Efnisyfirlit

• Title
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Table of cases
• Table of treaties
• Table of other documents
• Abbreviations
• Part I International legal systems and the development ofhuman rights law
• 1 Introduction
• 1. Human rights of the individual in international law
• 2. Structure of the book
• 3. Themes in international human rights law
• (i) Universalism and regionalism
• (ii) Interdependence of human rights
• (iii) The scope of human rights law – individual and group rights
• (iv) The public/private divide in human rights law
• (v) The sui generis character of international human rights law
• 2 International law and human rights
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nature and definition of international law
• 3. Fundamental characteristics of international law
• 4. Sources of international law
• (i) International conventions
• (ii) International customary law
• (iii) General principles of law
• (iv) Subsidiary sources of international law
• (v) Additional sources of international law
• 5. Jus cogens and human rights law
• 6. Conclusions
• 3 The United Nations system and the modern human rights regime (1945–)
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Limitations of the Charter
• 3. Principal organs of the United Nations
• (i) The General Assembly
• (ii) The Security Council
• (iii) The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
• (a) The Commission on the Status of Women
• (iv) International Court of Justice
• (v) The Trusteeship Council
• (vi) The Secretariat
• 4. The Human Rights Council
• (i) Historical background – the Human Rights Commission and the Sub-Commission
• (ii) Structure and functions of the Human Rights Council
• (a) Mandate and responsibilities
• (b) Status within the UN Framework
• (iii) Universal Periodic Review (UPR) – specific details
• (iv) Complaint procedure
• (a) The Human Rights Commission and Resolutions 1235 and 1503
• (b) The Human Rights Council Complaints Procedure
• (v) Special procedures
• (a) Under the Human Rights Commission
• (b) Under the Human Rights Council
• (vi) Human Rights Council’s Advisory Committee
• (vii) The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
• 5. Conclusions
• Part II The International Bill of Rights
• 4 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Range of rights contained and the rationale for international consensus
• 3. Nature of obligations and relevance for human rights practitioner
• (i) UDHR as an authoritative interpretation of the Charter
• (ii) UDHR as part of customary international law
• (iii) UDHR binding States with its jus cogens character
• 4. Conclusions
• 5 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The International Covenants and the right to self-determination
• 3. General nature of obligations
• (i) Derogations in times of public emergency
• 4. Analysis of substantive rights
• (i) The right to life, prohibition of torture and the issues concerning capital punishment
• (ii) Rights to liberty and security of person, prohibitions of arbitrary detentions and unfair trial
• (iii) Rights to privacy, freedom of expression, conscience, opinion,assembly and association
• (iv) The interaction between principles of equality and non-discrimination with minority rights
• 5. The Human Rights Committee (HRC)
• 6. The reporting procedure
• (i) Reporting guidelines
• 7. General comments
• 8. Inter-State applications
• 9. The Individual Complaints Procedure
• (i) Admissibility requirements under the Optional Protocol
• (a) Who may submit a petition?
• (b) Are actio popularis communications permissible?
• (c) Communications ratione materiae
• (d) Against whom?
• (e) Communications ratione temporis
• (f ) Communications between petitioner and the State complained against
• (ii) Admissibility and procedural requirements connected with the content of the petition
• (a) Effect on admissibility of the existence of international procedures (Article 5(2)(a))
• (b) Effect on admissibility by non-exhaustion of domesticremedies (Article 5(2)(b))
• (iii) Other admissibility requirements
• 10. Conclusions
• 6 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Arguments over the superiority of rights
• 3. General nature of obligations: progressive realisation of rights
• (i) Gender equality
• 4. Self-determination and economic, social and cultural rights
• 5. Analysis of the structure and substantive rights
• (i) The right to work and rights of workers
• (ii) Social security and family rights
• (iii) Adequate standard of living and mental and physical health
• (iv) Right to education
• (a) International human rights law and the right to education
• (v) Cultural rights
• 6. Implementation machinery
• (i) Aims and objectives of State reporting system
• (ii) Procedure
• 7. Innovative procedures
• (i) Optional Protocol to the ICESCR
• 8. Conclusions
• Part III Regional protectionism of human rights
• 7 Europe and human rights (I)
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Council of Europe and protection of civil and political rights
• (i) Rights contained in the Convention
• 3. Analysis of substantive rights
• (i) The right to life and the prohibition of torture or inhuman ordegrading treatment or punishment
• (a) Prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
• (b) Inhuman treatment, degrading treatment or punishment
• (ii) The right to liberty and security
• (iii) The right to fair trial
• (iv) Privacy, family life, home and correspondence
• (a) Freedom of religion
• (b) Freedom of expression, assembly and association
• (c) Non-discrimination issues under the Convention
• 4. Institutional mechanisms and implementation machinery
• 5. Complaints procedure under Protocol 11
• (i) Preliminary procedures
• (ii) Complaints procedure
• (iii) Post-admissibility procedures
• 6. Inter-State applications
• 7. Individual complaints
• (i) Ratione personae
• (ii) Complaints against whom?
