Efnisyfirlit

• front endpaper
• title page
• Copyright
• CONTENTS
• 1 An Introduction to Chemistry
• 1.1 The Nature of Chemistry
• Thinking Like a Chemist
• 1.2 A Scientific Approach to Problem Solving
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Egyptians, the First Medicinal Chemists
• The Scientific Method
• 1.3 The Particulate Nature of Matter
• Physical States of Matter
• 1.4 Classifying Matter
• Distinguishing Mixtures from Pure Substances
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
• Answers to Practice Exercises
• 2 Standards for Measurement
• 2.1 Scientific Notation
• 2.2 Measurement and Uncertainty
• 2.3 Significant Figures
• Rounding Off Numbers
• 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations
• Multiplication or Division
• Addition or Subtraction
• 2.5 The Metric System
• Measurement of Length
• Unit Conversions
• Measurement of Mass
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Keeping track of Units
• Measurement of Volume
• 2.6 Dimensional Analysis: A Problem-Solving Method
• 2.7 Measurement of Temperature
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Setting Standards
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Taking the Temperature of Old Faithful
• 2.8 Density
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 3 Elements and Compounds
• 3.1 Elements
• Natural States of the Elements
• Distribution of Elements
• Names of the Elements
• Symbols of the Elements
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Naming Elements
• 3.2 Introduction to the Periodic Table
• Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
• Diatomic Elements
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Atomic Oxygen, Friend or Foe?
• 3.3 Compounds and Formulas
• Molecular and Ionic Compounds
• Writing Formulas of Compounds
• Composition of Compounds
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 4 Properties of Matter
• 4.1 Properties of Substances
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Making Money
• 4.2 Physical and Chemical Changes
• 4.3 Learning to Solve Problems
• 4.4 Energy
• Energy in Chemical Changes
• Conservation of Energy
• 4.5 Heat: Quantitative Measurement
• 4.6 Energy in the Real World
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Popping Popcorn
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 1–4 REVIEW
• 5 Early Atomic Theory and Structure
• 5.1 Dalton’s Model of the Atom
• 5.2 Electric Charge
• Discovery of Ions
• 5.3 Subatomic Parts of the Atom
• 5.4 The Nuclear Atom
• General Arrangement of Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Numbers of the Elements
• 5.5 Isotopes of the Elements
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Isotope Detectives
• 5.6 Atomic Mass
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 6 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds
• 6.1 Common and Systematic Names
• 6.2 Elements and Ions
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What’s in a Name?
• 6.3 Writing Formulas from Names of Ionic Compounds
• 6.4 Naming Binary Compounds
• Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal Forming Only One Type of Cation
• Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Can Form Two or More Types of Cations
• Binary Compounds Containing Two Nonmetals
• 6.5 Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
• 6.6 Acids
• Binary Acids
• Naming Oxy-Acids
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 5–6 REVIEW
• 7 Quantitative Composition of Compounds
• 7.1 The Mole
• 7.2 Molar Mass of Compounds
• 7.3 Percent Composition of Compounds
• Percent Composition from Formula
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Vanishing Coins?
• 7.4 Calculating Empirical Formulas
• 7.5 Calculating the Molecular Formula from the Empirical Formula
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 8 Chemical Equations
• 8.1 The Chemical Equation
• Conservation of Mass
• 8.2 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
• Information in a Chemical Equation
• 8.3 Types of Chemical Equations
• Combination Reaction
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: CO Poisoning—A Silent Killer
• Decomposition Reaction
• Single-Displacement Reaction
• Double-Displacement Reaction
• 8.4 Heat in Chemical Reactions
• 8.5 Global Warming: The Greenhouse Effect
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Decreasing Carbon Footprints
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 9 Calculations from Chemical Equations
• 9.1 Introduction to Stoichiometry
• A Short Review
• 9.2 Mole–Mole Calculations
• 9.3 Mole–Mass Calculations
• 9.4 Mass–Mass Calculations
• 9.5 Limiting Reactant and Yield Calculations
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Shrinking Technology
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 7–9 REVIEW
• 10 Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic table
• 10.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: You Light Up My Life
• 10.2 The Bohr Atom
• 10.3 Energy Levels of Electrons
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Atomic Clocks
• 10.4 Atomic Structures of the First 18 Elements
• 10.5 Electron Structures and the Periodic Table
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Collecting the Elements
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms
• 11.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
• Metals and Nonmetals
• Atomic Radius
• Ionization Energy
• 11.2 Lewis Structures of Atoms
• 11.3 The Ionic Bond: Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another
• 11.4 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds
• 11.5 The Covalent Bond: Sharing Electrons
• 11.6 Electronegativity
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Trans-forming Fats
• 11.7 Lewis Structures of Compounds
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Strong Enough to Stop a Bullet?
