Efnisyfirlit

• Introduction and Preface
• Chapter 1 | What Is the International Human Rights System?
• A. Introduction
• B. Historical Antecedents: World War II & the Holocaust
• 1. The Limited Scope of International Law Prior to World War II
• 2. Catalyst for Change: The Atrocities of World War II
• C. Crimes Against Humanity and Evolving Recognition of Human Rights as an Essential Component of International Law
• D. The Complex Nature of “Rights” As a Legal Concept
• 1. The Western Conception of Rights
• 2. A Broader International Perspective on the Nature of Rights
• E. Putting It Together: The Founding Premises of International Human Rights
• F. Review Questions: The Grim Reality — “Never Again” Or “Again and Again”?
• Chapter 2 | Basic Principles of International Law Relevant to Human Rights
• A. Introduction
• B. General Characteristics of the International Legal System
• C. Sources of International Law: Treaties, Customary International Law, and General Principles
• 1. Overview
• 2. Treaties (“Conventional Law”)
• 3. Customary International Law
• 4. Jus Cogens
• D. Review Questions
• Chapter 3 | What Rights Are Humans Entitled to Under International Law?
• A. Introduction & Overview
• B. Treaty-Based Human Rights
• 1. U.N. Charter
• 2. The “International Bill of Rights”
• 3. Post-Covenant Developments: The Evolving Network of Global Human Rights Treaties
• 4. United States’ Ratification of Human Rights Treaties
• C. Customary International Human Rights
• D. Review Questions
• Chapter 4 | International Rights as Domestic Obligations
• A. Introduction & Overview
• 1. Incorporation: Traditional Distinctions between Monism and Dualism
• B. The Critical Role of Incorporation: Domestication of International Norms
• C. Incorporation of Human Rights Obligations into Domestic Legal Orders: The Contrasting European and U.S. Examples
• 1. The Shining European Example
• 2. The Not So Shiny Example: The United States’ Failure to Domesticate International Obligations
• 3. Growing Movement Toward Domestic Implementation by Other Nations?
• 4. The Domestic Legal Status of Customary International Law
• D. Treaties within U.S. Domestic Law: Case Study of Capital Punishment & the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
• 1. Interpretation of the Eighth Amendment and the Execution of Juveniles
• 2. Violations of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
• E. Review Questions
• Chapter 5 | Civil Liability as a Method of Domestic Enforcement of International Human Rights
• A. Introduction & Overview
• 1. Methods of Domestic Enforcement of International Human Rights in the United States Generally
• 2. The “Domestication Gap”: U.S. Failure to Incorporate International Human Rights Obligations
• 3. Caso Quemados
• B. Civil Suits in American Courts for Foreign Human Rights Violations: ATS Litigation Against Foreign Defendants
• 1. The Promise of Filartiga
• 2. Sosa, Kiobel, and Jesner: The Slow Dismantling of Filartiga
• 3. The Aftermath & Alternative Paths to Accountability
• C. Congressionally Authorized Causes of Action: The Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991
• 1. Overview
• 2. Applications of the TVPA & Secondary Liability
• 3. Common Defenses to ATS and TVPA Claims
• 4. Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act
• D. Domestic Enforcement of Human Rights Against U.S. Government Actors
• 1. Overview
• 2. Hawkins v. Comparet-Cassani
• 3. Arguments for Domestic Accountability of U.S. Officials for Actions Overseas
• E. Review Questions
• Chapter 6 | Using Domestic Criminal Prosecutions to Enforce International Human Rights
• A. Introduction and Overview
• B. International Law Limits on Domestic Jurisdiction and the Rise of Universal Jurisdiction
• 1. International Limits on Extraterritorial Extensions of Domestic Law
• 2. The Expanding Use of Universal Jurisdiction