• (iii) Requirement of victim
• (iv) Competence ratione materiae
• (v) Competence ratione loci
• (vi) Exhaustion of domestic remedies
• (vii) Six months rule
• (viii) Other restrictions
• 8. Remedies before the Court
• 9. Significant principles emergent from the ECHR
• (i) Reservations: Article 57
• (ii) Derogation in time of emergency: Article 15
• (iii) Margin of appreciation
• 10. Conclusions
• 8 Europe and human rights (II)
• 1. Introduction
• 2. European Social Charter 1961 (revised 1996)
• (i) Rights contained in the revised Charter
• (ii) Implementation mechanism
• (a) Collective complaints procedure
• 3. The European Union
• (i) Institutional structures and protection of human rights
• (ii) European Court of Justice and human rights
• (iii) Human rights and the EU treaties
• (iv) The Charter of Fundamental Rights
• (v) The Role of the Fundamental Rights Agency
• (vi) Critical comments
• 4. The OSCE
• (i) Human rights involvement through visits
• (ii) High Commissioner for National Minorities
• (a) The Office for Democratic Instituitions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
• 5. Conclusions
• 9 The inter-American system for the protection of human rights
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The OAS Charter system and the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
• 3. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
• (i) Background: one commission for the two systems
• (ii) Structure and organisation of the Commission
• (iii) Complaints procedure
• 4. The American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR)
• 5. Analysis of substantive rights
• (i) Right to life, liberty, the prohibition of enforced disappearances and torture
• (ii) Equality and non-discrimination
• (iii) Privacy, religion, thought, expression, assembly and association
• (iv) Specialist rights
• (v) Economic, social and cultural rights
• 6. Procedures under the American Convention on Human Rights
• (i) State reporting
• (ii) Individual complaints procedure
• (iii) Inter-State application
• (iv) Admissibility requirements
• (v) Procedure
• 7. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights
• 8. Forms of jurisdiction
• (i) Contentious jurisdiction
• (ii) Advisory jurisdiction
• 9. Fact-finding missions of the Inter-American Commission
• 10. Conclusions
• 10 The African system for the protection of human rights
• 1. Introduction
• (i) The African Union (AU)
• (ii) The African Union and human rights law
• 2. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and its distinctivefeatures
• (i) Incorporation of three generation of rights
• (ii) Duties of the individual
• (iii) ‘Claw-back’ clauses
• 3. Analysing the substantive rights in the Charter
• (i) Non-discrimination and equality
• (ii) Right to life and prohibitions of torture and slavery
• (iii) Freedom of religion, expression, association and movement
• (iv) Property rights in the Charter
• (v) Economic, social and cultural rights
• (vi) The family as the natural unity and basis of society, rights ofwomen and children
• 4. The meaning of peoples’ rights in African human rights law
• 5. The African Commission
• 6. The African Court of Justice and Human Rights
• 7. Protecting human and peoples’ rights
• (i) State reporting procedure
• (ii) Inter-State procedure
• (iii) Other communications
• (iv) Article 58 communications
• (v) Procedure
• (a) Human rights initiatives focusing on peace-building and security
• (b) Darfur, Sudan (AMIS)
• (c) Somalia
• (d) Elsewhere
• 8. Conclusions
• 11 Additional human rights mechanisms
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Islam and human rights law
• (i) The sources and content of the Sharia
• (ii) Understanding the scope of the Sharia
• (iii) Islamic international human rights law
• (iv) Controversy over women’s rights and rights of religious minorities
• (v) Islamic institutions and approaches towards human rights law
• (vi) The Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
• (a) Institutions of the OIC
• (b) The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
• (c) OIC Covenant on the Rights of the Child in Islam (2004)
• (d) Convention of the OIC on Combating InternationalTerrorism (1999)
• (e) The Role of the OIC and its Member States in the Aftermath of 11 September 2001
• 3. League of Arab States
• (i) Arab Charter of Human Rights
• 4. South-Asia and Human Rights Law
• (i) The South-Asian mosaic and the enormity of problems
• (ii) International and regional institutions and difficulties in protecting and promoting human righ
• (a) East Pakistan
• (b) The Kashmir Conflict
• (iii) Regional Mechanisms for the protection of human rights within South Asia: South Asian Associat
• iv) Institutions of SAARC
• 5. Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• 6. Conclusions
• Part IV Group rights
• 12 Equality and non-discrimination
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Equality and non-discrimination within international law
• 3. Religious discrimination and international law
• 4. Inconsistencies within international standards and difficulties in implementation
• 5. Right to racial equality and non-discrimination in international law
• (i) The International Covenants
• (ii) International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (The Race Con
• (a) Complications in the definition of ‘discrimination’ and the scope of the Convention
• (b) Issues of implementation
• (iii) The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
• (a) Procedure
• (b) Inter-State complaints procedure
• (c) Individual or group communication