• 11.8 Complex Lewis Structures
• 11.9 Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Chemistry or Art?
• 11.10 Molecular Shape
• The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises
• Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 10–11 REVIEW
• 12 The Gaseous State of Matter
• 12.1 Properties of Gases
• Measuring the Pressure of a Gas
• Pressure Dependence on the Number of Molecules and the Temperature
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What the Nose Knows
• 12.2 Boyle’s Law
• 12.3 Charles’ Law
• 12.4 Avogadro’s Law
• 12.5 Combined Gas Laws
• Mole–Mass–Volume Relationships of Gases
• 12.6 Ideal Gas Law
• The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
• Real Gases
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Air Quality
• 12.7 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Getting High to Lose Weight?
• 12.8 Density of Gases
• 12.9 Gas Stoichiometry
• Mole–Volume and Mass–Volume Calculations
• Volume–Volume Calculations
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 13 Liquids
• 13.1 States of Matter: A Review
• 13.2 Properties of Liquids
• Surface Tension
• Evaporation
• Vapor Pressure
• 13.3 Boiling Point and Melting Point
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Chemical Eye Candy
• 13.4 Changes of State
• 13.5 Intermolecular Forces
• Dipole–Dipole Attractions
• The Hydrogen Bond
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: How Sweet It Is!
• London Dispersion Forces
• 13.6 Hydrates
• 13.7 Water, a Unique Liquid
• Physical Properties of Water
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Reverse Osmosis?
• Structure of the Water Molecule
• Sources of Water for a Thirsty World
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 14 Solutions
• 14.1 General Properties of Solutions
• 14.2 Solubility
• The Nature of the Solute and Solvent
• The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
• The Effect of Pressure on Solubility
• Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions
• 14.3 Rate of Dissolving Solids
• 14.4 Concentration of Solutions
• Dilute and Concentrated Solutions
• Mass Percent Solution
• Mass/Volume Percent (m/v)
• Volume Percent
• Molarity
• Dilution Problems
• 14.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Scoop on Ice Cream
• 14.6 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 12–14 REVIEW
• 15 Acids, Bases, and Salts
• 15.1 Acids and Bases
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Drug Delivery: An Acid–Base Problem
• 15.2 Reactions of Acids and Bases
• Acid Reactions
• Base Reactions
• 15.3 Salts
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Cool Fizz
• 15.4 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
• Dissociation and Ionization of Electrolytes
• Strong and Weak Electrolytes
• Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
• Ionization of Water
• 15.5 Introduction to pH
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Ocean Corals Threatened by Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Levels
• 15.6 Neutralization
• 15.7 Writing Net Ionic Equations
• 15.8 Acid Rain
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 16 Chemical Equilibrium
• 16.1 Rates of Reaction
• 16.2 Chemical Equilibrium
• Reversible Reactions
• 16.3 Le Châtelier’s Principle
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: New Ways in Fighting Cavities and Avoiding the Drill
• Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium
• Effect of Volume on Equilibrium
• Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium
• Effect of Catalysts on Equilibrium
• 16.4 Equilibrium Constants
• 16.5 Ion Product Constant for Water
• 16.6 Ionization Constants
• 16.7 Solubility Product Constant
• 16.8 Buffer Solutions: The Control of pH
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 17 Oxidation–Reduction
• 17.1 Oxidation Number
• Oxidation–Reduction
• 17.2 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations
• 17.3 Balancing Ionic Redox Equations
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Sensitive Sunglasses
• 17.4 Activity Series of Metals
• 17.5 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Superbattery Uses Hungry Iron Ions
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 15–17 REVIEW
• 18 Nuclear Chemistry
• 18.1 Discovery of Radioactivity
• Natural Radioactivity
• 18.2 Alpha Particles, Beta Particles, and Gamma Rays
• Alpha Particles
• Beta Particles
• Gamma Rays
• 18.3 Radioactive Disintegration Series
• Transmutation of Elements
• Artificial Radioactivity
• Transuranium Elements
• 18.4 Measurement of Radioactivity
• 18.5 Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear Fission
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Does Your Food Glow in the Dark?
