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• Cover
• Half-Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Reviewers
• About the Editors
• PART I Concepts and Adoption Challenges
• 1 Introduction to the Internet of Things
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Definition of IoT
• 1.3 Proposed Architectures and Reference Models
• 1.3.1 IoT-A
• 1.3.2 IoT RA
• 1.3.3 IEEE P2413
• 1.3.4 Industrial Reference Architectures
• 1.3.5 Other Reference Models and Architectures for IoT
• 1.3.5.1 Cisco Reference Model
• 1.3.5.2 Reference IoT Layered Architecture
• 1.4 Enabling Technologies
• 1.4.1 Identification and Discovery
• 1.4.2 Communication Patterns and Protocols
• 1.4.3 Devices and Test Beds
• 1.5 Application Areas: An Overview
• 1.5.1 Smart Cities
• 1.5.2 Healthcare
• 1.5.3 Smart Homes and Smart Buildings
• 1.5.4 Mobility and Transportation
• 1.5.5 Energy
• 1.5.6 Smart Manufacturing
• 1.5.7 Smart Agriculture
• 1.5.8 Environment/Smart Planet
• 1.6 Challenges
• 1.6.1 Interoperability
• 1.6.2 Openness
• 1.6.3 Security, Privacy, and Trust
• 1.6.4 Scalability
• 1.6.5 Failure Handling
• 1.7 Conclusion
• 2 Organizational Implementation and Management Challenges in the Internet of Things
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 IoT in Organizations
• 2.3 Managing IoT Systems
• 2.3.1 Interoperability
• 2.3.2 Standards
• 2.3.3 Privacy
• 2.3.4 Security
• 2.3.5 Trust
• 2.3.6 Data Management
• 2.3.7 Legislation and Governance
• 2.4 Building the Blocks into the IoT
• 2.5 Conclusion
• PART II Technological Advances and Implementation Considerations
• 3 Cooperative Networking Techniques in the IoT Age
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Cooperative Approaches to Cellular Systems
• 3.2.1 Cooperative Approaches in 4G Networks
• 3.2.2 Cooperative Approaches in 5G Networks
• 3.2.3 Device-to-Device Communications
• 3.3 Cooperative Approaches to WLANs and WSNs
• 3.3.1 Cooperative Communications in WLANs
• 3.3.2 Cooperative Communications in WSNs
• 3.3.3 Crowd-Sourcing Systems
• 3.4 Cooperative Approaches to VANETs
• 3.5 Cooperative Approaches to Wireless Networks with Energy Harvesting Capabilities
• 3.6 Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• 4 Exploring Methods of Authentication for the Internet of Things
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Authentication Taxonomy
• 4.3 Shared Secrets
• 4.4 One-Time Password
• 4.4.1 Time-Based One-Time Password
• 4.4.2 Challenge–Response-Based OTP
• 4.4.3 Out-of-Band Transmission-Based OTP
• 4.4.4 Lockstep-Based OTP
• 4.5 Tokens
• 4.5.1 Software Tokens
• 4.5.1.1 SSL or Certificate Exchange
• 4.5.1.2 Key Exchange
• 4.5.1.3 Third Party
• 4.5.2 Hardware Tokens
• 4.5.2.1 Connected Tokens
• 4.5.2.2 Contactless Tokens
• 4.5.2.3 Disconnected Tokens
• 4.6 Intrinsic Authentication
• 4.6.1 Human Properties
• 4.6.2 Silicon Properties
• 4.7 Behavioral
• 4.7.1 Localization and Metadata
• 4.8 Next-Generation Authentication Techniques
• 4.8.1 Fast IDentity Online
• 4.8.2 CryptoPhoto
• 4.8.3 Blockchain
• 4.9 Conclusions
• 5 Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Ambient Energy Harvesting in the Internet of Things
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Current Techniques for Energy-Efficient IoT
• 5.2.1 IoT Routing Protocols for Low Energy Consumption
• 5.2.2 Energy-Efficient Scheduling among IoT Devices
• 5.2.3 Minimum Energy Consumption Chain-Based Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
• 5.2.4 Energy-Conserving Solutions for Area-Specific IoT
• 5.2.4.1 Energy-Conserving Solutions for WWAN-Based IoT
