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• Cover
• Copyright
• Preface
• Contents
• Symbols
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 What and How?
• 1.2 Physical Origins and Rate Equations
• 1.2.1 Conduction
• 1.2.2 Convection
• 1.2.3 Radiation
• 1.2.4 The Thermal Resistance Concept
• 1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics
• 1.3.1 Relationship to the First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy)
• 1.3.2 Relationship to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Efficiency of Heat Engines
• 1.4 Units and Dimensions
• 1.5 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology
• 1.6 Relevance of Heat Transfer
• 1.7 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 2 Introduction to Conduction
• 2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation
• 2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter
• 2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity
• 2.2.2 Other Relevant Properties
• 2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation
• 2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions
• 2.5 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 3 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
• 3.1 The Plane Wall
• 3.1.1 Temperature Distribution
• 3.1.2 Thermal Resistance
• 3.1.3 The Composite Wall
• 3.1.4 Contact Resistance
• 3.1.5 Porous Media
• 3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis
• 3.3 Radial Systems
• 3.3.1 The Cylinder
• 3.3.2 The Sphere
• 3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Results
• 3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation
• 3.5.1 The Plane Wall
• 3.5.2 Radial Systems
• 3.5.3 Tabulated Solutions
• 3.5.4 Application of Resistance Concepts
• 3.6 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
• 3.6.1 A General Conduction Analysis
• 3.6.2 Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
• 3.6.3 Fin Performance Parameters
• 3.6.4 Fins of Nonuniform Cross-Sectional Area
• 3.6.5 Overall Surface Efficiency
• 3.7 Other Applications of One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
• 3.7.1 The Bioheat Equation
• 3.7.2 Thermoelectric Power Generation
• 3.7.3 Nanoscale Conduction
• 3.8 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 4 Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
• 4.1 General Considerations and Solution Techniques
• 4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables
• 4.3 The Conduction Shape Factor and the Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rate
• 4.4 Finite-Difference Equations
• 4.4.1 The Nodal Network
• 4.4.2 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: No Generation and Constant Properties
• 4.4.3 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: The Energy Balance Method
• 4.5 Solving the Finite-Difference Equations
• 4.5.1 Formulation as a Matrix Equation
• 4.5.2 Verifying the Accuracy of the Solution
• 4.6 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 5 Transient Conduction
• 5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method
• 5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method
• 5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis
• 5.3.1 Radiation Only
• 5.3.2 Negligible Radiation
• 5.3.3 Convection Only with Variable Convection Coefficient
• 5.3.4 Additional Considerations
• 5.4 Spatial Effects
• 5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection
• 5.5.1 Exact Solution
• 5.5.2 Approximate Solution
• 5.5.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solution
• 5.5.4 Additional Considerations
• 5.6 Radial Systems with Convection
• 5.6.1 Exact Solutions
• 5.6.2 Approximate Solutions
• 5.6.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solutions
• 5.6.4 Additional Considerations
• 5.7 The Semi-Infinite Solid
• 5.8 Objects with Constant Surface Temperatures or Surface Heat Fluxes
• 5.8.1 Constant Temperature Boundary Conditions
• 5.8.2 Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions
• 5.8.3 Approximate Solutions
• 5.9 Periodic Heating
• 5.10 Finite-Difference Methods
• 5.10.1 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Explicit Method
• 5.10.2 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Implicit Method
• 5.11 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 6 Introduction to Convection
• 6.1 The Convection Boundary Layers
• 6.1.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer
• 6.1.2 The Thermal Boundary Layer
• 6.1.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer
• 6.1.4 Significance of the Boundary Layers
• 6.2 Local and Average Convection Coefficients
• 6.2.1 Heat Transfer
• 6.2.2 Mass Transfer
• 6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