• Nuclear Power
• The Atomic Bomb
• Nuclear Fusion
• 18.6 Mass–Energy Relationship in Nuclear Reactions
• 18.7 Biological Effects of Radiation
• Acute Radiation Damage
• Long-Term Radiation Damage
• Genetic Effects
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Window into Living Organisms
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTER 18 REVIEW
• 19 Organic Chemistry: Saturated Hydrocarbons
• 19.1 Organic Chemistry: History and Scope
• 19.2 The Carbon Atom: Bonding, Shape, and Hybridization
• Hybridization for Singly Bonded Carbon
• 19.3 Classifying Organic Compounds
• 19.4 Hydrocarbons
• 19.5 Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
• 19.6 Structural Formulas
• 19.7 Isomerism
• 19.8 Naming Organic Compounds
• 19.9 Introduction to the Reactions of Carbon
• 19.10 Reactions of Alkanes
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Anesthesia, and Alkyl Halides
• Free-Radical Mechanism for Halogenation of Alkanes
• 19.11 Cycloalkanes
• Naming Cycloalkanes
• 19.12 Gasoline: A Major Petroleum Product
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Renewable Gasoline?
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 20 Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• 20.1 Bonding in Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• 20.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes
• 20.3 Geometric Isomerism in Alkenes
• 20.4 Cycloalkenes
• 20.5 Preparation and Properties of Alkenes
• Preparation
• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Oxidation
• 20.6 Nomenclature and Properties of Alkynes
• Nomenclature
• Preparation
• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• 20.7 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Structure of Benzene
• 20.8 Naming Aromatic Compounds
• Monosubstituted Benzenes
• Disubstituted Benzenes
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Sunscreens
• Polysubstituted Benzenes
• 20.9 Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Graphene—A Revolution in the Making
• 20.10 Sources and Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Substitution Reactions
• Side-Chain Oxidation
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercises
• Answers to Practice Exercises
• 21 Polymers: Macromolecules
• 21.1 Macromolecules
• 21.2 Synthetic Polymers
• 21.3 Polymer Types
• 21.4 Addition Polymerization
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Microwaves, Plastics, and Your Health
• 21.5 Recycling Plastics
• 21.6 Butadiene Polymers
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Plastic Dilemma: Polyethylene
• 21.7 Geometric Isomerism in Polymers
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 19–21 REVIEW
• 22 Alcohols, Ethers, Phenols, and Thiols
• 22.1 Structure and Classification of Alcohols
• 22.2 Naming Alcohols
• 22.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols
• 22.4 Chemical Properties of Alcohols
• Acidic and Basic Properties
• Oxidation
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Hand Sanitizers—Alcohol in Action
• Dehydration
• Esterification (Conversion of Alcohols to Esters)
• Utility of the Hydroxyl Functional Group
• 22.5 Common Alcohols
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• 2-Propanol (Isopropanol, Isopropyl Alcohol)
• Ethylene Glycol (1,2-Ethanediol)
• Glycerol (1,2,3-Propanetriol)
• 22.6 Phenols
• Naming Phenols
• Common Phenols
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Polyphenols
• 22.7 Properties and Preparation of Phenols
• 22.8 Ethers
• Naming Ethers
• 22.9 Properties and Preparation of Ethers
• 22.10 Thiols
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercises
• Answers to Practice Exercises
• 23 Aldehydes and Ketones
• 23.1 Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones
• 23.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
• Aldehydes
• Ketones
• 23.3 Bonding and Physical Properties