• 6. Thematic discussions
• 7. Conclusions
• 13 The rights of minorities
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Definition of minorities
• 3. Analysing the substantive rights of minorities
• (i) The right to life and physical existence
• (ii) The right to religious, cultural and linguistic autonomy
• 4. Modern initiatives in international law
• 5. Regional protection of minority rights: an overview
• 6. Conclusions
• 14 The rights of ‘peoples’ and ‘indigenous peoples’
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Peoples’ right to self-determination
• (i) Form and content of the right to self-determination
• 3. Indigenous peoples in international law: the issue of definition
• 4. Rights of indigenous peoples
• 5. Indigenous peoples and the UN system
• (i) The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
• (ii) Issues arising from the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)
• (a) Continuing the definitional debate
• (b) Land rights
• (c) Right of self-determination
• (d) Cultural rights
• (e) The Right to health
• 6. Other initiatives
• 7. Conclusions
• 15 The rights of women
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Rights of women and the human rights regime
• (i) Women and violence during armed conflict
• 3. Combating discrimination against women and the international human rights movement
• 4. The role of the United Nations
• 5. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
• (i) Issues of discrimination and of de facto equality
• (ii) Modifying social and cultural patterns to eliminate practices based on ideas of inferiority
• (iii) Representation in public life and the issue of nationality
• (iv) Educational, employment and health rights
• (v) Social and economic rights
• (vi) Marriage and family relations
• 6. Reservations and the attempts to find consensus on the provisions of the Convention
• 7. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
• (i) The Optional Protocol
• (ii) General recommendations
• (iii) Procedure
• (iv) Recent initiatives
• 8. Violence against women
• 9. Conclusions
• 16 The rights of the child
• 1. Introduction
• 2. International instruments on the rights of the child
• 3. The Convention on the Rights of the Child
• 4. Analysing the substantive provisions
• (i) Definitional issues and the obligations of States parties tonon-discrimination
• (ii) Best interest of the child
• (iii) Developmental rights of the child
• (iv) Respect for the views of the child
• (v) Freedom of expression, thought, conscience and religion and association and assembly
• (vi) Measures to combat violence, abuse, exploitation and maltreatment of children
• (vii) Children in wars and conflicts
• (viii) Concerns of disability and health
• (ix) Educational rights
• (x) Criminal justice rights
• 5. Implementation of the Convention
• (i) Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
• 6. Innovative features and other initiatives
• (i) Regional initiatives to protect the rights of children
• 7. Conclusions
• 17 Rights of the persons with disabilities
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The United Nations and the rights of the disabled peoples
• (i) The UN effort towards a focused approach to disability
• (ii) The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(CRPD): fundamental principles
• (iii) Equality and non-discrimination
• (iv) Vulnerable communities within disabled persons
• (v) Independence, accessibility and participation in all aspects of life
• (vi) Right to life, security and the prohibition from inhuman and degrading treatment
• (vii) The right to education, health and employment
• (viii) Right to participation in political, public and cultural life,recreation and sport
• (ix) Implementation of the Convention
• (x) The Optional Protocol to CRDP
• (xi) Developments
• (xii) National policies in respect of the Convention
• 3. Regional human rights law and disability
• (i) The European system
• (ii) Organization of American States
• (iii) The African Union
• (iv) Other systems of regional protection
• 4. Conclusions
• 18 Rights of refugees and internally displaced persons
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Establishing a nexus between refugeeism and mass displacement within human rights law
• 3. International law and the protection of refugees
• (i) The Refugee Convention 1951
• (ii) The principle of non-refoulement under the 1951 Convention
• (iii) Obligations upon States parties under the Refugee Convention
• (iv) Defining ‘refugees’ in international law
• (a) Outside the country of origin
• (b) Inability or unwillingness to seek or to take advantage of the protection of country of origin
• (c) Reasons for persecution
• (d) Well-founded fear of persecution
• (v) Loss of refugee status
• 4. Regional approaches to refugees
• (i) Europe
• (ii) Africa
• (iii) The Americas
• (iv) Non-refoulement
• 5. International law and internally displaced persons (IDPs)
• 6. Conclusions
• 19 Rights of migrant workers and their families
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Migrant workers and human rights movement
• 3. The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members o
• (i) Defining migrant workers and members of their families
• (ii) Dichotomy between documented/regular migrant workers and undocumented/irregular migrant workers
• (iii) Criticism and limitations of the substantive provisions of the Convention
• (iv) Women as migrant workers
• (v) Reluctance on the part of States to ratify or to follow principles of the Convention
• (vi) Implementation of the Convention
• (a) Implementation mechanisms