• 5.2.4.2 Energy-Conserving Solutions for WLAN-Based IoT
• 5.2.4.3 Energy-Conserving Solutions for WPAN-Based IoT
• 5.3 Ambient Energy Harvesting for IoT
• 5.4 Routing Challenges for IoT Powered by Ambient Energy
• 5.5 Open Research Issues for Energy-Efficient IoT
• 5.6 Conclusions
• 6 IoT Hardware Development Platforms
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 IoT Hardware Development Platforms
• 6.3 Related Work
• 6.4 IoT Hardware Development Platforms in the Past 9 Years
• 6.4.1 Processing and Memory and Storage Capabilities of IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.4.1.1 Processing Power of IoT Hardware Development Boards
• 6.4.1.2 Memory and Storage Capacity of IoT Hardware Development Boards
• 6.4.2 Connectivity and Communication Interfaces of IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.4.2.1 Connectivity and I/O Interfaces of Microcontroller-Based Hardware Development Boards
• 6.4.2.2 Connectivity and I/O Interfaces of Single-Board Computers
• 6.4.3 OS Support for IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.4.3.1 OS Support for Arduino Microcontroller-Based Hardware Development Boards
• 6.4.3.2 OS Support for Single-Board Computers
• 6.4.4 Battery Life of IoT Development Boards
• 6.4.4.1 Battery Life of Arduino Microcontroller-Based Hardware Development Boards
• 6.4.4.2 Battery Life of Single-Board Computers
• 6.4.5 Size and Cost of IoT Development Boards
• 6.4.5.1 Size and Cost of Arduino Microcontroller-Based Hardware Development Boards
• 6.4.5.2 Size and Cost of Single-Board Computers
• 6.4.6 Security Features of IoT Hardware Development Platforms
• 6.4.6.1 Security Features of Arduino Microcontroller-Based Hardware Development Boards
• 6.4.6.2 Security Features of Single-Board Computers
• 6.5 Current IoT Hardware Development Platforms
• 6.5.1 Processing and Memory and Storage Power of Current IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.5.1.1 Processing Power of Current IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.5.1.2 Memory and Storage Capacity of Current IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.5.2 Connectivity and Input/Output Ports of Current IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.5.2.1 Connectivity and I/O Interfaces of Current Microcontroller Boards
• 6.5.2.2 Connectivity and I/O Interfaces of Current Single-Board Computers
• 6.5.3 OS Support for Current IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.5.3.1 OS Support for Current Microcontroller-Based Boards
• 6.5.3.2 OS Support for Current Single-Board Computers
• 6.5.4 Battery Life of Present-Day IoT Hardware Development Boards
• 6.5.4.1 Battery Life of Current Microcontroller-Based IoT Hardware Development Boards
• 6.5.4.2 Battery Life of Current Single-Board Computers
• 6.5.5 Size and Cost of Current IoT Development Boards
• 6.5.5.1 Size and Cost of Current Microcontroller-Based Development Boards
• 6.5.5.2 Size and Cost of Current Single-Board Computers
• 6.5.6 Security Features of the Present IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.5.6.1 Security Features of Current Microcontroller-Based Boards
• 6.5.6.2 Security Features of Current Single-Board Computers
• 6.6 IoT Hardware Development Platforms in the Next 5 Years
• 6.6.1 Processing and Memory and Storage Capacity of Future IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.6.1.1 Processing Power of Future IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.6.1.2 Memory and Storage Capacity of Future IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.6.2 Connectivity and Communication Interfaces of Future IoT Hardware Development Boards