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Cheese: Organic Chemistry in Action
• 23.4 Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Addition Reactions
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Microbial Chemical Warfare and Antibiotic Resistance
• 23.5 Common Aldehydes and Ketones
• 23.6 Condensation Polymers
• Phenol–Formaldehyde Polymers
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise
• Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 22–23 REVIEW
• 24 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
• 24.1 Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature and Sources of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
• 24.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
• 24.3 Classification of Carboxylic Acids
• Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids
• Aromatic Carboxylic Acids
• Dicarboxylic Acids
• Hydroxy Acids
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and MSG
• Amino Acids
• 24.4 Preparation and Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
• 24.5 Nomenclature of Esters
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Food-Spoiling Microbes Stopped by a Trojan Horse
• 24.6 Occurrence and Physical Properties of Esters
• 24.7 Polyesters: Condensation Polymers
• 24.8 Chemical Properties of Esters
• Acid Hydrolysis
• Alkaline Hydrolysis (Saponification)
• 24.9 Glycerol Esters
• 24.10 Soaps and Synthetic Detergents
• Soaps
• Synthetic Detergents
• Biodegradability
• Soap and Fighting Infection
• 24.11 Esters and Anhydrides of Phosphoric Acid
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercises
• Answers to Practice Exercises
• 25 Amides and Amines: Organic Nitrogen Compounds
• 25.1 Amides: Nomenclature and Physical Properties
• 25.2 Chemical Properties of Amides
• 25.3 Polyamides: Condensation Polymers
• 25.4 Urea
• 25.5 Amines: Nomenclature and Physical Properties
• Naming Amines
• 25.6 Preparation of Amines
• 25.7 Chemical Properties of Amines
• Alkaline Properties of Amines
• Salt Formation
• Formation of Amides
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Truth in Truth Serum?
• 25.8 Sources and Uses of Selected Amines
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Caffeine, and Learning
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 24–25 REVIEW
• 26 Stereoisomerism
• 26.1 Review of Isomerism
• 26.2 Plane-Polarized Light and Optical Activity
• Specific Rotation
• Optical Activity
• 26.3 Fischer Projection Formulas
• 26.4 Enantiomers
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Chirality Makes a Difference
• 26.5 Racemic Mixtures
• 26.6 Diastereomers and Meso Compounds
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 27 Carbohydrates
• 27.1 Carbohydrates: A First Class of Biochemicals
• 27.2 Classification of Carbohydrates
• 27.3 Importance of Carbohydrates for Life
• 27.4 Common Monosaccharides
• Glucose
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and the “Sugar High”
• Galactose
• Fructose
• 27.5 Structure of Glucose and Other Aldoses
• 27.6 Cyclic Structures of Common Hexoses
• 27.7 Hemiacetals and Acetals
• 27.8 Pentoses
• 27.9 Structures and Properties of Disaccharides
• 27.10 Sweeteners and Diet
• 27.11 Redox Reactions of Monosaccharides
• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Redox Tests for Carbohydrates
• 27.12 Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Nature’s Armor of Slime
• More Complex Polysaccharides
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercises
• Answers to Practice Exercises
• 28 Lipids
• 28.1 Lipid Characteristics and Classification
• 28.2 Simple Lipids
• Fatty Acids
• Eicosanoids
• Fats and Oils
• Waxes
• 28.3 Fats in Metabolism
• 28.4 Compound Lipids
• Phospholipids
• Sphingolipids
• Glycolipids
• 28.5 Steroids
• 28.6 Hydrophobic Lipids and Biology
• Atherosclerosis
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Is “Good” Cholesterol Not Quite So Good?
