Efnisyfirlit

• Half-title
• Reviews
• Title page
• Copyright information
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface to the Ninth Edition
• Table of Cases
• Table of Treaties and Selected Other International Instruments
• List of Abbreviations
• 1 The Nature and Development of International Law
• Law and Politics in the World Community
• The Role of Force
• The International System
• The Function of Politics
• Historical Development
• Early Origins
• The Middle Ages and the Renaissance
• The Founders of Modern International Law
• Positivism and Naturalism
• The Nineteenth Century
• The Twentieth Century and Beyond
• Communist Approaches to International Law
• The ‘Developing Countries’
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 2 International Law Today
• The Expanding Legal Scope of International Concern
• Modern Theories and Interpretations
• Positive Law and Natural Law
• New Approaches
• The Fragmentation of International Law?
• Conclusion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 3 Sources
• Custom
• Introduction
• The Material Fact
• What is State Practice?
• Opinio Juris
• Protest, Acquiescence and Change in Customary Law
• Regional and Local Custom
• Treaties
• General Principles of Law
• Equity and International Law
• Judicial Decisions
• Writers
• Other Possible Sources of International Law
• The International Law Commission
• Other Bodies
• Unilateral Acts
• Hierarchy of Sources and Jus Cogens
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 4 International Law and Municipal Law
• The Theories
• The Role of Municipal Rules in International Law
• International Law before Municipal Courts
• The United Kingdom
• Customary International Law
• Treaties
• The United States
• Other Countries
• (i) Other Common Law and Related Legal Systems
• (ii) Civil Law Systems
• (iii) Conclusion
• Non-Justiciability, Act of State and Related Doctrines
• Executive Certificates
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 5 The Subjects of International Law
• Legal Personality – Introduction
• States
• Creation of Statehood
• Self-Determination and the Criteria of Statehood
• Recognition
• Extinction of Statehood
• The Fundamental Rights of States
• Independence
• Equality
• Peaceful Co-Existence
• Protectorates and Protected States
• Federal States
• Sui Generis Territorial Entities
• Mandated and Trust Territories
• Germany 1945
• Condominium
• International Administration of Territories
• Taiwan
• The ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ (TRNC)
• The Saharan Arab Democratic Republic
• Kosovo
• Palestine
• Various Secessionist Claimants
• Associations of States
• Conclusions
• Special Cases
• The Sovereign Order of Malta
• The Holy See and the Vatican City
• Insurgents and Belligerents
• International Public Companies
• Transnational Corporations
• The Right of All Peoples to Self-Determination
• The Establishment of the Legal Right
• The Definition of Self-Determination
• Individuals
• International Organisations
• The Acquisition, Nature and Consequences of Legal Personality – Some Conclusions
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 6 The International Protection of Human Rights
• The Nature of Human Rights
• The Development of International Human Rights Law
• Some Basic Principles
• Domestic Jurisdiction
• The Rule on the Exhaustion of Domestic (or Local) Remedies
• Priorities of Rights
• The COVID-19 Crisis
• Customary International Law and Human Rights
• The UN System – General
• The Protection of the Collective Rights of Groups and Individuals
• Prohibition of Discrimination
• The Principle of Self-Determination as a Human Right
• The Protection of Minorities
• The UN System – Implementation
• Political Bodies
• Expert Bodies Established by UN Organs
• The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
• Expert Bodies Established under Particular Treaties
• The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
• The Human Rights Committee
• The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
• The Committee against Torture
• The Committee on the Rights of the Child
• The Committee on the Protection of Migrant Workers
• The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
• The Committee on Enforced Disappearances
• Conclusions
• The Regional Protection of Human Rights
• Europe
• The European Convention on Human Rights
• The Convention System
• The European Social Charter
• The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishm
• The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
• The European Union
• The OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe)
• The CIS Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
• The Inter-American Convention on Human Rights
• The Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 7 Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law
• International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
• The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
• The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
• The Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals
• The International Criminal Court (ICC)
• Hybrid Courts and Other Internationalised Domestic Courts and Tribunals
• The Special Court for Sierra Leone
• Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
• Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office
• East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes
• The Bosnia War Crimes Chamber
• The Special Tribunal for Lebanon
• The Iraqi High Tribunal
• The Serbian War Crimes Departments
• International Crimes
• Genocide
• Prohibition of Genocide
• War Crimes
• Crimes against Humanity
• Aggression