• 6.6.2.1 Connectivity of Future IoT Hardware Development Platforms
• 6.6.2.2 Communication Interfaces of Future IoT Development Platforms
• 6.6.3 OS Support for Future IoT Development Boards
• 6.6.4 Battery Life of Future IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.6.5 Size and Cost of Future IoT Development Boards
• 6.6.6 Security Features of Future IoT Hardware Platforms
• 6.7 Timeline of Evolution of the IoT Hardware Development Platforms
• 6.8 Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• 7 IoT System Development Methods
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Background
• 7.2.1 System Development Methods
• 7.2.2 IoT System Building Blocks
• 7.3 Iot SDMs in the Literature
• 7.3.1 Ignite|IoT Methodology
• 7.3.2 IoT Methodology
• 7.3.3 IoT Application Development
• 7.3.4 ELDAMeth
• 7.3.5 Software Product Line Process to Develop Agents for the IoT
• 7.3.6 General Software Engineering Methodology for IoT
• 7.4 Evaluation of IoT SDMs
• 7.4.1 Method Artifacts
• 7.4.2 Process Steps
• 7.4.3 Support for Life Cycle Activities
• 7.4.4 Coverage of IoT System Elements
• 7.4.5 Design Viewpoints
• 7.4.6 Stakeholder Concern Coverage
• 7.4.7 Metrics
• 7.4.8 Addressed Discipline
• 7.4.9 Scope
• 7.4.10 Process Paradigm
• 7.4.11 Rigidity of the Method
• 7.4.12 Maturity of the Method
• 7.4.13 Documentation of the Method
• 7.4.14 Tool Support
• 7.5 Conclusion
• 8 Design Considerations for Wireless Power Delivery Using RFID
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 RFID Principles
• 8.2.1 Inductive Coupling RFID
• 8.2.2 Backscatter RFID
• 8.3 Wireless Power Transfer through Inductive Coupling RFID
• 8.3.1 General System Architecture
• 8.3.2 Wireless Power Transfer Link Design
• 8.3.2.1 Coil Antenna
• 8.3.2.2 Link Transfer Efficiency
• 8.3.2.3 Spatial Freedom
• 8.3.2.4 Multiobjective Link Considerations
• 8.4 RFID Radio-Frequency Energy Harvesting
• 8.4.1 General System Architecture
• 8.4.2 Design Considerations
• 8.4.2.1 RFID Rectenna Design
• 8.5 Conclusion
• PART III Issues and Novel Solutions
• 9 Overcoming Interoperability Barriers in IoT by Utilizing a Use Case–Based Protocol Selection Framework
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Interoperability Constraints
• 9.3 Assessment of IoT-Relevant Protocols based on Open System Interconnection Topology
• 9.3.1 Link Layer Protocols
• 9.3.2 Network Layer Protocols
• 9.3.3 Transport Layer Protocols
• 9.3.4 Application Layer Protocols
• 9.4 Use Case–based Protocol Selection Framework
• 9.4.1 Use Case 1: Low-Cost IoT Application with Low-Power Device Landscape
• 9.4.2 Use Case 2: Web-Based IoT Application with Negligible Power Constraints in Landscape
• 9.4.3 Use Case 3 : IoT Application Requiring Real-Time Data and Multicast Abilities from Devices
• 9.4.4 Use Case 4 : IoT Application For a High-Latency and Bandwidth-Constrained Device Landscape
• 9.4.5 Use Case 5 : Messaging-Oriented IoT Applications for Minimal Resource-Constrained Iot Landscape
• 9.4.6 Use Case 6 : IoT Application with Large Data Volumes and Open and Interoperability Requirements
• 9.4.7 Use Case 7 : IoT Application with Java-Based Language and Platform Constraints
• 9.4.8 Use Case 8 : IoT Application for Low-Power-Constrained Landscape with Long-Range Connectivity Requirement
• 9.5 Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• 10 Enabling Cloud-Centric IoT with Publish/Subscribe Systems
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 A Publish/Subscribe Architecture for Cloud-Connected Things
• 10.2.1 Cloud-Based IoT Architecture