• 4. The role of the International Labour Organization in protecting the rights of migrant workers and
• 5. Regional standards
• (i) The Council of Europe
• (ii) The European Union
• (iii) The Organization of American States (OAS)
• (iv) The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• 6. Conclusions
• Part V Issues arising in international human rights law
• 20 International criminal law and international human rights law
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Definition and characteristics of international criminal law
• 3. The developmental process of ICL
• (i) Cold War politics and the stalemate in efforts to establisha permanent International Criminal Co
• (ii) The ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals
• 4. The International Criminal Court (ICC)
• (i) The role, functions and jurisdictional issues of the ICC
• (ii) ICC’s jurisdiction
• (iii) The rights of the accused individual under investigation and trial
• 5. Categories of international crimes
• (i) War crimes
• (ii) Crimes against humanity
• (iii) Genocide
• (iv) Aggression
• 6. Substantive principle of ICL: individual criminal responsibility,immunities and ‘superior order
• 7. Recent developments at the International Criminal Court
• 8. Mixed International Criminal Tribunals
• 9. Conclusions
• 21 International human rights law and international humanitarian law
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Historic Antecedents
• (i) Religious ordinances on the laws of war
• (ii) Early efforts to develop humanitarian laws
• 3. The content of international humanitarian law
• (i) Application of international humanitarian law
• (ii) Entitlement to take part in the conflict
• (iii) Human rights and the amelioration of the condition of the sick and wounded at the field or at
• (iv) Rights of prisoners of war (POWs)
• (v) Protection of the civilian persons in times of war/armed conflict
• 4. Human Rights and Humanitarian Values in the Conduct of Warfare
• (i) Distinguishing civilian from military targets and the strict focuson achieving military objectiv
• (ii) Prohibition on causing unnecessary suffering
• (iii) The principle of proportionality and protection of civilians
• (iv) IHL, the right of self-determination and national liberation movements
• (v) IHL, non-international armed conflicts and the protection offered under Protocol II
• (vi) Provisions for special protection
• (a) Women
• (b) Children
• (c) The environment
• 5. Enforcing international humanitarian law
• 6. Conclusions
• 22 Torture as a crime in international law and the rights of torture victims
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Convention Against Torture (Torture Convention)
• (i) Provisions contained in the Convention
• (ii) Defining the concept of ‘torture’, ‘cruel’, ‘inhuman’ or ‘degrading treatment’
• (iii) Non-expulsions and the Torture Convention
• (iv) Torture and the issues of sovereign immunity and universal jurisdiction
• 3. The Committee Against Torture (CAT)
• 4. Implementation mechanisms
• (i) Reporting procedures
• (ii) Procedure for the consideration of reports
• (iii) Inter-State procedure
• (iv) Individual complaints procedure
• (v) Investigation on its own initiative (Article 20)
• 5. The UN Special Rapporteur, the question of torture and other initiatives taken by the UN
• (i) The UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman ordegrading treatment or punishmen
• (ii) The United Nations Voluntary Fund
• (iii) Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Trea
• 6. Regional initiatives
• (i) The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture andInhuman and Degrading Treatment or Puni
• (ii) Other regional initiatives
• 7. Conclusions
• 23 International human rights law and enforced disappearances
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Backdrop to the International Convention
• (i) The Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances(1980) (WGEID)
• 3. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
• (i) Analysing the provisions of the Convention
• (ii) Jurisdiction, investigation, extradition, assistance and co-operation between States parties
• (iii) Victims of enforced disappearance and enforced disappearances of children
• (iv) Implementation of the Convention
• (a) State reporting
• (b) Request for urgent action
• (c) Individual complaints procedure
• (d) Inter-State complaints mechanism
• (e) Initiating visits
• (f ) Action upon receiving information which appears to contain well-founded indications that enforc
• 4. Regional instruments on forced disappearances
• 5. Conclusions
• 24 Terrorism as a crime in international law
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The definitional issues
• (i) Recent developments on definitional issues
• (ii) Review of comparative regional perspectives on defining and conceptualising terrorism
• 3. Terrorism and international law – historical developments
• (i) International efforts to formulate legal principles prohibiting all forms of terrorism
• (a) Inter-War years 1919–39
• (b) Post-1945 developments
• (c) Ending of the Cold War and shift in policies
• (d) Dealing with specific terrorist activities
• 4. Acts of terrorism and human rights violations
• 5. International legal developments since 11 September 2001
• (i) The United Nations, international community and the aftermath of 9/11: international human right
• (ii) The ‘War on Terror’ and the repercussions for international human rights law
• 6. Conclusions
• Appendix: Studying and research in the international law of human rights
• Index