Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Note on maps and measurements
• Abbreviations
• Introduction
• 1 Territory
• 1 Hans Island
• 2 Svalbard
• 3 Greenland
• 4 Sverdrup Islands
• 5 Summary
• 2 Maritime boundaries
• 1 1973 Canada–Denmark Boundary Treaty
• 2 1990 Bering Sea Treaty
• 3 Maritime boundaries around Jan Mayen
• 4 2006 Greenland–Svalbard Boundary Treaty
• 5 2010 Barents Sea Boundary Treaty
• 6 Lincoln Sea boundary
• 7 Summary
• 3 Beaufort Sea boundary
• 1 Background
• 2 Resolution efforts
• 3 Canada’s legal position
• 4 United States’ legal position
• 5 Law of maritime boundary delimitation within 200 nautical miles
• 6 Law of maritime boundary delimitation beyond 200 nautical miles
• 7 Potential negotiating positions
• 7.1 Unilateral recognition of the other state’s position
• 7.2 Coastal length
• 7.3 Relevance of islands
• 7.4 Concavity of the coastline
• 7.5 Canada’s position beyond the EEZ
• 7.6 Inuvialuit Final Agreement: a complicating factor
• 7.7 United States’ position beyond the EEZ
• 8 Options for United States–Canada cooperation
• 8.1 Canada makes a preliminary or partial submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continen
• 8.2 United States sends a “no objection statement” to the Commission on the Limits of the Contin
• 8.3 Canada and United States maximize combined EEZ rights with a “special area”
• 8.4 Multifunctional delimitation
• 8.5 Provision of economic access rights
• 8.6 Joint development arrangement
• 9 Russia–Canada maritime boundary in the Beaufort Sea?
• 10 Summary
• 4 Extended continental shelves
• 1 Continental shelf regime
• 2 Seafloor highs
• 2.1 Oceanic ridges
• 2.2 Submarine ridges and submarine elevations
• 3 Geomorphological and geological characteristics of the central Arctic Ocean
• 3.1 Lomonosov Ridge
• 3.2 Alpha/Mendeleev Ridge
• 3.3 Submissions, responses, and diplomacy
• 4 Options for submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
• 4.1 Full submission without coordination with other states
• 4.2 Exclude any disputed or potentially disputed area from the submission
• 4.3 Agree not to object to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf considering data
• 4.4 Coordinated submissions
• 4.5 Joint submission
• 5 Negotiating temporary lines or permanent boundaries before submitting
• 5.1 Negotiate temporary lines in advance of Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf submis
• 5.2 Negotiate permanent boundaries in advance of Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf s
• 6 Options for maritime boundary delimitation
• 6.1 Delimitation of seafloor highs
• 6.2 Delimiting ridges with sector or distance formulae
• 6.3 Canada–Denmark boundary along the Lomonosov Ridge
• 6.4 Third-party dispute resolution
• 7 Non-Arctic states and Arctic continental shelves
• 8 Summary
• 5 Arctic Straits
• 1 Northwest Passage
• 1.1 Voyage of the SS Manhattan
• 1.2 Voyage of the USCGC Polar Sea
• 1.3 European Union and China
• 1.4 1988 Arctic Cooperation Agreement
• 1.5 Concerns about a precedent
• 2 Northern Sea Route
• 2.1 Vil’Kitskii incidents
• 2.2 Opening of the Northern Sea Route
• 3 Assessment of Canada’s and Russia’s legal positions
• 4 Canada–Russia cooperation
• 5 Canada–United States cooperation
• 6 Bering Strait
• 7 Unimak Pass
• 8 Nares Strait
• 9 Multilateral mechanisms available to “strait states”
• 10 Submarine voyages
• 11 Summary
• 6 Environmental protection
• 1 Species protection
• 1.1 Northern fur seals
• 1.2 Polar bears
• 1.3 Whales
• 2 Fisheries
• 2.1 Bering Sea “donut hole”
• 2.2 Arctic Ocean Fisheries Organization
• 3 Shipping
• 3.1 Ship safety
• 3.2 Ballast water
• 4 Nuclear accidents
• 5 Deep-sea mining
• 6 Air-borne pollution
• 6.1 Persistent organic pollutants
• 6.2 Arctic haze
• 6.3 Black carbon
• 7 Oil spills
• 7.1 United States
• 7.2 Canada
• 7.3 Norway
• 7.4 Greenland
• 7.5 Russia
• 7.6 Liability for oil spills
• 7.7 Agreement on oil spill preparedness and response
• 8 Ecosystem-based management
• 9 Summary
• 7 Indigenous peoples
• 1 Political participation and self-determination
• 2 Indigenous rights and state claims
• 3 Indigenous transnationalism and international law-making
• 4 Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Sovereignty
• 5 Does sovereignty “begin at home”?
• 6 Seal product exports
• 7 Indigenous peoples and human rights
• 8 Indigenous peoples and whaling
• 9 Indigenous peoples and nuclear weapons
• 10 Summary
• 8 Security
• 1 De-escalating the Pole
• 2 China
• 3 Arctic nuclear-weapon-free zones
• 4 Non-state actors
• 4.1 Drug-smuggling
• 4.2 Illegal immigration
• 4.3 Trafficking of weapons of mass destruction
• 4.4 Terrorist attacks on aircraft
• 4.5 Protests against oil and gas infrastructure
• 5 Search and rescue
• 6 Summary
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Index