Efnisyfirlit

• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Graphics Systems and Models
• 1.1 Applications of Computer Graphics
• 1.1.1 Display of Information
• 1.1.2 Design
• 1.1.3 Simulation and Animation
• 1.1.4 User Interfaces
• 1.2 A Graphics System
• 1.2.1 Pixels and the Framebuffer
• 1.2.2 The CPU and the GPU
• 1.2.3 Output Devices
• 1.2.4 Input Devices
• 1.3 Images: Physical and Synthetic
• 1.3.1 Objects and Viewers
• 1.3.2 Light and Images
• 1.3.3 Imaging Models
• 1.4 Imaging Systems
• 1.4.1 The Pinhole Camera
• 1.4.2 The Human Visual System
• 1.5 The Synthetic-Camera Model
• 1.6 The Programmer’s Interface
• 1.6.1 The Pen-Plotter Model
• 1.6.2 Three-Dimensional APIs
• 1.6.3 A Sequence of Images
• 1.6.4 The Modeling–Rendering Paradigm
• 1.7 Graphics Architectures
• 1.7.1 Display Processors
• 1.7.2 Pipeline Architectures
• 1.7.3 The Graphics Pipeline
• 1.7.4 Vertex Processing
• 1.7.5 Clipping and Primitive Assembly
• 1.7.6 Rasterization
• 1.7.7 Fragment Processing
• 1.8 Programmable Pipelines
• 1.9 Performance Characteristics
• 1.10 OpenGL Versions and WebGL
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 2: Graphics Programming
• 2.1 The Sierpinski Gasket
• 2.2 Programming Two-Dimensional Applications
• 2.3 The WebGL Application Programming Interface
• 2.3.1 Graphics Functions
• 2.3.2 The Graphics Pipeline and State Machines
• 2.3.3 OpenGL and WebGL
• 2.3.4 The WebGL Interface
• 2.3.5 Coordinate Systems
• 2.4 Primitives and Attributes
• 2.4.1 Polygon Basics
• 2.4.2 Polygons in WebGL
• 2.4.3 Approximating a Sphere
• 2.4.4 Triangulation
• 2.4.5 Text
• 2.4.6 Curved Objects
• 2.4.7 Attributes
• 2.5 Color
• 2.5.1 RGB Color
• 2.5.2 Indexed Color
• 2.5.3 Setting of Color Attributes
• 2.6 Viewing
• 2.6.1 The Orthographic View
• 2.6.2 Two-Dimensional Viewing
• 2.7 Control Functions
• 2.7.1 Interaction with the Window System
• 2.7.2 Aspect Ratio and Viewports
• 2.7.3 Application Organization
• 2.8 The Gasket Program
• 2.8.1 Sending Data to the GPU
• 2.8.2 Rendering the Points
• 2.8.3 The Vertex Shader
• 2.8.4 The Fragment Shader
• 2.8.5 Combining the Parts
• 2.8.6 The initShaders Function
• 2.8.7 The init Function
• 2.8.8 Reading the Shaders from the Application
• 2.9 Polygons and Recursion
• 2.10 The Three-Dimensional Gasket
• 2.10.1 Use of Three-Dimensional Points
• 2.10.2 Naming Conventions
• 2.10.3 Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions
• 2.10.4 Hidden-Surface Removal
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 3: Interaction and Animation
• 3.1 Animation
• 3.1.1 The Rotating Square
• 3.1.2 The Display Process
• 3.1.3 Double Buffering
• 3.1.4 Using a Timer
• 3.1.5 Using requestAnimFrame
• 3.2 Interaction
• 3.3 Input Devices
• 3.4 Physical Input Devices
• 3.4.1 Keyboard Codes
• 3.4.2 The Light Pen
• 3.4.3 The Mouse and the Trackball
• 3.4.4 Data Tablets,Touch Pads, and Touch Screens
• 3.4.5 The Joystick
• 3.4.6 Multidimensional Input Devices
• 3.4.7 Logical Devices
• 3.4.8 Input Modes
• 3.5 Clients and Servers
• 3.6 Programming Event-Driven Input
• 3.6.1 Events and Event Listeners
• 3.6.2 Adding a Button
• 3.6.3 Menus
• 3.6.4 Using Keycodes
• 3.6.5 Sliders
• 3.7 Position Input
• 3.8 Window Events
• 3.9 Picking
• 3.10 Building Models Interactively
• 3.11 Design of Interactive Programs
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 4: Geometric Objects and Transformations
• 4.1 Scalars, Points, and Vectors
• 4.1.1 Geometric Objects
• 4.1.2 Coordinate-Free Geometry
• 4.1.3 The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces
• 4.1.4 The Computer Science View
• 4.1.5 Geometric ADTs
• 4.1.6 Lines
• 4.1.7 Affine Sums
• 4.1.8 Convexity
• 4.1.9 Dot and Cross Products
• 4.1.10 Planes
