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• Preface
• Audience
• Changes in the Second Edition
• Outline
• Python Versions
• Conventions Used in This Book
• Using Code Examples
• O’Reilly Online Learning
• How to Contact Us
• Acknowledgments
• I. Python Basics
• 1. A Taste of Py
• Mysteries
• Little Programs
• A Bigger Program
• Python in the Real World
• Python Versus the Language from Planet X
• Why Python?
• Why Not Python?
• Python 2 Versus Python 3
• Installing Python
• Running Python
• Using the Interactive Interpreter
• Using Python Files
• What’s Next?
• Your Moment of Zen
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 2. Data: Types, Values, Variables, and Names
• Python Data Are Objects
• Types
• Mutability
• Literal Values
• Variables
• Assignment
• Variables Are Names, Not Places
• Assigning to Multiple Names
• Reassigning a Name
• Copying
• Choose Good Variable Names
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 3. Numbers
• Booleans
• Integers
• Literal Integers
• Integer Operations
• Integers and Variables
• Precedence
• Bases
• Type Conversions
• How Big Is an int?
• Floats
• Math Functions
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 4. Choose with if
• Comment with #
• Continue Lines with
• Compare with if, elif, and else
• What Is True?
• Do Multiple Comparisons with in
• New: I Am the Walrus
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 5. Text Strings
• Create with Quotes
• Create with str()
• Escape with
• Combine by Using +
• Duplicate with *
• Get a Character with []
• Get a Substring with a Slice
• Get Length with len()
• Split with split()
• Combine by Using join()
• Substitute by Using replace()
• Strip with strip()
• Search and Select
• Case
• Alignment
• Formatting
• Old style: %
• New style: {} and format()
• Newest Style: f-strings
• More String Things
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 6. Loop with while and for
• Repeat with while
• Cancel with break
• Skip Ahead with continue
• Check break Use with else
• Iterate with for and in
• Cancel with break
• Skip with continue
• Check break Use with else
• Generate Number Sequences with range()
• Other Iterators
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 7. Tuples and Lists
• Tuples
• Create with Commas and ()
• Create with tuple()
• Combine Tuples by Using +
• Duplicate Items with *
• Compare Tuples
• Iterate with for and in
• Modify a Tuple
• Lists
• Create with []
• Create or Convert with list()
• Create from a String with split()
• Get an Item by [ offset ]
• Get Items with a Slice
• Add an Item to the End with append()
• Add an Item by Offset with insert()
• Duplicate All Items with *
• Combine Lists by Using extend() or +
• Change an Item by [ offset ]
• Change Items with a Slice
• Delete an Item by Offset with del
• Delete an Item by Value with remove()
• Get an Item by Offset and Delete It with pop()
• Delete All Items with clear()
• Find an Item’s Offset by Value with index()
• Test for a Value with in
• Count Occurrences of a Value with count()
• Convert a List to a String with join()
• Reorder Items with sort() or sorted()
• Get Length with len()
• Assign with =
• Copy with copy(), list(), or a Slice
• Copy Everything with deepcopy()
• Compare Lists
• Iterate with for and in
• Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip()
• Create a List with a Comprehension
• Lists of Lists
• Tuples Versus Lists
• There Are No Tuple Comprehensions
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 8. Dictionaries and Sets
• Dictionaries
• Create with {}
• Create with dict()
• Convert with dict()
• Add or Change an Item by [ key ]
• Get an Item by [key] or with get()
• Get All Keys with keys()
• Get All Values with values()
• Get All Key-Value Pairs with items()
• Get Length with len()
• Combine Dictionaries with {**a, **b}
• Combine Dictionaries with update()
• Delete an Item by Key with del
• Get an Item by Key and Delete It with pop()
• Delete All Items with clear()
• Test for a Key with in
• Assign with =
• Copy with copy()
• Copy Everything with deepcopy()
• Compare Dictionaries
• Iterate with for and in
• Dictionary Comprehensions
• Sets
• Create with set()
• Convert with set()
• Get Length with len()
• Add an Item with add()
• Delete an Item with remove()
• Iterate with for and in
• Test for a Value with in
• Combinations and Operators
• Set Comprehensions
• Create an Immutable Set with frozenset()
• Data Structures So Far
• Make Bigger Data Structures
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 9. Functions
• Define a Function with def
• Call a Function with Parentheses
• Arguments and Parameters
• None Is Useful
• Positional Arguments
• Keyword Arguments
• Specify Default Parameter Values
• Explode/Gather Positional Arguments with *
• Explode/Gather Keyword Arguments with **
• Keyword-Only Arguments
• Mutable and Immutable Arguments
• Docstrings
• Functions Are First-Class Citizens
• Inner Functions
• Closures
• Anonymous Functions: lambda
• Generators
• Generator Functions
• Generator Comprehensions
• Decorators
• Namespaces and Scope
• Uses of _ and __ in Names
• Recursion
• Async Functions
• Exceptions
• Handle Errors with try and except
• Make Your Own Exceptions
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 10. Oh Oh: Objects and Classes
• What Are Objects?
