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• INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
• Copyright
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Introduction
• THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY
• THE UNIVERSAL, THE UNIQUE, AND THE IN-BETWEEN
• IDIOGRAPHIC VERSUS NOMOTHETIC APPROACHES
• OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK
• Chapter 1 – Basic Concepts in Psychological Measurement
• 1.1. SOME SIMPLE STATISTICAL IDEAS
• 1.2. ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
• 1.3. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT: SELF- AND OBSERVER REPORTS, DIRECT OBSERVATIONS, BIODATA
• 1.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 2 – Personality Traits and the Inventories that Measure Them
• 2.1. THE IDEA OF A PERSONALITY TRAIT
• 2.2. PERSONALITY TRAITS AND OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• 2.3. DO PERSONALITY TRAITS EXIST?
• 2.4. MEASURING TRAITS BY SELF- OR OBSERVER REPORT: STRUCTURED PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
• 2.5. STRATEGIES OF PERSONALITY INVENTORY CONSTRUCTION
• 2.6. SELF- AND OBSERVER REPORTS ON PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES
• 2.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 3 – Personality Structure: Classifying Traits
• 3.1. WHICH TRAITS TO MEASURE? COMPLETENESS WITHOUT REDUNDANCY
• 3.2. A GENTLE INTRODUCTION TO FACTOR ANALYSIS
• 3.3. FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS: HOW TO FIND A REPRESENTATIVE SET OF TRAITS?
• 3.4. LEXICAL STUDIES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS
• 3.5. LEXICAL STUDIES IN MANY LANGUAGES: THE HEXACO PERSONALITY FACTORS
• 3.6. WHAT IT ALL MEANS: A FEW DIMENSIONS, BUT MANY PERSONALITIES
• 3.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 4 – Developmental Change and Stability of Personality
• 4.1. DEFINING CHANGE AND STABILITY
• 4.2. DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN MEAN LEVELS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS
• 4.3. STABILITY OF TRAITS ACROSS THE YEARS (AND THE LIFE SPAN)
• 4.4. PERSONALITY IN CHILDHOOD AND INFANCY: MEASUREMENT AND STRUCTURE
• 4.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 5 – Biological Bases of Personality
• 5.1. EARLY IDEAS: THE FOUR “HUMORS” AND PERSONALITY
• 5.2. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• 5.3. BRAIN STRUCTURES
• 5.4. HORMONES
• 5.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 6 – Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality
• 6.1. THE QUESTION: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE
• 6.2. EXAMINING THE SIMILARITY OF RELATIVES
• 6.3. SEPARATING HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
• 6.4. THE ANSWERS
• 6.5. ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING HERITABILITY STUDIES IN GENERAL
• 6.6. ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING TWIN-BASED HERITABILITY STUDIES IN PARTICULAR
• 6.7. EFFECTS OF THE UNIQUE ENVIRONMENT ON PERSONALITY? PARENTAL TREATMENT, PEER GROUPS, AND BIRTH OR
• 6.8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• 6.9. APPENDIX: DIFFICULTIES IN SEPARATING THE EFFECTS OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
• Chapter 7 – The Evolutionary Function of Personality
• 7.1. THE IDEA OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
• 7.2. WHY ARE WE NOT ALL THE SAME? FLUCTUATING OPTIMUM AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE
• 7.3. ADAPTIVE TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW LEVELS OF THE HEXACO PERSONALITY FACTORS
• 7.4. THE OPERATION OF THE FLUCTUATING OPTIMUM AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE: SOME EXAMPLES
• 7.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 8 – Personality Disorders
• 8.1. THE IDEA OF A PERSONALITY DISORDER
• 8.2. THE DSM-5 PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• 8.3. AN ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM FOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• 8.4. ORIGINS OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND STABILITY, BIOLOGICAL BASES, HEREDIT
• 8.5. TREATMENT OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• 8.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 9 – Personality and Life Outcomes
• 9.1. DOES PERSONALITY PREDICT FEATURES OF ONE’S LIFE STORY?
• 9.2. RELATIONSHIPS AND MARRIAGE
• 9.3. FRIENDSHIPS AND OTHER PEER RELATIONSHIPS
• 9.4. HEALTH-RELATED OUTCOMES
• 9.5. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
• 9.6. JOB PERFORMANCE
• 9.7. LAW-ABIDINGNESS VERSUS CRIMINALITY
• 9.8. LIFE SATISFACTION
• 9.9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 10 – Mental Ability
• 10.1. THE DOMAIN OF MENTAL ABILITY
• 10.2. THE STRUCTURE OF MENTAL ABILITY: ONE DIMENSION OR MANY?
• 10.3. DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND STABILITY IN MENTAL ABILITIES
• 10.4. BIOLOGICAL BASES OF MENTAL ABILITY
• 10.5. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON MENTAL ABILITY
• 10.6. EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION OF MENTAL ABILITY
• 10.7. MENTAL ABILITY AND LIFE OUTCOMES
• 10.8. NOT ALL G-LOADED TASKS ARE THE SAME
• 10.9. ALTERNATIVE IDEAS ABOUT MENTAL ABILITIES
• 10.10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 11 – Vocational Interests
• 11.1. HOW VOCATIONAL INTERESTS ARE MEASURED
• 11.2. SCORE REPORTS FROM VOCATIONAL INTEREST SURVEYS
• 11.3. CONSTRUCTING VOCATIONAL INTEREST SCALES: EMPIRICAL AND RATIONAL STRATEGIES
• 11.4. MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF VOCATIONAL INTERESTS
• 11.5. VOCATIONAL INTERESTS AND PERSONALITY
• 11.6. VOCATIONAL INTERESTS AND MENTAL ABILITIES
• 11.7. VALIDITY OF VOCATIONAL INTEREST SURVEYS
• 11.8. ORIGINS OF VOCATIONAL INTERESTS: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND STABILITY, GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
• 11.9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 12 – Religion and Politics
• 12.1. RELIGION
• 12.2. POLITICS
• 12.3. ORIGINS OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND POLITICAL ATTITUDES: BIOLOGICAL BASES, GENETIC AND ENVIRONMEN
• 12.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• Chapter 13 – Sexuality
• 13.1. MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF SEXUALITY
• 13.2. SEXUALITY AND PERSONALITY
• 13.3. ORIGINS OF VARIATION IN SEXUALITY: DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY AND CHANGE, GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENT
• 13.4. SEXUAL AROUSAL
• 13.5. SEXUAL COMMITMENT (OR RESTRICTED VERSUS UNRESTRICTED SOCIOSEXUALITY)
• 13.6. SEXUAL ORIENTATION
• 13.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES
• INDEX