• 4.2 Three-Dimensional Primitives
• 4.3 Coordinate Systems and Frames
• 4.3.1 Representations and N-Tuples
• 4.3.2 Change of Coordinate Systems
• 4.3.3 Example: Change of Representation
• 4.3.4 Homogeneous Coordinates
• 4.3.5 Example: Change in Frames
• 4.3.6 Working with Representations
• 4.4 Frames in WebGL
• 4.5 Matrix and Vector Types
• 4.5.1 Row versus Column Major Matrix Representations
• 4.6 Modeling a Colored Cube
• 4.6.1 Modeling the Faces
• 4.6.2 Inward- and Outward-Pointing Faces
• 4.6.3 Data Structures for Object Representation
• 4.6.4 The Colored Cube
• 4.6.5 Color Interpolation
• 4.6.6 Displaying the Cube
• 4.6.7 Drawing with Elements
• 4.7 Affine Transformations
• 4.8 Translation, Rotation, and Scaling
• 4.8.1 Translation
• 4.8.2 Rotation
• 4.8.3 Scaling
• 4.9 Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates
• 4.9.1 Translation
• 4.9.2 Scaling
• 4.9.3 Rotation
• 4.9.4 Shear
• 4.10 Concatenation of Transformations
• 4.10.1 Rotation About a Fixed Point
• 4.10.2 General Rotation
• 4.10.3 The Instance Transformation
• 4.10.4 Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis
• 4.11 Transformation Matrices in WebGL
• 4.11.1 Current Transformation Matrices
• 4.11.2 Basic Matrix Functions
• 4.11.3 Rotation, Translation, and Scaling
• 4.11.4 Rotation About a Fixed Point
• 4.11.5 Order of Transformations
• 4.12 Spinning of the Cube
• 4.12.1 Uniform Matrices
• 4.13 Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications
• 4.13.1 Using Areas of the Screen
• 4.13.2 A Virtual Trackball
• 4.13.3 Smooth Rotations
• 4.13.4 Incremental Rotation
• 4.14 Quaternions
• 4.14.1 Complex Numbers and Quaternions
• 4.14.2 Quaternions and Rotation
• 4.14.3 Quaternions and Gimbal Lock
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 5: Viewing
• 5.1 Classical and Computer Viewing
• 5.1.1 Classical Viewing
• 5.1.2 Orthographic Projections
• 5.1.3 Axonometric Projections
• 5.1.4 Oblique Projections
• 5.1.5 Perspective Viewing
• 5.2 Viewing with a Computer
• 5.3 Positioning of the Camera
• 5.3.1 Positioning of the Camera Frame
• 5.3.2 Two Viewing APIs
• 5.3.3 The Look-At Function
• 5.3.4 Other Viewing APIs
• 5.4 Parallel Projections
• 5.4.1 Orthogonal Projections
• 5.4.2 Parallel Viewing with WebGL
• 5.4.3 Projection Normalization
• 5.4.4 Orthogonal Projection Matrices
• 5.4.5 Oblique Projections
• 5.4.6 An Interactive Viewer
• 5.5 Perspective Projections
• 5.5.1 Simple Perspective Projections
• 5.6 Perspective Projections with WebGL
• 5.6.1 Perspective Functions
• 5.7 Perspective Projection Matrices
• 5.7.1 Perspective Normalization
• 5.7.2 WebGL Perspective Transformations
• 5.7.3 Perspective Example
• 5.8 Hidden-Surface Removal
• 5.8.1 Culling
• 5.9 Displaying Meshes
• 5.9.1 Displaying Meshes as Surfaces
• 5.9.2 Polygon Offset
• 5.9.3 Walking through a Scene
• 5.10 Projections and Shadows
• 5.10.1 Projected Shadows
• 5.11 Shadow Maps
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 6: Lighting and Shading
• 6.1 Light and Matter
• 6.2 Light Sources
• 6.2.1 Color Sources
• 6.2.2 Ambient Light
• 6.2.3 Point Sources
• 6.2.4 Spotlights
• 6.2.5 Distant Light Sources
• 6.3 The Phong Reflection Model
• 6.3.1 Ambient Reflection
• 6.3.2 Diffuse Reflection
• 6.3.3 Specular Reflection
• 6.3.4 The Modified Phong Model
• 6.4 Computation of Vectors
• 6.4.1 Normal Vectors
• 6.4.2 Angle of Reflection
• 6.5 Polygonal Shading
• 6.5.1 Flat Shading
• 6.5.2 Smooth and Gouraud Shading
• 6.5.3 Phong Shading
• 6.6 Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive Subdivision
• 6.7 Specifying Lighting Parameters
• 6.7.1 Light Sources
• 6.7.2 Materials
• 6.8 Implementing a Lighting Model
• 6.8.1 Applying the Lighting Model in the Application
• 6.8.2 Efficiency