• 10.2.2 Publish/Subscribe in IoT Platforms
• 10.3 Discovery Using Metadata and Aggregates
• 10.3.1 Sensor Advertisements with Metadata
• 10.3.2 Using Sensor Aggregates as Describing Metadata
• 10.3.3 Sensor Search Based on Metadata and Aggregates
• 10.4 Exposing Application Requirements to Optimize Network Parameters
• 10.4.1 Capturing Application Requirements
• 10.4.2 Distributing Requirements over Publish/Subscribe Networks
• 10.4.3 Adaptation of Network Parameters Based on Requirements
• 10.5 Conclusions
• 11 The Emergence of Edge-Centric Distributed IoT Analytics Platforms
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Role of Analytics in IoT Systems
• 11.2.1 Descriptive Analytics
• 11.2.2 Predictive Analytics
• 11.2.3 Prescriptive Analytics
• 11.2.4 Preventive Analytics
• 11.3 Toward Device-Centric IoT Systems
• 11.3.1 Device-Centric Immobile IoT Systems
• 11.3.2 Device-Centric Mobile IoT Systems
• 11.4 A Speculated Multilayer Application Architecture
• 11.4.1 Tier 1: Data Stream Layer
• 11.4.2 Tier 2: Data Acquisition and Adaptation Layer
• 11.4.3 Tier 3: Data Preprocessing, Fusion, and Data Management Layer
• 11.4.4 Tier 4: Data Analytics and Knowledge Integration Layer
• 11.4.5 Tier 5: Security and Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing Layer
• 11.4.6 Tier 6: Actuation and Application Layer
• 11.4.7 Tier 7: System Management
• 11.5 Journey Toward Device-Centric Multilayer Architecture
• 11.5.1 MOSDEN Architecture
• 11.5.1.1 Achievements of MOSDEN in Connection with Speculated Architecture
• 11.5.2 CARDAP Architecture
• 11.5.2.1 Achievements of CARDAP in Connection with Speculated Architecture
• 11.5.3 UniMiner Architecture
• 11.6 Conclusion
• PART IV IoT in Critical Application Domains
• 12 The Internet of Things in Electric Distribution Networks
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Current Control and Communication Provision in DNOs
• 12.3 AuRA-NMS-Based Electric IoT Architecture
• 12.3.1 Conceptual Architecture
• 12.3.2 IoT Framework for Distributed Control in AuRA-NMS
• 12.3.2.1 Unification of System Information and Standards
• 12.3.2.2 Distributed Intelligence and Function Integration
• 12.3.2.3 Open ICT Paradigm Living with Legacy System
• 12.4 Communication Standards, Protocols, and Requirements of Electric IoT
• 12.4.1 Communication Standards, Protocols, and Technologies
• 12.4.2 Communication Infrastructure Requirements
• 12.4.2.1 Timely Data Delivery and Differentiation
• 12.4.2.2 Data Availability, Robustness, and Redundancy
• 12.4.2.3 Flexibility, Scalability, and Interoperability
• 12.4.2.4 Communication Security
• 12.5 Case Studies
• 12.5.1 Case Study: 33 kV Meshed Networks
• 12.5.2 Case Study: 11 kV Radial Networks
• 12.6 Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• 13 Satellite-Based Internet of Things Infrastructure for Management of Large-Scale Electric Distribution Networks
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Distributed Control Approach for Smart Distribution Grid
• 13.3 LEO Network Characteristics and Modeling
• 13.3.1 LEO Constellation Characteristics
• 13.3.2 LEO Network Model
• 13.4.1 Data Traffic Modeling
• 13.4.2 Numerical Results
• 13.4.2.1 Normal Operational Condition
• 13.4.2.2 Anomalous and Emergent Operational Condition
• 13.5 Conclusions
• 14 IoT-Enabled Smart Gas and Water GridsFrom Communication Protocols to Data Analysis
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Background
• 14.2.1 Smart City Context
• 14.2.2 Role of IoT as a Smart City Enabler
• 14.2.3 Smart Grids
• 14.3 Enabling Technologies: Communications
