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• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Information
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface to the first edition
• Preface to the fifth edition
• Acknowledgements
• Part 1 Principles and procedures
• 1 Introduction and principles
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment
• 1.2.1 Definitions
• 1.2.2 Environmental impact assessment: a process
• 1.2.3 Environmental impact statements: the documentation
• 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment
• 1.3.1 An aid to decision-making
• 1.3.2 An aid to the formulation of development actions
• 1.3.3 A vehicle for stakeholder consultation and participation
• 1.3.4 An instrument for sustainable development
• The nature of sustainable development
• Institutional responses to sustainable development
• 1.4 Projects, environment and impacts
• 1.4.1 The nature of major projects
• 1.4.2 Dimensions of the environment
• 1.4.3 The nature of impacts
• 1.5 Key participants in the EIA process
• 1.6 Evolving perspectives on EIA
• 1.6.1 EIA in its theoretical context
• 1.6.2 The importance of adaptive EIA
• 1.6.3 EIA in a rapidly growing impact assessment (IA) family
• Scope
• Scale
• Integration
• 1.7 Current issues in environmental impact assessment
• 1.7.1 The nature of methods of assessment
• 1.7.2 The relative roles of participants in the process
• 1.7.3 The quality and effectiveness of EIA
• 1.7.4 The quality, efficiency and proportionate nature of the EIA process
• 1.7.5 Beyond the decision
• 1.7.6 Managing the widening scope and complexity of IA activity
• 1.8 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters
• Some questions 1
• References
• 2 US origins and worldwide development
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems
• 2.2.1 Legislative history
• 2.2.2 An interpretation of NEPA
• 2.2.3 A summary of NEPA procedures
• 2.2.4 Recent trends in EIS activity
• 2.2.5 Little NEPAs and the case of California
• 2.3 NEPA critique, review and changes
• 2.3.1 Strengths and weaknesses
• 2.3.2 System review
• 2.3.3 Important amendments
• 2.3.4 Streamlining, synchronizing and integrating
• 2.4 The worldwide spread of EIA
• 2.4.1 Rapid evolution of EIA systems worldwide
• 2.4.2 System variations and trends
• 2.5 International bodies and EIA procedures
• 2.6 Summary
• Some questions 2
• Notes
• References
• 3 EU and UK agency and legislative contexts
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 EC Directive 85/337
• 3.2.1 Legislative history
• 3.2.2 Summary of EC Directive 85/337 procedures
• 3.3 EC Directive – ongoing issues and reviews
• 3.3.1 Divergent practice in a converging system?
• 3.3.2 Reviews and amendments 1993 to 2009
• 1993 review; 1997 amendments and subsequent review
• The 2003 review of the amended Directive 97/11/EC and further amendments
• 2009 review and 2011 amendments/consolidation of Directive (2011/92/EU)
• 3.4 Current EIA Directive (2014/52/EU)
• 3.4.1 Genesis of the revised EIA Directive
• 3.4.2 Main changes in the revised EIA Directive (2014/52/EU)
• 3.4.3 Detailing specific changes
• 3.5 UK development of EIA
• 3.5.1 Limitations of the land-use planning system
• 3.5.2 North Sea oil- and gas-related EIA initiatives
• 3.5.3 Department of the Environment scepticism
• 3.6 UK EIA regulations and agencies – an overview
• 3.6.1 UK EIA regulations: an overview
• 3.6.2 The principal actors in the UK EIA system
• 3.7 The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017
• 3.7.1 Screening – which projects require EIA?
• 3.7.2 The contents of the EIA
• 3.7.3 Statutory and other consultees
• 3.7.4 Carrying out the EIA; preparing the EIS
• 3.7.5 Submitting the EIS and planning application: public consultation (see Figure 3.3)
• 3.7.6 Planning decision (Figure 3.3)
• 3.8 Infrastructure Planning (EIA) Regulations 2017 (HMG 2017)
• 3.9 Summary
• Some questions 3
• Notes
• References
• Part 2 Process
• 4 Starting up: early stages
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Managing the EIA process
• 4.2.1 The EIA team
• 4.2.2 The style of the EIA process
• 4.2.3 EIA costs and resources
• 4.3 Project screening – is an EIA needed?
• 4.4 Scoping – which impacts and issues to consider?