• 6.8.3 Lighting in the Vertex Shader
• 6.9 Shading of the Sphere Model
• 6.10 Per-Fragment Lighting
• 6.11 Nonphotorealistic Shading
• 6.12 Global Illumination
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 7: Discrete Techniques
• 7.1 Buffers
• 7.2 Digital Images
• 7.3 Mapping Methods
• 7.4 Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping
• 7.5 Texture Mapping in WebGL
• 7.5.1 Texture Objects
• 7.5.2 The Texture Image Array
• 7.5.3 Texture Coordinates and Samplers
• 7.5.4 Texture Sampling
• 7.5.5 Working with Texture Coordinates
• 7.5.6 Multitexturing
• 7.6 Texture Generation
• 7.7 Environment Maps
• 7.8 Reflection Map Example
• 7.9 Bump Mapping
• 7.9.1 Finding Bump Maps
• 7.9.2 Bump Map Example
• 7.10 Blending Techniques
• 7.10.1 Opacity and Blending
• 7.10.2 Image Blending
• 7.10.3 Blending in WebGL
• 7.10.4 Antialiasing Revisited
• 7.10.5 Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering
• 7.10.6 Scene Antialiasing and Multisampling
• 7.10.7 Image Processing
• 7.10.8 Other Multipass Methods
• 7.11 GPGPU
• 7.12 Framebuffer Objects
• 7.13 Buffer Ping-Ponging
• 7.14 Picking
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 8: From Geometry To Pixels
• 8.1 Basic Implementation Strategies
• 8.2 Four Major Tasks
• 8.2.1 Modeling
• 8.2.2 Geometry Processing
• 8.2.3 Rasterization
• 8.2.4 Fragment Processing
• 8.3 Clipping
• 8.4 Line-Segment Clipping
• 8.4.1 Cohen-Sutherland Clipping
• 8.4.2 Liang-Barsky Clipping
• 8.5 Polygon Clipping
• 8.6 Clipping of Other Primitives
• 8.6.1 Bounding Boxes and Volumes
• 8.6.2 Curves, Surfaces, and Text
• 8.6.3 Clipping in the Framebuffer
• 8.7 Clipping in Three Dimensions
• 8.8 Rasterization
• 8.9 Bresenham’s Algorithm
• 8.10 Polygon Rasterization
• 8.10.1 Inside–Outside Testing
• 8.10.2 WebGL and Concave Polygons
• 8.10.3 Fill and Sort
• 8.10.4 Flood Fill
• 8.10.5 Singularities
• 8.11 Hidden-Surface Removal
• 8.11.1 Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches
• 8.11.2 Sorting and Hidden-Surface Removal
• 8.11.3 Scan Line Algorithms
• 8.11.4 Back-Face Removal
• 8.11.5 The z-Buffer Algorithm
• 8.11.6 Scan Conversion with the z-Buffer
• 8.11.7 Depth Sort and the Painter’s Algorithm
• 8.12 Antialiasing
• 8.13 Display Considerations
• 8.13.1 Color Systems
• 8.13.2 The Color Matrix
• 8.13.3 Gamma Correction
• 8.13.4 Dithering and Halftoning
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 9: Modeling and Hierarchy
• 9.1 Symbols and Instances
• 9.2 Hierarchical Models
• 9.3 A Robot Arm
• 9.4 Trees and Traversal
• 9.4.1 A Stack-Based Traversal
• 9.5 Use of Tree Data Structures
• 9.6 Animation
• 9.7 Graphical Objects
• 9.7.1 Methods, Attributes, and Messages
• 9.7.2 A Cube Object
• 9.7.3 Objects and Hierarchy
• 9.7.4 Geometric and Nongeometric Objects
• 9.8 Scene Graphs
• 9.9 Implementing Scene Graphs
• 9.10 Other Tree Structures
• 9.10.1 CSG Trees
• 9.10.2 BSP Trees
• 9.10.3 Quadtrees and Octrees
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 10: Procedural Methods
• 10.1 Algorithmic Models
• 10.2 Physically Based Models and Particle Systems
• 10.3 Newtonian Particles
• 10.3.1 Independent Particles
• 10.3.2 Spring Forces
• 10.3.3 Attractive and Repulsive Forces
• 10.4 Solving Particle Systems
• 10.5 Constraints
• 10.5.1 Collisions
• 10.5.2 Soft Constraints
• 10.6 A Simple Particle System
• 10.6.1 Displaying the Particles
• 10.6.2 Updating Particle Positions
• 10.6.3 Collisions
• 10.6.4 Forces
• 10.6.5 Flocking
• 10.7 Agent-Based Models
• 10.8 Language-Based Models
• 10.9 Recursive Methods and Fractals
• 10.9.1 Rulers and Length
• 10.9.2 Fractal Dimension
• 10.9.3 Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion
• 10.9.4 Fractal Mountains
