Efnisyfirlit

• Half-title page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Contents
• List of Figures
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Preface to the First Edition
• List of Abbreviations
• Table of Cases
• Table of Treaties and Instruments
• Part I Foundations
• 1 Emergence and Development of International Environmental Law
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Precedents
• 1.3 Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources
• 1.4 The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972)
• 1.5 The Rio Conference on Environment and Development (1992)
• 1.6 The World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
• 1.7 The Rio Summit (2012)
• 1.8 The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2015) and the Future of Global Environmental Govern
• Select Bibliography
• 2 Main Features of International Environmental Law
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 The ‘Environment’ as a Legal Object
• 2.2.1 Overview
• 2.2.2 Scientific Level
• 2.2.3 Legal Level
• 2.2.4 Operational Level
• 2.3 The Main Actors
• 2.3.1 From Challenges to Structures
• 2.3.2 International Structures and Actors
• 2.3.3 Transnational Environmental Governance
• 2.4 The Sources of International Environmental Law
• 2.4.1 The Prevalence of Treaties
• 2.4.2 The Role of Soft Law
• 2.4.3 Droit Dérivé
• 2.5 The Implementation of International Environmental Law
• 2.5.1 Overview
• 2.5.2 Incentive Mechanisms
• 2.5.3 Managing Scientific Uncertainty
• 2.5.4 Management of Non-compliance
• 2.6 The Legal Environment of International Environmental Law
• Select Bibliography
• 3 The Principles of International Environmental Law
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Some Analytical Distinctions
• 3.3 Prevention in International Environmental Law
• 3.3.1 Introductory Observations
• 3.3.2 ‘No-harm’ Principle
• 3.3.3 The Principle of Prevention
• 3.3.4 Precaution in International Law
• 3.3.5 Cooperation, Notification, Consultation
• 3.3.6 Prior Informed Consent
• 3.3.7 Environmental Impact Assessment
• 3.4 Balance in International Environmental Law
• 3.4.2 Concepts Expressing the Idea of Balance
• 3.4.2.1 Overview
• 3.4.2.2 Sustainable Development
• 3.4.2.3 Common Areas
• 3.4.2.4 Common Heritage of Mankind
• 3.4.2.5 Common Concern of Humankind
• 3.5 From Principles to Regulation
• Select Bibliography
• Part II Substantive Regulation
• 4 Oceans, Seas and Freshwater
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 The International Regulation of the Marine Environment
• 4.2.1 Environmental Jurisdiction over Marine Areas
• 4.2.1.1 Overview
• 4.2.1.2 Territorial Sea
• 4.2.1.3 The Exclusive Economic Zone
• 4.2.1.4 The Continental Shelf
• 4.2.2 Protection of the Marine Environment: General Aspects
• 4.2.3 Regulation of Sources of Pollution
• 4.2.3.1 Overview
• 4.2.3.2 Pollution from Vessels
• 4.2.3.3 Dumping, Incineration and Marine Geo-engineering
• 4.2.3.4 Land-based Pollution
• 4.2.4 The Protection of Regional Seas
• 4.3 The International Regulation of Freshwater Resources
• 4.3.1 Structure of the Regulation
• 4.3.2 International Watercourses
• 4.3.3 Transboundary Aquifers
• 4.3.4 Iced Freshwater Resources
• 4.3.4.1 Overview
• 4.3.4.2 Antarctica
• 4.3.4.3 The Arctic
• Select Bibliography
• 5 Protection of the Atmosphere
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 ‘Local’ Transboundary Air Pollution
• 5.3 Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
• 5.3.1 Origins of the Regime
• 5.3.2 The LRTAP Convention
• 5.3.3 The Protocols to the LRTAP Convention
• 5.4 The Protection of the Ozone Layer
• 5.4.1 The Origins of the Regime
• 5.4.2 The Vienna Convention of 1985
• 5.4.3 The Montreal Protocol of 1987
• 5.4.4 The Kigali Amendment of 2016
• 5.5 Climate Change
• 5.5.1 Overview of the Problem
• 5.5.2 The Two Pillars of the Regime
• 5.5.3 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 5.5.4 The Kyoto Protocol of 1997
• 5.5.5 The Paris Agreement of 2015
• 5.5.5.1 International Negotiations Leading to the Paris Agreement
• 5.5.5.2 The Political Basis
• 5.5.5.3 The Architecture of the Paris Agreement
• Select Bibliography
• 6 Species, Ecosystems and Biodiversity
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Regulatory Approaches
• 6.3 Protection of Species
• 6.3.1 Regulation of Exploitation: Fisheries
• 6.3.1.1 The UNCLOS
• 6.3.1.2 The Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement
• 6.3.1.3 The NAFO
• 6.3.1.4 The Whaling Convention
• 6.3.2 Regulation of Trade: CITES
• 6.3.2.1 The Structure of CITES
• 6.3.2.2 The Permits System
• 6.3.2.3 CITES in Practice
• 6.4 Protection of Spaces (Sites, Habitats, Ecosystems)
• 6.4.2 The ‘Top-down’ Approach: The Creation of Protected
• 6.4.2.1 The Protection of Wetlands: The Ramsar Convention
• 6.4.2.2 The Protection of World Heritage: The World Heritage Convention
• 6.4.2.3 Protection of the Antarctic Environment: The Madrid Protocol
• 6.4.3 The ‘Bottom-up’ Approach: The Convention to Combat Desertification
• 6.5 The Protection of Biodiversity
