractors”: The Logic of Chaos and Complexity
• Managing in the Midst of Complexity
• Loops, Not Lines: The Logic of Mutual Causality
• Contradiction and Crisis: The Logic of Dialectical Change
• Dialectical Analysis: How Opposing Forces Drive Change
• The Dialectics of Management
• Strengths and Limitations of the Flux and Transformation Metaphor
• 9. THE UGLY FACE: ORGANIZATIONS AS INSTRUMENTS OF DOMINATION
• Organization as Domination
• How Organizations Use and Exploit Their Employees
• Organization, Class, and Control
• Work Hazards, Occupational Disease, and Industrial Accidents
• Workaholism and Social and Mental Stress
• Organizational Politics and the Radicalized Organization
• Multinationals and the World Economy
• The Multinationals as World Powers
• Multinationals: A Record of Exploitation?
• Strengths and Limitations of the Domination Metaphor
• PART III: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
• 10. THE CHALLENGE OF METAPHOR
• Metaphors Create Ways of Seeing and Shaping Organizational Life
• Seeing, Thinking, and Acting in New Ways
• 11. READING AND SHAPING ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE
• The Multicom Case
• Interpreting Multicom
• Developing a Detailed Reading and “Storyline”
• Multicom From Another View
• “Reading” and Emergent Intelligence
• 12. POSTSCRIPT
• Bibliographic Notes
• 1: Introduction
• 2: The Machine Metaphor
• 3: The Organismic Metaphor
• 4: The Brain Metaphor
• 5: The Culture Metaphor
• 6: The Political Metaphor
• 7: The Psychic Prison Metaphor
• 8: The Flux and Transformation Metaphor
• 9: The Domination Metaphor
• 10: The Challenge of Metaphor
• 11: Reading and Shaping Organizational Life
• 12: Postscript
• Bibliography
• Index
• About the Author