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• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• The Study of Personality
• The Universal, the Unique, and the In-Between
• Idiographic Versus Nomothetic Approaches
• Outline of This Book
• References
• Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Psychological Measurement
• Abstract
• 1.1: Some Simple Statistical Ideas
• 1.2: Assessing Quality of Measurement: Reliability and Validity
• 1.3: Methods of Measurement: Self- and Observer Reports, Direct Observations, Biodata
• 1.4: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 2: Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure Them
• Abstract
• 2.1: The Idea of a Personality Trait
• 2.2: Personality Traits and Other Psychological Characteristics
• 2.3: Do Personality Traits Exist?
• 2.4: Measuring Traits by Self- or Observer Report: Structured Personality Inventories
• 2.5: Strategies of Personality Inventory Construction
• 2.6: Self- and Observer Reports on Personality Inventory Scales
• 2.7: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 3: Personality Structure Classifying Traits
• Abstract
• 3.1: Which Traits to Measure? Completeness Without Redundancy
• 3.2: A Gentle Introduction to Factor Analysis
• 3.3: Factor Analysis of Personality Traits: How to Find a Representative Set of Traits?
• 3.4: Lexical Studies in the English Language: The Big Five Personality Factors
• 3.5: Lexical Studies in Many Languages: The HEXACO Personality Factors
• 3.6: What It All Means: A Few Dimensions, But Many Personalities
• 3.7: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 4: Developmental Change and Stability of Personality
• Abstract
• 4.1: Defining Change and Stability
• 4.2: Developmental Changes in Mean Levels of Personality Traits
• 4.3: Stability of Traits Across the Years (and the Life Span)
• 4.4: Personality in Childhood and Infancy: Measurement and Structure
• 4.5: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 5: Biological Bases of Personality
• Abstract
• 5.1: Early Ideas: The Four “Humors” and Personality
• 5.2: Neurotransmitters
• 5.3: Brain Structures
• 5.4: Hormones
• 5.5: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 6: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality
• Abstract
• 6.1: The Question: Nature Versus Nurture
• 6.2: Examining the Similarity of Relatives
• 6.3: Separating Heredity and Environment
• 6.4: The Answers
• 6.5: Assumptions Underlying Heritability Studies in General
• 6.6: Assumptions Underlying Twin-Based Heritability Studies in Particular
• 6.7: Effects of the Unique Environment on Personality? Parental Treatment, Peer Groups, and Birth Order
• 6.8: Summary and Conclusions
• 6.9: Appendix: Difficulties in Separating the Effects of Heredity and Environment
• References
• Chapter 7: The Evolutionary Function of Personality
• Abstract
• 7.1: The Idea of Evolution by Natural Selection
• 7.2: Why Are We Not All the Same? Fluctuating Optimum and Frequency Dependence
• 7.3: Adaptive Trade-offs Between High and Low Levels of the HEXACO Personality Factors
• 7.4: Cross-Generational and Cross-National Differences in Mean Levels of Personality Traits
• 7.5: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 8: Personality Disorders
• Abstract
• 8.1: The Idea of a Personality Disorder
• 8.2: The DSM-5 Personality Disorders
• 8.3: An Alternative System for Personality Disorders
• 8.4: Origins of Personality Disorders: Developmental Change and Stability, Biological Bases, Heredity and Environment, and Evolutionary Function
• 8.5: Treatment of Personality Disorders
• 8.6: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 9: Personality and Life Outcomes
• Abstract
• 9.1: Does Personality Matter in Life?
• 9.2: Relationships and Marriage
• 9.3: Friendships and Other Peer Relationships
• 9.4: Health-Related Outcomes
• 9.5: Academic Performance
• 9.6: Job Performance
• 9.7: Law-Abidingness Versus Criminality
• 9.8: Life Satisfaction
• 9.9: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 10: Mental Ability
• Abstract
• 10.1: The Domain of Mental Ability
• 10.2: The Structure of Mental Ability: One Dimension or Many?
• 10.3: Developmental Change and Stability in Mental Ability
• 10.4: Biological Correlates of Mental Ability
• 10.5: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Mental Ability
• 10.6: Evolutionary Function of Mental Ability
• 10.7: Mental Ability and Life Outcomes
• 10.8: Not All g-Loaded Tasks Are the Same
• 10.9: Alternative Ideas About Mental Ability
• 10.10: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 11: Vocational Interests
• Abstract
• 11.1: How Vocational Interests Are Measured
• 11.2: Score Reports From Vocational Interest Surveys
• 11.3: Constructing Vocational Interest Scales: Empirical and Rational Strategies
• 11.4: Major Dimensions of Vocational Interests
• 11.5: Vocational Interests and Personality
• 11.6: Vocational Interests and Mental Abilities
• 11.7: Validity of Vocational Interest Surveys
• 11.8: Origins of Vocational Interests: Developmental Change and Stability, Genetic and Environmental Influences, Biological Bases, and Evolution
• 11.9: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 12: Religion and Politics
• Abstract
• 12.1: Religion
• 12.2: Politics
• 12.3: Origins of Religious Beliefs and Political Attitudes: Biological Bases, Genetic and Environmental Influences, and Evolutionary Function
• 12.4: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 13: Sexuality
• Abstract
• 13.1: Major Dimensions of Sexuality
• 13.2: Sexuality and Personality
• 13.3: Origins of Variation in Sexuality: Developmental Stability and Change, Genetic and Environmental Influences, Biological Bases, and Evolution
• 13.4: Sexual Arousal
• 13.5: Sexual Commitment (or Restricted Versus Unrestricted Sociosexuality)
• 13.6: Sexual Orientation
• 13.7: Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Conclusions
• What We Have Learned So Far
• What We Have Yet to Learn
• Final Remarks
• References
• Index