• 10.9.5 The Mandelbrot Set
• 10.9.6 Mandelbrot Fragment Shader
• 10.10 Procedural Noise
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 11: Curves and Surfaces
• 11.1 Representation of Curves and Surfaces
• 11.1.1 Explicit Representation
• 11.1.2 Implicit Representations
• 11.1.3 Parametric Form
• 11.1.4 Parametric Polynomial Curves
• 11.1.5 Parametric Polynomial Surfaces
• 11.2 Design Criteria
• 11.3 Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves
• 11.4 Interpolation
• 11.4.1 Blending Functions
• 11.4.2 The Cubic Interpolating Patch
• 11.5 Hermite Curves and Surfaces
• 11.5.1 The Hermite Form
• 11.5.2 Geometric and Parametric Continuity
• 11.6 Be´zier Curves and Surfaces
• 11.6.1 Be´zier Curves
• 11.6.2 Be´zier Surface Patches
• 11.7 Cubic B-Splines
• 11.7.1 The Cubic B-Spline Curve
• 11.7.2 B-Splines and Basis
• 11.7.3 Spline Surfaces
• 11.8 General B-Splines
• 11.8.1 Recursively Defined B-Splines
• 11.8.2 Uniform Splines
• 11.8.3 Nonuniform B-Splines
• 11.8.4 NURBS
• 11.8.5 Catmull-Rom Splines
• 11.9 Rendering Curves and Surfaces
• 11.9.1 Polynomial Evaluation Methods
• 11.9.2 Recursive Subdivision of Be´zier Polynomials
• 11.9.3 Rendering Other Polynomial Curves by Subdivision
• 11.9.4 Subdivision of Be´zier Surfaces
• 11.10 The Utah Teapot
• 11.11 Algebraic Surfaces
• 11.11.1 Quadrics
• 11.11.2 Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting
• 11.12 Subdivision Curves and Surfaces
• 11.12.1 Mesh Subdivision
• 11.13 Mesh Generation from Data
• 11.13.1 Height Fields Revisited
• 11.13.2 Delaunay Triangulation
• 11.13.3 Point Clouds
• 11.14 Graphics API support for Curves and Surfaces
• 11.14.1 Tessellation Shading
• 11.14.2 Geometry Shading
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Chapter 12: Advanced Rendering
• 12.1 Going Beyond Pipeline Rendering
• 12.2 Ray Tracing
• 12.3 Building a Simple Ray Tracer
• 12.3.1 Recursive Ray Tracing
• 12.3.2 Calculating Intersections
• 12.3.3 Ray-Tracing Variations
• 12.4 The Rendering Equation
• 12.5 Radiosity
• 12.5.1 The Radiosity Equation
• 12.5.2 Solving the Radiosity Equation
• 12.5.3 Computing Form Factors
• 12.5.4 Carrying Out Radiosity
• 12.6 Global Illumination and Path Tracing
• 12.7 RenderMan
• 12.8 Parallel Rendering
• 12.8.1 Sort-Middle Rendering
• 12.8.2 Sort-Last Rendering
• 12.8.3 Sort-First Rendering
• 12.9 Hardware GPU Implementations
• 12.10 Implicit Functions and Contour Maps
• 12.10.1 Marching Squares
• 12.10.2 Marching Triangles
• 12.11 Volume Rendering
• 12.11.1 Volumetric Data Sets
• 12.11.2 Visualization of Implicit Functions
• 12.12 Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes
• 12.13 Marching Tetrahedra
• 12.14 Mesh Simplification
• 12.15 Direct Volume Rendering
• 12.15.1 Assignment of Color and Opacity
• 12.15.2 Splatting
• 12.15.3 Volume Ray Tracing
• 12.15.4 Texture Mapping of Volumes
• 12.16 Image-Based Rendering
• 12.16.1 A Simple Example
• Summary and Notes
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Appendix
• Appendix A: Initializing Shaders
• A.1 Shaders in the HTML file
• A.2 Reading Shaders from Source Files
• Appendix B: Spaces
• B.1 Scalars
• B.2 Vector Spaces
• B.3 Affine Spaces
• B.4 Euclidean Spaces
• B.5 Projections
• B.6 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Appendix C: Matrices
• C.1 Definitions
• C.2 Matrix Operations
• C.3 Row and Column Matrices
• C.4 Rank
• C.5 Change of Representation
• C.6 The Cross Product
• C.7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
• C.8 Vector and Matrix Objects
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• Appendix D: Sampling and Aliasing
• D.1 Sampling Theory
• D.2 Reconstruction
• D.3 Quantization
• References
• WebGL Index
• Subject Index