• C. Prosecuting Human Rights Crimes in the United States
• 1. Current U.S. Statutes Criminalizing International Human Rights Violations
• 2. Institutional Framework
• 3. U.S. v. Belfast
• 4. Potential Prosecution of American Actors for Human Rights Violations in the War on Terror
• D. U.S. Immigration-Based Civil and Criminal Actions Against Human Rights Violators
• 1. Civil Removal Proceedings
• 2. Immigration-Related Criminal Prosecutions
• E. The Pinochet Paradigm: Use and Limits of Universal Jurisdiction to Prosecute Foreign-Based Human Rights Crimes Unrelated to the Forum
• 1. Overview
• 2. The Decision: Regina v. Pinochet Ugarte
• 3. The Aftermath: Exportation of the Pinochet Paradigm Outside of Spain
• 4. The Case of Henry Kissinger
• F. Domestic Prosecutions Outside of the United States
• 1. Overview
• 2. Elisabeth Malkin, Former Leader of Guatemala Is Guilty of Genocide against Mayan Group
• G. Review Questions
• Chapter 7 | International Promotion and Enforcement Under the United Nations Charter-Based System
• A. Introduction & Overview
• B. Human Rights in China: The Suppression of Uyghur & Tibetan Minorities
• 1. Generally
• 2. Author Nurmuhemmet Yasin
• 3. Professor Ilham Tohti
• 4. China’s Uighurs: Islamic Extremists or Oppressed Minority?
• C. Principal U.N. Institutions and Their Role in the Protection of Human Rights
• 1. The United Nations Generally
• 2. Principal U.N. Institutions
• D. Charter-Based Institutions and Mechanisms with Dedicated Human Rights Mandates
• 1. Overview & Historical Evolution
• 2. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
• 3. Human Rights Council
• E. Review Questions
• Chapter 8 | International Promotion and Enforcement of Rights Through the U.N. Treaty-Based System
• A. Introduction & Overview
• 1. The Treaties
• 2. The Treaty-Based Mechanisms: General Characteristics
• 3. Distinctions from Charter-Based Mechanisms
• B. Case Study: Human Rights, Free Speech & the Judiciary in Venezuela
• 1. General Conditions
• 2. Some Specific Case Examples: The Petitioners?
• C. How Treaty-Based Processes Function
• 1. Periodic State Reports
• 2. Consideration of Individual Complaints and Communications
• 3. General Comments
• D. Critiquing the U.N. Treaty-Based System
• 1. Is It Really Working to Alter State Behavior?
• 2. Are There Problems with the Premises?
• E. U.N. Humanitarian Work and Human Rights
• F. Review Questions
• Chapter 9 | Regional Systems for the Protection of Human Rights: Examination of the European System
• A. Introduction to Regional Systems of Human Rights Protection
• 1. Overview
• 2. James Wilets, Lessons from Kosovo: Towards a Multiple Track System of Human Rights Protection
• 3. Chart of International and Regional Institutions with Significant Human Rights Mandates
• B. European System for the Protection of Human Rights
• 1. Overview
• 2. Historical Evolution of the CoE “European System”
• 3. Nuts & Bolts: How the ECHR Works
• 4. Enforcement
• 5. Critical Jurisprudence: ECHR Doctrines Relating to Its Legal Authority and Function
• C. The Increasing Role of the European Union (“EU”) as an Enforcer of Human Rights Norms
• 1. Overview: The EU’s Historical Development Culminating in Charter of Fundamental Rights
• 2. Enforcement of the Charter and Relationship to the ECHR
• D. Somewhere Between International Human Rights Law and Domestic Incorporation: The “Federalization of Human Rights Law”
• 1. J. Wilets, The Thin Line between International Law and Federalism: A Comparative Legal and Historical Perspective on US Federalism and European Union Law
• E. OSCE: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe & the “Human Dimension”
• F. Review Questions
• Chapter 10 | Regional Human Rights Systems: The Inter-American and African Systems
• A. Introduction & Overview