• 14.3.1 Communication Technologies for Capillary Networks in Smart Grids
• 14.3.1.1 Wireless Metering Bus
• 14.3.1.2 Unlicensed Low-Power Wide Area Networking
• 14.3.1.3 IEEE 802.11ah
• 14.3.2 Open Issues
• 14.3.2.1 Propagation Models for Coverage Estimation and Network Planning in Smart Metering Scenarios: Electromagnetic Issues
• 14.3.2.2 Power Consumption and Management in Capillary Network Devices
• 14.4 Machine Learning for Smart Gas and Water Grids
• 14.4.1 Load Forecasting
• 14.4.2 Leakage Detection
• 14.5 Future Perspectives: Cellular IoT
• 14.6 Conclusion
• Acknowledgment
• 15 The Internet of Things and e-Health
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 e-Health System Monitoring Architecture
• 15.3 Medical Sensors in RPM
• 15.4 RPM: Application Scenarios
• 15.4.1 Clinical Applications: RPM in the Field
• 15.4.2 Industrial Platforms in Support of RPM
• 15.5 RPM Enabling Technologies
• 15.5.1 Wireless Body Area Network for RPM
• 15.5.2 Cloud Computing: An Enabling Technology for RPM
• 15.5.2.1 Cloud Deployment Models for Healthcare
• 15.5.2.2 Healthcare Framework as a Service
• 15.6 Security and Privacy in Remote Health Applications
• 15.7 Issues Facing RPM Penetration
• 15.8 Conclusions
• 16 Security Considerations for IoT Support of e-Health Applications
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Iot Security Challenges in e/m-Health Applications
• 16.3 Iot Regulatory (And Security) Requirements In e/m-Health Applications
• 16.4 Iot Architectures for E/M-Health Security
• 16.5 (Layer-Oriented) Iotsec Mechanisms
• 16.5.1 Overall (All Layers)
• 16.5.2 Lower Layers (Fog Networking Layer)
• 16.5.2.1 Body Area Networks
• 16.5.2.2 Traditional Personal Area Networks
• 16.5.2.3 Hybrid (Home–Public) Hotspot Networks
• 16.5.2.4 Low-Power Wide Area
• 16.5.2.5 Cellular Solutions (4G/5G)
• 16.5.2.6 Other Solutions
• 16.5.2.7 Security Considerations
• 16.5.3 Hardware Level
• 16.5.3.1 Trusted Execution Environment
• 16.5.3.2 Intel TXT
• 16.5.3.3 Other Approaches
• 16.6 Near-Term Trends Related to E/M-Health Security
• 16.7 Conclusion
• 17 IoT Considerations, Requirements, and Architectures for Insurance Applications
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 IoT Applications in the Insurance Industry
• 17.3 IoT Challenges in Insurance Applications
• 17.4 IoT Architectures and Layer-Oriented IoTSec Mechanisms
• 17.4.1 IoT Architectures
• 17.4.2 Layered Security
• 17.4.2.1 Overall (All Layers)
• 17.4.2.2 Lower Layers (Fog Networking Layer)
• 17.4.2.3 Hardware Level
• 17.4.2.4 Other Approaches
• 17.5 Traffic Characteristics
• 17.6 Conclusion
• 18 The Internet of Things and the Automotive IndustryA Shift from a Vehicle-Centric to Data-Centric Paradigm
• 18.1 INTRODUCTION
• 18.2 SOURCES OF DATA
• 18.3 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AS A DISRUPTIVE FORCE
• 18.4 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN PRODUCT-BASED INDUSTRIES
• 18.5 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
• 18.5.1 Connected Car
• 18.5.2 Ecosystem of the Connected Car
• 18.6 IoT-RELATED TRENDS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
• 18.6.1 Trend 1: The Connected Car Moves into the Mainstream
• 18.6.2 Trend 2: From Product to Service
• 18.6.3 Trend 3: New Business Models
• 18.6.4 Trend 4: Emergence of Nontraditional Industry Entrants
• 18.7 CHALLENGES
• 18.7.1 Innovation Cycle Time
• 18.7.2 Network Effect
• 18.7.3 Privacy and Security
• 18.7.4 Business Models and Control Points
• 18.7.5 Customer Relationship
• 18.8 Conclusions
• Glossary
• Index
• About the Contributors