• 4.5 The consideration of alternatives
• 4.5.1 Regulatory requirements
• 4.5.2 Identification of reasonable alternatives
• 4.5.3 Assessment and comparison of alternatives
• 4.5.4 Explanation of the choice of preferred alternative
• 4.6 Understanding the project/development action
• 4.6.1 Understanding the dimensions of the project
• 4.6.2 Sources and presentation of data
• 4.7 Establishing the environmental baseline
• 4.7.1 General considerations
• 4.7.2 Sources and presentation of data
• 4.8 Impact identification
• 4.8.1 Checklists
• 4.8.2 Matrices
• 4.8.3 Networks or causal chain analyses
• 4.8.4 Overlay (or constraints) maps
• 4.8.5 Summary of identification methods
• 4.9 Summary
• Some questions 4
• Note
• References
• 5 Impact prediction, evaluation, mitigation and enhancement
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Prediction
• 5.2.1 Dimensions of prediction (what to predict)
• 5.2.2 Methods and models for prediction (how to predict)
• Mathematical and computer-based models
• Physical/architectural models and computer graphics
• Expert judgements and analogue models
• Other methods for prediction
• Choice of prediction methods
• Causal networks in EIA prediction
• 5.2.3 Living with uncertainty
• The nature of uncertainty, uncertainty in EIA and uncertainty disclosure
• Handling uncertainty
• 5.2.4 Some current data forecasting sources
• 5.3 Evaluation and assessing significance
• 5.3.1 Evaluation in the EIA process – the determination of significance
• The importance of significance
• Frameworks for determining significance
• Criteria and standards for determining significance thresholds
• Range of methods for assessing significance
• 5.3.2 Cost–benefit analysis and monetary valuation techniques
• 5.3.3 Scoring, weighting and multicriteria methods
• 5.4 Mitigation and enhancement
• 5.4.1 The nature of mitigation measures and the mitigation hierarchy
• 5.4.2 Mitigation in the EIA process
• 5.4.3 Enhancement of potential benefits
• Nature and importance of enhancement
• Enhancement examples
• Community Benefits Agreements
• 5.4.4 Trading off impacts
• 5.5 Summary
• Some questions 5
• References
• 6 Participation, presentation and review
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Public consultation and participation
• 6.2.1 What is public participation?
• 6.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public participation
• 6.2.3 Requirements and methods for effective participation
• 6.2.4 EU procedures
• 6.3 Consultation with statutory consultees and other countries
• 6.4 EIA presentation
• 6.4.1 Contents and organization
• 6.4.2 Clarity of communication
• 6.4.3 Presentation
• 6.5 Review of EISs
• 6.6 Decisions on projects
• 6.6.1 EIA and project authorization
• 6.6.2 EIA and public inquiries
• 6.6.3 Challenging a decision: judicial review
• 6.6.4 Challenging a decision: the European Commission
• 6.7 Summary
• Some questions 6
• Notes
• References
• 7 Monitoring and auditing: after the decision
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 The importance of monitoring and auditing in the EIA process
• 7.3 Some key questions for monitoring and auditing in EIA
• 7.3.1 What, how, by whom and where?
• 7.3.2 Mandatory or discretionary?
• 7.4 Some international monitoring practice
• 7.4.1 USA – NEPA, and the specific case of California
• 7.4.2 The case of Hong Kong
• 7.4.3 UK experience
• 7.4.4 Some developing countries’ experiences
• 7.5 Auditing in practice
• 7.6 A UK case study: monitoring and auditing the local socio-economic impacts of the Sizewell B PWR construction project
• 7.6.1 Background to the case study
• 7.6.2 Operational characteristics of the monitoring study
• 7.6.3 Some findings from the studies
• Employment
• Local economy
• Housing
• Traffic and noise
• Crime
• Residents’ perceptions
• 7.6.4 Learning from monitoring: Sizewell B and Sizewell C
• 7.7 A UK case study: monitoring the local impacts of the London 2012 Olympics project
• 7.7.1 Nature of the project and its impacts life cycle
• 7.7.2 Construction stage monitoring
• 7.8 Summary
• Some questions 7
• References
• Part 3 Practice
• 8 UK practice
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 EIA activity – number and type of EISs and projects
• 8.2.1 Mainstream regulations
• Number and broad location of EISs
• Types of projects
• Sources of EISs
• 8.2.2 The particular case of NSIPs/major projects
• 8.3 A SWOT analysis overview of UK EIA practice
• 8.4 Particular features of UK EIA practice
• 8.4.1 Pre-submission – screening and scoping
• Screening