• B. Abuse and Exploitation of Children: Street Children, Child Labor & Child Soldiers
• 1. Overview
• 2. Homelessness & “Streetism”
• 3. Child Soldiers and Child Victims of Conflict
• 4. Exploitation of Child Labor
• C. The Inter-American Human Rights System
• 1. The OAS
• 2. Overview of the Inter-American System for Human Rights
• 3. Inter-American Commission
• 4. The Inter-American Court (IACtHR)
• D. Critiquing the Inter-American and Other Regional Systems
• 1. James Cavallaro & Stephanie Erin Brewer, Re-evaluating Regional Human Rights Litigation in the Twenty-First Century: The Case of the Inter-American Court
• E. African System for Human Rights Protection
• 1. Introduction and Overview
• 2. The African Union
• 3. Institutional Framework of the African Human Rights System
• F. Review Questions
• Chapter 11 | International Criminal Law, Humanitarian Law & Human Rights
• A. Introduction & Overview
• B. Historical Antecedents: Nuremberg & Tokyo Trials
• 1. Nuremberg Trials
• 2. The Nuremberg Principles
• 3. Tokyo Trials
• 4. Defining the Crimes: Some Distinctions
• C. Evolution of International Humanitarian Law: The Geneva Conventions
• D. Contemporary International Criminal Processes Involving Humanitarian Law and Human Rights
• 1. Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals
• E. International Criminal Court (ICC)
• 1. Overview
• 2. Statute of ICC
• 3. Institutional Structure and Process
• 4. Situations and Cases under ICC Review
• 5. Evaluating the ICC
• F. Review Questions
• Chapter 12 | Universal Human Rights, Relativism, and the Challenge of Diversity
• A. Introduction & Overview
• B. Global Diversity: Can the Meaning of Rights Be Relative to Cultural, Social, or Religious Circumstances?
• 1. Douglas Donoho, Autonomy, Self-Governance, and the Margin of Appreciation: Developing a Jurisprudence of Diversity within Universal Human Rights
• 2. When Culture Collides with International Human Rights Norms
• 3. The European Court of Human Rights Approach to Diversity in the Interpretation of Rights
• 4. Female Genital Mutilation
• C. Review Questions
• Chapter 13 | Gender Rights as Human Rights
• A. Introduction & Overview
• B. The Circumstances of Women That Necessitate Gender-Based Rights
• 1. The Condition of Women Worldwide
• 2. Education, Marriage, Family Practices: A Question of Culture?
• C. Religious Law & Women’s Rights
• 1. Annie Laurie Gaylor, Nontract #10
• 2. Nicholas D. Kristof, Religion and Women, Opinion
• 3. Sharia Law
• 4. Jewish Rabbinical Law
• D. Cultural Practices (This Is “Culture”?)
• 1. “Honor” Killing
• E. Human Rights Law: Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
• 1. Overview
• 2. Laboni Amena Hoq, The Women’s Convention and Its Optional Protocol, Empowering Women to Claim Their Internationally Protected Rights
• F. Relativism & the Public–Private Distinction: Are Women’s Issues Different from Other Human Rights Issues?
• 1. James D. Wilets, Conceptualizing Private Violence Against Sexual Minorities as Gendered Violence: An International and Comparative Law Perspective
• G. Review Questions
• Chapter 14 | Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
• A. Overview
• B. Treatment of Sexual Minorities Worldwide
• C. Potential International Human Rights Law Protections for Sexual Minorities
• 1. Toonen v. Australia
• D. Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation as Subsets of Gender Rights
• 1. Comments by Professor Wilets
• 2. Wilets, Conceptualizing Private Violence Against Sexual Minorities as Gendered Violence: An International and Comparative Law Perspective
• E. Comparative Law in the Interpretation of the Indian Constitution in the Context of Transgendered Persons
• 1. Comments by Professor Wilets
• 2. In the Supreme Court of India, National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India
• F. Review Questions
• Index