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• Cover Page
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Forewords
• Acknowledgements
• List of Abbreviations
• 1 Introduction
• Aim of the Book
• Methodology Adopted
• Defining The Environment
• Why Protect the Environment?
• The Concepts of Exploitation, Conservation and Preservation
• A Brief History of International Environmental Law-Making
• Structure of the Book
• Notes
• 2 Stakeholders in International Environmental Regimes
• Introduction
• The Role of the State
• The Role of Non-State Actors
• Notes
• 3 Antarctic Regime and Mineral Exploitation
• Introduction
• A Brief History of Antarctica
• Antarctica and the Search for Minerals
• Building the Antarctic Regime
• The Antarctic Treaty and Mineral Exploitation
• Why the Push to Exploit Antarctica’s Minerals?
• Engos and Antarctic Mineral Exploitation
• Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties and Mineral Exploitation
• Engos During the 1970s
• The Creation of the Wellington Convention (Cramra)
• Engo Responses to the Cramra Negotiations
• ENGO Opposition to Cramra
• Why did Cramra Fail to be Ratified?
• The Negotiation of the Madrid Protocol
• Conclusion
• Notes
• 4 Tropical Timber
• Introduction
• The Environmental Role of Tropical Forests
• Tropical Forest Deforestation
• Causes of Tropical Forest Deforestation
• Building an International Tropical Timber Regime?
• The Engos and the Tropical Timber Regime
• The International Tropical Timber Agreement
• The International Tropical Timber Organization
• The Engo Response to the New ITTO
• Sustainable Forest Management
• Sustainable Labelling
• The ITTO and the Year 2000 Objective
• The 1994 Successor Agreement Negotiations
• The Year 2000 Report
• Successor Agreement to the International Tropical Timber Agreement 2006
• Conclusion: The Uncertain Future of the ITTO?
• Notes
• 5 Atmospheric Ozone
• Introduction
• The Discovery of Ozone, Ozone-Depleting Substances and the Ozone Layer
• Crafting the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
• The 1985 Vienna Meeting
• The Geneva Meeting 1986
• The Montreal Protocol Negotiations
• Negotiation Outcomes
• Signing and Ratification of the Protocol
• Is the Montreal Protocol a Success or Failure?
• Industry Reaction Post-Montreal
• Entrenching the Montreal Protocol
• The Post-Montreal Protocol Meetings
• The 1990 Meeting and London Amendment
• The 1991 Meeting Copenhagen Amendment
• The 1993 Bangkok Meeting
• The 1995 Vienna Meeting
• The 1997 Montreal Meeting and Amendment
• The 1998 Beijing Meeting and Amendment
• The 2004 Montreal Meeting
• The 2007 Montreal Meeting
• The 2009 Geneva Meeting
• The 2010 Bangkok Meeting
• The 2011 Bali Meeting
• The 2012 Geneva Meeting
• The 2014 Paris Meeting
• The 2015 Dubai Meeting
• The 2016 Geneva Meeting
• The 2016 Kigali Meeting and Amendment
• The 2017 Montreal Meeting
• The 2018 Quito Meeting
• Conclusion
• Notes
• 6 Climate Change I
• Introduction
• The Science of Climate Change and its Potential Implications
• The Climate Governance Ecosystem
• Evolution of the Climate Governance Ecosystem
• Setting – and Upsetting – New Unfccc Rules (“Top Down/Two Tier”)
• Lead-Up to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol
• The Kyoto Protocol
• Political Change Post-Kyoto and Civil Society’s Response
• Notes
• 7 Climate Change II
• Introduction
• The Kyoto/Non-Kyoto Period and the Climate Governance Ecosystem
• The Kyoto Protocol Goes into Effect
• The Bali Roadmap and Action Plan (2007) and the Copenhagen Accord (2009)
• The Paris Conference, Cop 21 and the Paris Decision and Agreement
• Post Paris
• Slouching Towards Global Climate Governance: Continued Evolution of the Climate Governance System
• Notes
• 8 Biological Diversity
• Introduction
• Property Rights to Genetic Resources
• Bioprospecting V Biopiracy
• Drafting the Convention
• The Convention on Biological Diversity
• How Successful was the CBD Initially?