• Scoping and pre-submission consultation
• 8.4.2 Submission – EIS quality
• Studies of EIS quality
• Determinants of EIS quality
• 8.4.3 The post-submission EIA process
• Review
• Consultation and public participation
• Decision-making
• 8.5 Legal challenges – UK and EU
• 8.6 Costs and benefits of EIA
• 8.6.1 Costs of EIA
• 8.6.2 Benefits of EIA
• 8.7 Some case studies in UK EIA practice
• 8.7.1 Public participation – Portsmouth incinerator project
• Context
• Background to the proposed scheme
• The two-stage participation approach
• Evaluation of the process
• Summary
• 8.7.2 Mitigation and enhancement – Hinkley Point C new nuclear project
• The project
• Predicted scale of in-migrant construction stage workforce
• Managing traffic impacts – mitigation and enhancement
• Managing accommodation impacts – mitigation and enhancement
• Summary and project local legacy impacts
• 8.7.3 Cumulative impacts – ornithological impacts of North Sea offshore wind farms
• UK offshore wind farm under construction
• Assessing cumulative impacts on North Sea ornithology
• Approaches to mitigation
• Summary and cumulative assessment issues
• 8.7.4 Potential trade-offs for a controversial project – Heathrow Runway 3
• Context
• Trade-off issues (as reported by the national press)
• 8.8 Summary
• Some questions 8
• References
• 9 EIA practice worldwide
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Africa and the Middle East
• 9.2.1 Overview
• 9.2.2 Example: Benin
• 9.3 Asia
• 9.3.1 Overview
• 9.3.2 Example: China
• 9.4 Central and South America
• 9.4.1 Overview
• 9.4.2 Example: Peru
• 9.5 Central and Eastern Europe
• 9.5.1 Overview
• 9.5.2 Example: Latvia
• 9.6 Oceania
• 9.6.1 Overview
• 9.6.2 Example: Western Australia
• 9.7 Small island developing states
• 9.8 Marine areas and areas beyond national jurisdictions
• 9.9 Disasters
• 9.10 Summary
• Some questions
• References
• Part 4 Prospects
• 10 EIA impact areas, current and emerging
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 EIA topic areas
• 10.3 Biophysical impacts
• 10.3.1 Water
• 10.3.2 Soils, land and geology
• 10.3.3 Air
• 10.3.4 Flora, fauna and biodiversity
• 10.3.5 Noise
• 10.3.6 Transport
• 10.3.7 Landscape and visual
• 10.4 Socio-economic impacts
• 10.4.1 Economic
• 10.4.2 Social
• 10.4.3 Health
• 10.5 Emerging impact areas
• 10.5.1 Equality/deprivation
• 10.5.2 Culture and language
• 10.5.3 Land acquisition, resettlement and livelihoods
• 10.5.4 Climate change
• 10.5.5 Ecosystem services
• 10.6 Wider impact considerations
• 10.6.1 Risk
• 10.6.2 Resilience
• 10.6.3 Cumulative impacts
• 10.7 Summary
• Some questions
• References
• 11 EIA next steps: the effectiveness and efficiency of the process
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 EIA effectiveness
• 11.2.1 What is effectiveness?
• 11.2.2 EIA effectiveness studies
• 11.3 A more proportionate EIA
• 11.3.1 What is disproportionate about EIA?
• 11.3.2 How can we deliver a more proportionate EIA? Some international examples
• 11.3.3 Are there dangers in this approach?
• 11.4 Technological change and EIA
• 11.4.1 Remote sensing and better baselines
• 11.4.2 Expanding roles for the public and social media
• 11.4.3 Big data
• 11.4.4 Data visualization
• 11.4.5 Expert systems and decision support systems
• 11.5 Changing interpretation of the ‘project’: new types, project splitting, ‘in principle’ projects, environmental impact design, and demolition and decommissioning
• 11.5.1 New project types and sectors
• 11.5.2 Salami slicing
• 11.5.3 ‘In principle’ projects
• 11.5.4 Project design and environmental limits
• 11.5.5 Decommissioning
• 11.6 Links to project implementation and adaptive management via EMS and EMPs
• 11.6.1 Context: the assessment–implementation gap
• 11.6.2 Environmental management systems (EMS)
• 11.6.3 Environmental management plans (EMPs)
• 11.6.4 An evolving and divergent management practice
• 11.7 Towards integrated assessment
• 11.8 Conclusions
• Some questions
• References
• 12 Widening the scope: strategic environmental assessment
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
• 12.2.1 Definitions
• 12.2.2 The need for SEA
• 12.2.3 Problems with SEA
• 12.3 SEA worldwide
• 12.3.1 The USA
• 12.3.2 European Union and UNECE
• 12.3.3 England
• 12.3.4 China
• 12.4 SEA effectiveness
• 12.5 Summary
• Some questions
• References
• Appendix 1: The text of EC EIA Directive 2014/52/EU
• Appendix 2: Town and Country Planning (EIA) Regulations 2017
• Appendix 3: Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) review package (IAU, Oxford Brookes University)
• Index