• 6.5.1 A Complex Regulatory Object
• 6.5.2 The Regulation of Biological Diversity
• 6.5.3 The Regulation of GMOs
• 6.5.4 Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing
• 6.5.4.1 The ‘Seed Wars’
• 6.5.4.2 The Role of International Law
• 6.5.5 Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction
• Select Bibliography
• 7 Dangerous Substances and Activities
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Object and Structure of the International Regulatory Framework
• 7.3 Attempts to Develop a Global Regulatory Framework
• 7.3.1 The Political Impulsion
• 7.3.2 The Main Outcomes: The GHS and the SAICM
• 7.4 The Regulation of Specific Substances and Activities
• 7.4.1 Regulatory Objects and Techniques
• 7.4.2 The Regulation of Production and Use
• 7.4.2.1 The Regulation of Substances: The POP Convention
• 7.4.2.2 The Regulation of Activities: The Convention on Industrial Accidents
• 7.4.3 The Regulation of Trade: The PIC Convention
• 7.4.4 The Regulation of Waste: The Basel Convention
• 7.4.5 Integrated Approaches
• 7.4.5.1 Synergies between the Basel, PIC and POP Conventions
• 7.4.5.2 Integrated Regulation: Nuclear Energy
• 7.4.5.3 Integrated Regulation: Mercury
• Select Bibliography
• Part III Implementation
• 8 Implementation: Traditional Approaches
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Monitoring and Reporting
• 8.2.1 Types of Obligations
• 8.2.2 Types of Mechanisms
• 8.3 Dispute Settlement and Legal Consequences
• 8.3.2 International Environmental Adjudication
• 8.3.2.1 The Fora of International Environmental Law
• 8.3.2.2 Courts Specialising in Environmental Matters
• 8.3.2.3 Borrowed Fora
• 8.3.3 The Consequences of Environmental Damage
• 8.3.3.1 Types of Consequences
• 8.3.3.2 The International Responsibility of the State
• 8.3.3.3 The Liability of the Economic Operator
• 8.3.3.4 Assessment and Reparation of Environmental Damage
• Select Bibliography
• 9 Implementation: New Approaches
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Techniques to Facilitate Compliance
• 9.2.1 Types of Techniques
• 9.2.2 Techniques Oriented towards Assistance
• 9.2.2.1 Financial Assistance
• 9.2.2.2 Technical Assistance
• 9.2.3 Techniques Oriented towards Efficiency (Renvoi)
• 9.3 Techniques to Manage Non-compliance
• 9.3.1 Non-compliance Procedures
• 9.3.2 The Legal Basis of NCPs and its
• 9.3.3 Triggering NCPs
• 9.3.4 Composition of NCP Organs
• 9.3.5 Measures Adopted by NCPs
• Select Bibliography
• Part IV International Environmental Law as a Perspective
• 10 Human Rights and the Environment
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 The Relationship between Human Rights and Environmental Protection
• 10.3 Synergies
• 10.3.1 Two Key Questions
• 10.3.2 Identifying Human Rights Provisions with Environmental Content
• 10.3.2.1 Some Analytical Distinctions
• 10.3.2.2 General Rights
• 10.3.2.3 Specifically Environmental Rights
• 10.3.3 The ‘Extent’ of Environmental Protection Afforded by Human Rights Instruments
• 10.3.3.1 Overview
• 10.3.3.2 The ‘Link’ Requirement
• 10.3.3.3 Mass Human Rights Claims: Who Speaks for the Environment?
• 10.3.3.4 Human Rights and Climate Change190
• 10.4 Conflicts
• Select Bibliography
• 11 Environmental Dimensions of International Security
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 The Environment and the Law of War
• 11.2.2 Environmental Dimensions of Recourse to War
• 11.2.2.1 Overview
• 11.2.2.2 Jus ad Bellum and Environmental Protection
• 11.2.2.3 Violations of Jus ad Bellum and Environmental Damage
• 11.3 Environmental Security in International Law
• 11.3.2 Environmentally-induced Displacement
• 11.3.2.1 Circumscribing the Problem
• 11.3.2.2 Legal Response
• 11.3.3 Environmental Security in Post-conflict Settings
• 11.3.3.1 The Rise of Environmental Peacebuilding
• 11.3.3.2 Environmental Peacebuilding and Environmental Obligations
• Select Bibliography
• 12 Environmental Protection and International Economic Law
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law
• 12.2.2 Synergies
• 12.2.2.1 Instruments
• 12.2.2.2 Policy Processes
• 12.2.3 Conflicts
• 12.2.3.1 Normative Conflicts vs Legitimacy Conflicts
• 12.2.3.2 The Practice of Investment Tribunals41
• 12.2.3.3 Investment Treaty Practice
• 12.3 Environmental Protection and International Trade Law
• 12.3.1 Overview
• 12.3.2 Synergies
• 12.3.2.1 Mutual Supportiveness
• 12.3.2.2 Environmental Goods and Services
• 12.3.3 Conflicts
• 12.3.3.1 Normative Conflicts vs Legitimacy Conflicts
• 12.3.3.2 Multilateral Environmental Treaties and Trade Regulation
• 12.3.3.3 Environmental Protection in Practice
• 12.4 Environmental Protection and Intellectual Property Rights
• 12.4.2 Synergies
• 12.4.2.1 Approaches to International Patent Protection
• 12.4.2.2 Fast-tracking of Environmental Patents
• 12.4.2.3 IPRs Markets
• 12.4.3 Conflicts
• 12.4.3.1 The TRIPS Agreement and Environmental Protection
• 12.4.3.2 Interpreting the TRIPS Agreement
• 12.4.3.3 Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge: Proposed Amendments
• Select Bibliography
• Index