• 6.3.1 Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Boundary Layers
• 6.3.2 Laminar and Turbulent Thermal and Species Concentration Boundary Layers
• 6.4 The Boundary Layer Equations
• 6.4.1 Boundary Layer Equations for Laminar Flow
• 6.4.2 Compressible Flow
• 6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized Boundary Layer Equations
• 6.5.1 Boundary Layer Similarity Parameters
• 6.5.2 Dependent Dimensionless Parameters
• 6.6 Physical Interpretation of the Dimensionless Parameters
• 6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies
• 6.7.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy
• 6.7.2 Evaporative Cooling
• 6.7.3 The Reynolds Analogy
• 6.8 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 7 External Flow
• 7.1 The Empirical Method
• 7.2 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow
• 7.2.1 Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate: A Similarity Solution
• 7.2.2 Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate
• 7.2.3 Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions
• 7.2.4 Unheated Starting Length
• 7.2.5 Flat Plates with Constant Heat Flux Conditions
• 7.2.6 Limitations on Use of Convection Coefficients
• 7.3 Methodology for a Convection Calculation
• 7.4 The Cylinder in Cross Flow
• 7.4.1 Flow Considerations
• 7.4.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer
• 7.5 The Sphere
• 7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes
• 7.7 Impinging Jets
• 7.7.1 Hydrodynamic and Geometric Considerations
• 7.7.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer
• 7.8 Packed Beds
• 7.9 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 8 Internal Flow
• 8.1 Hydrodynamic Considerations
• 8.1.1 Flow Conditions
• 8.1.2 The Mean Velocity
• 8.1.3 Velocity Profile in the Fully Developed Region
• 8.1.4 Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully Developed Flow
• 8.2 Thermal Considerations
• 8.2.1 The Mean Temperature
• 8.2.2 Newton’s Law of Cooling
• 8.2.3 Fully Developed Conditions
• 8.3 The Energy Balance
• 8.3.1 General Considerations
• 8.3.2 Constant Surface Heat Flux
• 8.3.3 Constant Surface Temperature
• 8.4 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes: Thermal Analysis and Convection Correlations
• 8.4.1 The Fully Developed Region
• 8.4.2 The Entry Region
• 8.4.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties
• 8.5 Convection Correlations: Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes
• 8.6 Convection Correlations: Noncircular Tubes and the Concentric Tube Annulus
• 8.7 Heat Transfer Enhancement
• 8.8 Forced Convection in Small Channels
• 8.8.1 Microscale Convection in Gases (0.1 µn ≲ Dh ≲ 100 µm)
• 8.8.2 Microscale Convection in Liquids
• 8.8.3 Nanoscale Convection (Dh ≲ 100 nm)
• 8.9 Convection Mass Transfer
• 8.10 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 9 Free Convection
• 9.1 Physical Considerations
• 9.2 The Governing Equations for Laminar Boundary Layers
• 9.3 Similarity Considerations
• 9.4 Laminar Free Convection on a Vertical Surface
• 9.5 The Effects of Turbulence
• 9.6 Empirical Correlations: External Free Convection Flows
• 9.6.1 The Vertical Plate
• 9.6.2 Inclined and Horizontal Plates
• 9.6.3 The Long Horizontal Cylinder
• 9.6.4 Spheres
• 9.7 Free Convection Within Parallel Plate Channels
• 9.7.1 Vertical Channels
• 9.7.2 Inclined Channels
• 9.8 Empirical Correlations: Enclosures
• 9.8.1 Rectangular Cavities
• 9.8.2 Concentric Cylinders
• 9.8.3 Concentric Spheres
• 9.9 Combined Free and Forced Convection
• 9.10 Convection Mass Transfer
• 9.11 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
• 10.1 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation
• 10.2 Boiling Modes
• 10.3 Pool Boiling
• 10.3.1 The Boiling Curve
• 10.3.2 Modes of Pool Boiling
• 10.4 Pool Boiling Correlations
• 10.4.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling
• 10.4.2 Critical Heat Flux for Nucleate Pool Boiling
• 10.4.3 Minimum Heat Flux
• 10.4.4 Film Pool Boiling
• 10.4.5 Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling
• 10.5 Forced Convection Boiling
• 10.5.1 External Forced Convection Boiling
• 10.5.2 Two-Phase Flow
• 10.5.3 Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels
• 10.6 Condensation: Physical Mechanisms
• 10.7 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate
• 10.8 Turbulent Film Condensation
• 10.9 Film Condensation on Radial Systems
• 10.10 Condensation in Horizontal Tubes
• 10.11 Dropwise Condensation
• 10.12 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 11 Heat Exchangers
• 11.1 Heat Exchanger Types
• 11.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• 11.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis: Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