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 8 Recognition
• Recognition of States
• Recognition of Governments
• De Facto and de Jure Recognition
• Premature Recognition
• Implied Recognition
• Conditional Recognition
• Collective Recognition
• Withdrawal of Recognition
• Non-Recognition
• The Legal Effects of Recognition
• Internationally
• Internally
• The United Kingdom
• The United States
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 9 Territory
• The Concept of Territory in International Law
• Territorial Sovereignty
• The Acquisition of Additional Territory
• Boundary Treaties and Boundary Awards
• Accretion
• Cession
• Conquest and the Use of Force
• The Exercise of Effective Control
• Intertemporal Law
• Critical Date
• Sovereign Activities (Effectivités)
• The Role of Subsequent Conduct: Recognition, Acquiescence and Estoppel
• Conclusions
• Territorial Integrity, Self-Determination and Sundry Claims
• The Doctrine of Uti Possidetis
• Beyond Uti Possidetis
• International Boundary Rivers
• ‘The Common Heritage of Mankind’
• The Polar Regions
• Leases and Servitudes
• The Law of Outer Space
• The Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space
• The Legal Regime of Outer Space
• Military Uses of Outer Space
• The Question of Responsibility
• Assistance
• The Moon Treaty
• The Future
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 10 The Law of the Sea
• The Territorial Sea
• Internal Waters
• Baselines
• Bays
• Islands
• Archipelagic States
• The Width of the Territorial Sea
• The Juridical Nature of the Territorial Sea
• The Right of Innocent Passage
• Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships
• International Straits
• The Contiguous Zone
• The Exclusive Economic Zone
• The Continental Shelf
• Definition
• The Rights and Duties of the Coastal State
• Maritime Delimitation
• Conclusion
• Landlocked States
• The High Seas
• Jurisdiction on the High Seas
• Exceptions to the Exclusivity of Flag-State Jurisdiction
• Right of Visit
• Piracy
• The Slave Trade
• Unauthorised Broadcasting
• Hot Pursuit
• Collisions
• Treaty Rights and Agreements
• Pollution
• Straddling Stocks
• The International Seabed
• Introduction
• The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (Part XI)
• The Reciprocating States Regime
• The 1994 Agreement on Implementation of the Seabed Provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Se
• The International Seabed Authority
• Settlement of Disputes
• The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 11 Jurisdiction
• The Principle of Domestic Jurisdiction
• Legislative, Executive and Judicial Jurisdiction
• Civil Jurisdiction
• Criminal Jurisdiction
• The Territorial Principle
• The Nationality Principle
• The Passive Personality Principle
• The Protective Principle
• The Universality Principle
• War Crimes, Crimes against Peace and Crimes against Humanity
• Treaties Providing for Jurisdiction
• Illegal Apprehension of Suspects and the Exercise of Jurisdiction
• The US Alien Tort Statute
• Extradition
• Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 12 Immunities from Jurisdiction
• Sovereign Immunity
• The Absolute Immunity Approach
• The Restrictive Approach
• Sovereign and Non-Sovereign Acts
• State Immunity and Violations of Human Rights
• Commercial Acts
• Contracts of Employment
• Other Non-Immunity Areas
• The Personality Issue – Instrumentalities and Parts of the State
• The Personality Issue – Immunity for Senior Government Figures
• Waiver of Immunity
• Pre-Judgment Attachment
• Immunity from Execution
• The Burden and Standard of Proof
• Diplomatic Law
• The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961
• The Inviolability of the Premises of the Mission
• The Diplomatic Bag
• Diplomatic Immunities – Property
• Diplomatic Immunities – Personal
• Waiver of Immunity
• Consular Privileges and Immunities: The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963
• The Convention on Special Missions 1969
• The Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organiza
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 13 State Responsibility
• The Nature of State Responsibility
• The Question of Fault
• Attribution
• Ultra vires acts
• State Control and Responsibility
• Mob Violence, Insurrections and Civil Wars
• Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
• Invocation of State Responsibility
• The Consequences of Internationally Wrongful Acts
• Cessation
• Reparation
• Serious Breaches of Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens)
• Diplomatic Protection and Nationality of Claims
• The Exhaustion of Local Remedies
• The Treatment of Aliens
• The Relevant Standard of Treatment
• The Protection of Foreign Property and Investments
• The Property Question
• The Nature of Expropriation
• Public Purposes
• Non-Discrimination
• Compensation
• Bilateral Investment Treaties
• The Intra-EU BIT Agreement
• Lump-Sum Agreements
• The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
• The Responsibility of States for Cyber Activities
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 14 International Environmental Law
• State Responsibility and the Environment
• The Basic Duty of States
• The Appropriate Standard
• Damage Caused
• Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities
• International Cooperation – Relevant Principles
• Use of Territory
• Environmental Impact Assessments
• The Precautionary Principle
• Sustainable Development
• The Polluter Pays
• Atmospheric Pollution
• Climate Change
• Outer Space
• International Watercourses
• Ultra-Hazardous Activities
• Nuclear Activities
• The Provision of Information
• The Provision of Assistance
• Nuclear Safety
• Civil Liability