• The First Cop Meeting
• The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• The Negotiations
• Key Provisions of the Protocol
• The Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress
• Key Provisions of the Supplementary Protocol
• The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing
• The Nagoya Protocol: Key Provisions
• Cbd Meetings After the Protocols
• Conclusion
• Notes
• 9 The Oceans
• Introduction
• Twentieth-Century Codification Efforts
• Polymetallic Nodules, the Deep Seabed and the UN Seabed Committee (1967–1973)
• The UNCLOS III Negotiations (1973–1982)
• Specific Topics of Negotiation
• The Convention in Outline
• “Pioneer Investors” and the Reciprocating States Regime (1982–1994)
• The 1994 Implementation Agreement
• The UN Fish Stocks Agreement 
• Conclusion
• Notes
• 10 Whaling
• Introduction
• Global Industrial Exploitation of Whales
• Building A Global Whaling Regime
• The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (1946)
• Scientists and the International Whaling Commission
• ENGOs and the International Whaling Commission
• The Push to Impose a Moratorium
• After the Whaling Moratorium
• Contesting the Definition of ‘Conservation’ in the ICRW
• IWC Scientific Permits and Whaling
• The “Irish Proposal” for the Future of the IWC
• Whaling Sanctuaries
• The Proposed Consensus Decision to Improve the Conservation of Whales
• The 2010 Morocco Meeting
• A Lost Decade? Subsequent IWC Meetings
• The 2018 Brazil Meeting
• Japan Withdraws From the IWC
• Conclusion
• Notes
• 11 Atlantic Tuna
• Introduction
• Global Fish Production and Consumption
• The Global Tuna Industry
• The Creation of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna
• The International Convention for the Conservation of TUNAS
• ICCAT Structure
• BIRTH of ICCAT 1966–1981
• ICCAT in the 1980s: A Regime Adrift
• ICCAT in the 1990s: Conservationists Run Out of Patience
• Seeking an Alternative Remedy: Going to Cites
• ICCAT’s Response to the Threat
• The Impact of ENGOs
• ICCAT IN the 2000s: Change is in the Air
• RFMO Performance Review
• Suspending the Fisheries: A Moratorium?
• 2008 Independent Performance Review of ICCAT
• Fortieth Anniversary of ICCAT
• 2010 Cites Meeting: A Final Roll of the DICE
• 2011 Onwards: A Glimmer of Hope?
• Report of the Second Independent Performance Review of ICCAT
• The 2017 Meeting, Morocco
• The 2018 Special Meeting, Dubrovnik
• Conclusion
• Notes
• 12 External Actors: The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
• Introduction
• Background of Paul Watson
• Creating the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
• Philosophy of the SSCS
• Organisational Structure
• Strategy and Tactics
• Sea Shepherds and Attitudes to Violence
• The SSCS Rationale for them to End Japanese Scientific Whaling
• The First Action Against Whaling: Ramming the Pirate Whaling Ship the Sierra
• The Sea Shepherds Vs. Japanese Antarctic Scientific Whaling
• Paul Watson Arrested
• Paul Watson Skips Bail
• Injunction Levied on Paul Watson and the SSCS
• Operation Zero Tolerance
• Ending the Hunt?
• Conclusion: Are the SSCS Methods Counterproductive?
• Notes
• 13 The Future of International Environmental Law
• Introduction
• The Problem of State Sovereignty
• Supranational Environmental Institutions
• The “Critical Country” Approach
• Shifting from Westphalian Dominance to Participation in the IEL Governance Ecosystem
• A Unified Field Theory?: Integrating Regimes
• A New Generation of Environmental Problems
• Plastic Pollution
• Phytoplankton
• The Arctic Regime
• Environmental Displacement
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Index