• Simple Objects
• Define a Class with class
• Attributes
• Methods
• Initialization
• Inheritance
• Inherit from a Parent Class
• Override a Method
• Add a Method
• Get Help from Your Parent with super()
• Multiple Inheritance
• Mixins
• In self Defense
• Attribute Access
• Direct Access
• Getters and Setters
• Properties for Attribute Access
• Properties for Computed Values
• Name Mangling for Privacy
• Class and Object Attributes
• Method Types
• Instance Methods
• Class Methods
• Static Methods
• Duck Typing
• Magic Methods
• Aggregation and Composition
• When to Use Objects or Something Else
• Named Tuples
• Dataclasses
• Attrs
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 11. Modules, Packages, and Goodies
• Modules and the import Statement
• Import a Module
• Import a Module with Another Name
• Import Only What You Want from a Module
• Packages
• The Module Search Path
• Relative and Absolute Imports
• Namespace Packages
• Modules Versus Objects
• Goodies in the Python Standard Library
• Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
• Count Items with Counter()
• Order by Key with OrderedDict()
• Stack + Queue == deque
• Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
• Print Nicely with pprint()
• Get Random
• More Batteries: Get Other Python Code
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• II. Python in Practice
• 12. Wrangle and Mangle Data
• Text Strings: Unicode
• Python 3 Unicode Strings
• UTF-8
• Encode
• Decode
• HTML Entities
• Normalization
• For More Information
• Text Strings: Regular Expressions
• Find Exact Beginning Match with match()
• Find First Match with search()
• Find All Matches with findall()
• Split at Matches with split()
• Replace at Matches with sub()
• Patterns: Special Characters
• Patterns: Using Specifiers
• Patterns: Specifying match() Output
• Binary Data
• bytes and bytearray
• Convert Binary Data with struct
• Other Binary Data Tools
• Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()
• Bit Operators
• A Jewelry Analogy
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 13. Calendars and Clocks
• Leap Year
• The datetime Module
• Using the time Module
• Read and Write Dates and Times
• All the Conversions
• Alternative Modules
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 14. Files and Directories
• File Input and Output
• Create or Open with open()
• Write a Text File with print()
• Write a Text File with write()
• Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines()
• Write a Binary File with write()
• Read a Binary File with read()
• Close Files Automatically by Using with
• Change Position with seek()
• Memory Mapping
• File Operations
• Check Existence with exists()
• Check Type with isfile()
• Copy with copy()
• Change Name with rename()
• Link with link() or symlink()
• Change Permissions with chmod()
• Change Ownership with chown()
• Delete a File with remove()
• Directory Operations
• Create with mkdir()
• Delete with rmdir()
• List Contents with listdir()
• Change Current Directory with chdir()
• List Matching Files with glob()
• Pathnames
• Get a Pathname with abspath()
• Get a symlink Pathname with realpath()
• Build a Pathname with os.path.join()
• Use pathlib
• BytesIO and StringIO
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 15. Data in Time: Processes and Concurrency
• Programs and Processes
• Create a Process with subprocess
• Create a Process with multiprocessing
• Kill a Process with terminate()
• Get System Info with os
• Get Process Info with psutil
• Command Automation
• Invoke
• Other Command Helpers
• Concurrency
• Queues
• Processes
• Threads
• concurrent.futures
• Green Threads and gevent
• twisted
• asyncio
• Redis
• Beyond Queues
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 16. Data in a Box: Persistent Storage
• Flat Text Files
• Padded Text Files
• Tabular Text Files
• CSV
• XML
• An XML Security Note
• HTML
• JSON
• YAML
• Tablib
• Pandas
• Configuration Files
• Binary Files
• Padded Binary Files and Memory Mapping
• Spreadsheets
• HDF5
• TileDB
• Relational Databases
• SQL
• DB-API
• SQLite
• MySQL
• PostgreSQL
• SQLAlchemy
• Other Database Access Packages
• NoSQL Data Stores
• The dbm Family
• Memcached
• Redis
• Document Databases
• Time Series Databases
• Graph Databases
• Other NoSQL
• Full-Text Databases
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 17. Data in Space: Networks
• TCP/IP
• Sockets
• Scapy
• Netcat
• Networking Patterns
• The Request-Reply Pattern
• ZeroMQ
• Other Messaging Tools
• The Publish-Subscribe Pattern
• Redis
• ZeroMQ
• Other Pub-Sub Tools
• Internet Services
• Domain Name System
• Python Email Modules
• Other Protocols
• Web Services and APIs
• Data Serialization
• Serialize with pickle