• Hazardous Wastes
• Marine Pollution
• Pollution from Ships
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 15 The Law of Treaties
• The Making of Treaties
• Formalities
• Consent
• Consent by Signature
• Consent by Exchange of Instruments
• Consent by Ratification
• Consent by Accession
• Reservations to Treaties
• Entry into Force of Treaties
• The Application of Treaties
• Third States
• The Amendment and Modification of Treaties
• Treaty Interpretation
• Invalidity, Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties
• General Provisions
• Invalidity of Treaties
• Municipal Law
• Error
• Fraud and Corruption
• Coercion
• Jus Cogens
• Consequences of Invalidity
• The Termination of Treaties
• Termination by Treaty Provision or Consent
• Material Breach
• Supervening Impossibility of Performance
• Fundamental Change of Circumstances
• Dispute Settlement
• Treaties between States and International Organisations
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 16 State Succession
• Continuity and Succession
• Succession to Treaties
• Categories of Treaties: Territorial, Political and Other Treaties
• Succession to Treaties Generally
• Absorption and Merger
• Cession of Territory from One State to Another
• Separation from an Existing State to Form a New State or States
• ‘Newly Independent States’
• Dissolution of States
• International Human Rights Treaties
• Succession with Respect to Matters Other Than Treaties
• Membership of International Organisations
• Succession to Assets and Debts
• State Property
• State Archives
• Public Debt
• Private Rights
• State Succession and Nationality
• State Succession and Responsibility
• Coda: Hong Kong
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 17 The Settlement of Disputes by Peaceful Means
• Diplomatic Methods of Dispute Settlement
• Negotiation
• Good Offices and Mediation
• Inquiry
• Conciliation
• International Institutions and Dispute Settlement
• Regional Organisations
• The African Union (Formerly the Organisation of African Unity)
• The Organization of American States
• The Arab League
• Europe
• Specialised Agencies
• The Settlement of International Economic Disputes
• Binding Methods of Inter-State Dispute Settlement
• Arbitration
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 18 The International Court of Justice
• The Organisation of the Court
• The Jurisdiction of the Court
• General
• The Nature of a Legal Dispute
• Contentious Jurisdiction
• Article 36(1)
• Article 36(2)
• Sources of Law, Propriety and Legal Interest
• Evidence
• Provisional Measures
• Joinder of Cases
• Counter-Claims
• Third-Party Intervention
• Remedies
• Enforcement
• Application for Interpretation of a Judgment
• Application for Revision of a Judgment
• Examination of a Situation after the Judgment
• The Advisory Jurisdiction of the Court
• The Role of the Court
• Proliferation of Courts and Tribunals
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 19 International Law and the Use of Force by States
• Law and Force from the ‘Just War’ to the United Nations
• The UN Charter
• ‘Force’
• ‘Against the Territorial Integrity or Political Independence of Any State’
• Categories of Compulsion
• Retorsion
• Reprisals
• The Right of Self-Defence
• The Protection of Nationals Abroad
• Conclusions
• Collective Self-Defence
• Intervention
• Civil Wars
• Aid to the Authorities of a State
• Aid to Rebels
• Humanitarian Intervention
• Terrorism and International Law
• Cyber Warfare and International Law: Part I The Use of Force
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 20 International Humanitarian Law
• Development
• The Scope of Protection under International Humanitarian Law
• The Wounded and Sick
• Prisoners of War
• Protection of Civilians and Occupation
• International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law
• The Conduct of Hostilities
• Armed Conflicts: International and Internal
• Non-International Armed Conflict
• Cyber Warfare and International Law: Part II The Conduct of Hostilities
• Enforcement of Humanitarian Law
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 21 The United Nations
• The UN System
• The Security Council
• The General Assembly
• Other Principal Organs
• The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
• The League of Nations
• The UN System
• The Security Council
• The General Assembly
• The Secretary-General
• Peacekeeping and Observer Missions
• Conclusion
• The Collective Security System
• The Security Council
• Determination of the Situation
• Chapter VII Measures
• Measures Not Involving the Use of Force
• Targeted Sanctions and Human Rights
• Measures Involving the Use of Force
• Implied Authorisation
• Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention by the United Nations
• The Use of Force in Non-Enforcement Situations
• Former Yugoslavia
• Somalia
• The Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Sudan
• The Range of UN Actions from Humanitarian Assistance to Enforcement – Conclusions
• The Security Council, International Law and the International Court of Justice
• The Role of the General Assembly
• The UN and Regional Arrangements and Agencies
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• 22 International Organisations
• Introduction
• Some Legal Aspects of International Organisations
• Personality
• The Constituent Instruments
• The Powers of International Organisations
• The Applicable Law
• The Responsibility of International Organisations
• Liability of Member States
• The Accountability of International Organisations
• Privileges and Immunities
• Withdrawal
• Dissolution
• Succession
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• Index