• 11.3.1 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger
• 11.3.2 The Counterflow Heat Exchanger
• 11.3.3 Special Operating Conditions
• 11.4 Heat Exchanger Analysis: The Effectiveness–NTU Method
• 11.4.1 Definitions
• 11.4.2 Effectiveness–NTU Relations
• 11.5 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Calculations
• 11.6 Additional Considerations
• 11.7 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 12 Radiation: Processes and Properties
• 12.1 Fundamental Concepts
• 12.2 Radiation Heat Fluxes
• 12.3 Radiation Intensity
• 12.3.1 Mathematical Definitions
• 12.3.2 Radiation Intensity and Its Relation to Emission
• 12.3.3 Relation to Irradiation
• 12.3.4 Relation to Radiosity for an Opaque Surface
• 12.3.5 Relation to the Net Radiative Flux for an Opaque Surface
• 12.4 Blackbody Radiation
• 12.4.1 The Planck Distribution
• 12.4.2 Wien’s Displacement Law
• 12.4.3 The Stefan–Boltzmann Law
• 12.4.4 Band Emission
• 12.5 Emission from Real Surfaces
• 12.6 Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission by Real Surfaces
• 12.6.1 Absorptivity
• 12.6.2 Reflectivity
• 12.6.3 Transmissivity
• 12.6.4 Special Considerations
• 12.7 Kirchhoff’s Law
• 12.8 The Gray Surface
• 12.9 Environmental Radiation
• 12.9.1 Solar Radiation
• 12.9.2 The Atmospheric Radiation Balance
• 12.9.3 Terrestrial Solar Irradiation
• 12.10 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 13 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
• 13.1 The View Factor
• 13.1.1 The View Factor Integral
• 13.1.2 View Factor Relations
• 13.2 Blackbody Radiation Exchange
• 13.3 Radiation Exchange Between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces in an Enclosure
• 13.3.1 Net Radiation Exchange at a Surface
• 13.3.2 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
• 13.3.3 The Two-Surface Enclosure
• 13.3.4 Two-Surface Enclosures in Series and Radiation Shields
• 13.3.5 The Reradiating Surface
• 13.4 Multimode Heat Transfer
• 13.5 Implications of the Simplifying Assumptions
• 13.6 Radiation Exchange with Participating Media
• 13.6.1 Volumetric Absorption
• 13.6.2 Gaseous Emission and Absorption
• 13.7 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Chapter 14 Diffusion Mass Transfer
• 14.1 Physical Origins and Rate Equations
• 14.1.1 Physical Origins
• 14.1.2 Mixture Composition
• 14.1.3 Fick’s Law of Diffusion
• 14.1.4 Mass Diffusivity
• 14.2 Mass Transfer in Nonstationary Media
• 14.2.1 Absolute and Diffusive Species Fluxes
• 14.2.2 Evaporation in a Column
• 14.3 The Stationary Medium Approximation
• 14.4 Conservation of Species for a Stationary Medium
• 14.4.1 Conservation of Species for a Control Volume
• 14.4.2 The Mass Diffusion Equation
• 14.4.3 Stationary Media with Specified Surface Concentrations
• 14.5 Boundary Conditions and Discontinuous Concentrations at Interfaces
• 14.5.1 Evaporation and Sublimation
• 14.5.2 Solubility of Gases in Liquids and Solids
• 14.5.3 Catalytic Surface Reactions
• 14.6 Mass Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions
• 14.7 Transient Diffusion
• 14.8 Summary
• References
• Problems
• Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter
• Appendix B Mathematical Relations and Functions
• Appendix C Thermal Conditions Associated with Uniform Energy Generation in One-Dimensional, Steady-State Systems
• Appendix D The Gauss-Seidel Method
• Appendix E The Convection Transfer Equations
• E.1 Conservation of Mass
• E.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• E.3 Conservation of Energy
• E.4 Conservation of Species
• Appendix F Boundary Layer Equations for Turbulent Flow
• Appendix G An Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution for Parallel Flow over a Flat Plate
• Conversion Factors
• Physical Constants
• Supplement
• 4S.1 The Graphical Method
• 4S.1.1 Methodology of Constructing a Flux Plot
• 4S.1.2 Determination of the Heat Transfer Rate
• 4S.1.3 The Conduction Shape Factor
• 4S.2 The Gauss-Seidel Method: Example of Usage
• References
• Problems
• 5S.1 Graphical Representation of One-Dimensional, Transient Conduction in the Plane Wall, Long Cylinder, and Sphere
• 5S.2 Analytical Solutions of Multidimensional Effects
• References
• Problems
• 6S.1 Derivation of the Convection Transfer Equations
• 6S.1.1 Conservation of Mass
• 6S.1.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• 6S.1.3 Conservation of Energy
• 6S.1.4 Conservation of Species
• References
• Problems
• 11S.1 Log Mean Temperature Difference Method for Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers
• 11S.2 Compact Heat Exchangers
• References
• Problems
• Index
• EULA