• Other Serialization Formats
• Remote Procedure Calls
• XML RPC
• JSON RPC
• MessagePack RPC
• Zerorpc
• gRPC
• Twirp
• Remote Management Tools
• Big Fat Data
• Hadoop
• Spark
• Disco
• Dask
• Clouds
• Amazon Web Services
• Google Cloud
• Microsoft Azure
• OpenStack
• Docker
• Kubernetes
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 18. The Web, Untangled
• Web Clients
• Test with telnet
• Test with curl
• Test with httpie
• Test with httpbin
• Python’s Standard Web Libraries
• Beyond the Standard Library: requests
• Web Servers
• The Simplest Python Web Server
• Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI)
• ASGI
• Apache
• NGINX
• Other Python Web Servers
• Web Server Frameworks
• Bottle
• Flask
• Django
• Other Frameworks
• Database Frameworks
• Web Services and Automation
• webbrowser
• webview
• Web APIs and REST
• Crawl and Scrape
• Scrapy
• BeautifulSoup
• Requests-HTML
• Let’s Watch a Movie
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 19. Be a Pythonista
• About Programming
• Find Python Code
• Install Packages
• Use pip
• Use virtualenv
• Use pipenv
• Use a Package Manager
• Install from Source
• Integrated Development Environments
• IDLE
• PyCharm
• IPython
• Jupyter Notebook
• JupyterLab
• Name and Document
• Add Type Hints
• Test
• Check with pylint, pyflakes, flake8, or pep8
• Test with unittest
• Test with doctest
• Test with nose
• Other Test Frameworks
• Continuous Integration
• Debug Python Code
• Use print()
• Use Decorators
• Use pdb
• Use breakpoint()
• Log Error Messages
• Optimize
• Measure Timing
• Algorithms and Data Structures
• Cython, NumPy, and C Extensions
• PyPy
• Numba
• Source Control
• Mercurial
• Git
• Distribute Your Programs
• Clone This Book
• How You Can Learn More
• Books
• Websites
• Groups
• Conferences
• Getting a Python Job
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 20. Py Art
• 2-D Graphics
• Standard Library
• PIL and Pillow
• ImageMagick
• 3-D Graphics
• 3-D Animation
• Graphical User Interfaces
• Plots, Graphs, and Visualization
• Matplotlib
• Seaborn
• Bokeh
• Games
• Audio and Music
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 21. Py at Work
• The Microsoft Office Suite
• Carrying Out Business Tasks
• Processing Business Data
• Extracting, Transforming, and Loading
• Data Validation
• Additional Sources of Information
• Open Source Python Business Packages
• Python in Finance
• Business Data Security
• Maps
• Formats
• Draw a Map from a Shapefile
• Geopandas
• Other Mapping Packages
• Applications and Data
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• 22. Py Sci
• Math and Statistics in the Standard Library
• Math Functions
• Working with Complex Numbers
• Calculate Accurate Floating Point with decimal
• Perform Rational Arithmetic with fractions
• Use Packed Sequences with array
• Handling Simple Stats with statistics
• Matrix Multiplication
• Scientific Python
• NumPy
• Make an Array with array()
• Make an Array with arange()
• Make an Array with zeros(), ones(), or random()
• Change an Array’s Shape with reshape()
• Get an Element with []
• Array Math
• Linear Algebra
• SciPy
• SciKit
• Pandas
• Python and Scientific Areas
• Coming Up
• Things to Do
• A. Hardware and Software for Beginning Programmers
• Hardware
• Caveman Computers
• Electricity
• Inventions
• An Idealized Computer
• The CPU
• Memory and Caches
• Storage
• Inputs
• Outputs
• Relative Access Times
• Software
• In the Beginning Was the Bit
• Machine Language
• Assembler
• Higher-Level Languages
• Operating Systems
• Virtual Machines
• Containers
• Distributed Computing and Networks
• The Cloud
• Kubernetes
• B. Install Python 3
• Check Your Python Version
• Install Standard Python
• macOS
• Windows
• Linux or Unix
• Install the pip Package Manager
• Install virtualenv
• Other Packaging Solutions
• Install Anaconda
• Install Anaconda’s Package Manager conda
• C. Something Completely Different: Async
• Coroutines and Event Loops
• Asyncio Alternatives
• Async Versus…
• Async Frameworks and Servers
• D. Answers to Exercises
• 1. A Taste of Py
• 2. Data: Types, Values, Variables, and Names
• 3. Numbers
• 4. Choose with if
• 5. Text Strings
• 6. Loop with while and for
• 7. Tuples and Lists
• 8. Dictionaries
• 9. Functions
• 10. Oh Oh: Objects and Classes
• 11. Modules, Packages, and Goodies
• 12. Wrangle and Mangle Data
• 13. Calendars and Clocks
• 14. Files and Directories
• 15. Data in Time: Processes and Concurrency
• 16. Data in a Box: Persistent Storage
• 17. Data in Space: Networks
• 18. The Web, Untangled
• 19. Be a Pythonista
• 20. Py Art
• 21. Py at Work
• 22. PySci
• E. Cheat Sheets
• Operator Precedence
• String Methods
• Change Case
• Search
• Modify
• Format
• String Type
• String Module Attributes
• Coda
• Index