• Biological Membranes
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Skin, and Transdermal Patches
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 26–28 REVIEW
• 29 Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins
• 29.1 The Structure–Function Connection
• 29.2 The Nature of Amino Acids
• Essential Amino Acids
• D-Amino Acids and L-Amino Acids
• Amphoterism
• 29.3 Formation of Polypeptides
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Growth Factors, and Cancer
• 29.4 Protein Structure
• 29.5 Protein Functions
• 29.6 Some Examples of Proteins and Their Structures
• Fibrous Proteins
• Globular Proteins
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Proteins Gone Wrong
• 29.7 Loss of Protein Structure
• 29.8 Tests for Proteins and Amino Acids
• Chromatographic Separation
• Electrophoresis
• 29.9 Determination of the Primary Structure of Polypeptides
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 30 Enzymes
• 30.1 Molecular Accelerators
• 30.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
• 30.3 Enzyme Kinetics
• 30.4 Industrial-Strength Enzymes
• Food Processing
• Technology
• Consumer Goods
• Medical Uses
• 30.5 Enzyme Active Site
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Cytochrome P450
• 30.6 Temperature and pH Effects on Enzyme Catalysis
• 30.7 Enzyme Regulation
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Aspirin and Stroke: A Very Potent Enzyme Inhibitor
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 31 Nucleic Acids and Heredity
• 31.1 Molecules of Heredity—Bases and Nucleosides
• 31.2 Nucleotides: Phosphate Esters
• 31.3 High-Energy Nucleotides
• 31.4 Polynucleotides; Nucleic Acids
• 31.5 Structure of DNA
• 31.6 DNA Replication
• DNA, Cell Division, and Cloning
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Double Helix Revisited
• DNA, Cancer, and Chemotherapy
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Fingerprints in the Genes
• 31.7 RNA: Genetic Transcription
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and RNA
• RNA and Genetic Control
• 31.8 The Genetic Code—Genes and Medicine
• Cancer
• Human Genome Project
• 31.9 Biosynthesis of Proteins
• 31.10 Changing the Genome: Mutations and Genetic Engineering
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 29–31 REVIEW
• 32 NUTRITION
• 32.1 Nutrients and Diet
• 32.2 Energy in the Diet
• 32.3 Macronutrients
• Carbohydrates in the Diet
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Mediterranean Diet, A Diet We Can Stick With?
• Fats in the Diet
• Proteins in the Diet
• 32.4 Vitamins, Vital Micronutrients
• 32.5 Minerals
• 32.6 Water
• 32.7 Nutrition Content Labeling
• 32.8 Food Additives
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Longevity and Diet
• 32.9 A Balanced Diet
• 32.10 Human Digestion
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 33 Bioenergetics
• 33.1 Metabolism and Cell Structure
• 33.2 Biological Oxidation–Reduction: An Important Energy Source
• 33.3 Molecular Oxygen and Metabolism
• 33.4 High-Energy Phosphate Bonds
• 33.5 Phosphorylation: Energy Transfer
• 33.6 ATP Use and Muscle Contraction
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Muscles, and Creatine
• 33.7 Photosynthesis
• Review
• Review Questions
• Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercises, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism
• 34.1 Metabolic Pathways, Carbohydrates, and Cooperation
• Energy Metabolism
• Carbohydrate Metabolism: Organs Working Together
• Carbohydrate Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways Working Together
• 34.2 Anaerobic Sequence
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Cancer
• 34.3 Citric Acid Cycle (Aerobic Sequence)
• 34.4 Gluconeogenesis
• 34.5 Overview of Complex Metabolic Pathways
• 34.6 Hormones
• 34.7 Blood Glucose and Hormones
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Challenge Exercise, Answers to Practice Exercises
• 35 Metabolism of Lipids and Proteins
• 35.1 Metabolic Energy Sources: Organs Working Together for the Common Good
• 35.2 Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta Oxidation)
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Abdominal Fat
• 35.3 Fat Storage and Biosynthesis (Lipogenesis)
• 35.4 Ketone Bodies
• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Kwashiorkor: When a Full Plate Isn’t Enough
• 35.5 Metabolic Nitrogen Fixation
• 35.6 Amino Acids and Metabolic Nitrogen Balance
• 35.7 Amino Acids and Nitrogen Transfer
• 35.8 Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle
• 35.9 Acetyl-CoA, A Central Molecule in Metabolism
• Review
• Review Questions, Paired Exercises
• Additional Exercises, Challenge Exercise
• Answers to Practice Exercises
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CHAPTERS 32–35 REVIEW
• APPENDICES
• I. Mathematical Review
• II. Using a Scientific Calculator
• III. Units of Measurement
• IV. Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures
• V. Solubility Table
• VI. Answers to Selected Exercises
• VII. Answers to Putting It Together Review Exercises
• GLOSSARY
• INDEX
• back endpapers