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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Table of Contents
• Preface to the Fourth Edition
• Introduction
• Politics and political theory
• The structure of this book
• Theories and concepts
• Ideologies
• Global political theory
• How to read the book
• Part 1 Coercion, legitimacy, and collective choice
• Chapter 1 The State
• What is the state?
• Case study 1.1: Do we need the police?
• The state as the product of individual self-interest
• Goods – public, common, private, and club
• The state as ethical
• Rousseau
• Kant
• Hegel
• The state and the politics of the exception
• The state in international politics
• Realism
• Liberalism
• Schmitt on international relations
• Should policing be privatised?
• Chapter 2 Democracy
• What is democracy?
• Case study 2.1: Was Brexit a mistake?
• Majorities
• The median voter
• Interest groups
• Log-rolling
• Voting with your feet – Tiebout sorting
• Is voting rational?
• Voting paradoxes
• Brexit and voting paradoxes
• Epistemic theories of democracy
• Economists and Brexit
• Expertise and heuristics
• Deliberative democracy
• Brexit (again)
• Chapter 3 Punishment
• Defining punishment
• Case study 3.1: Precrimes
• Retributivism
• Consequentialism
• Indirect consequentialism
• The argument so far
• Restitutivism
• Capital punishment
• Retributivism and capital punishment
• Consequentialism and capital punishment
• Restitutionism and capital punishment
• The status of the executed person
• Prepunishment
• Chapter 4 Civil disobedience and conscientious objection
• Civil disobedience and law-breaking
• Case study 4.1: Refusing military service
• Law-breaking
• Civil disobedience versus rebellion
• Democracy and obedience
• Problems with democracy
• Rawls: civil disobedience and conscientious refusal
• Conscientious refusal
• Criticisms of Rawls
• Gandhi and satyagraha
• Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement
• Historical background to the Civil Rights Movement
• Martin Luther King, ‘Letter from Birmingham City Jail’ (1963)
• Selective versus absolute pacifism
• Part 2 Freedom, equality, and justice
• Chapter 5 Equality
• Principles of equality
• Case study 5.1: Should the family be abolished?
• Moral equality
• Moral autonomy and moral equality
• Nietzsche contra moral equality
• Moral equality and the moralistic fallacy
• Legal equality
• Equal liberties
• Do freedom and equality conflict?
• Material equality
• Equal access
• Equal access and freedom of association
• Equality of opportunity
• Equality of outcome
• Affirmative action
• Collectivising childcare
• Chapter 6 Freedom of action
• What is freedom?
• Case study 6.1: Should there be a tax on sugar?
• The value of freedom
• Unfreedom versus inability
• J.S. Mill and the harm principle
• Consent
• Paternalism
• Paternalism and public policy
• Paternalism towards children
• Is consent enough? Is harm the only consideration?
• A tax on sugar
• Chapter 7 Freedom of speech
• Is there such a thing as free speech?
• Case study 7.1: Anti-vaxxers and free speech
• Speech-acts
• Restrictions on speech
• Mill’s defence of free speech
• Harm
• Is speech a public good?
• The offence principle
• Quality uncertainty
• Incitement to hatred
• Social media
• Anti-vaxxers
• Chapter 8 Distributive justice
• Theories of just distribution
• Case study 8.1: Fair taxes
• Rawls and priority to the worst-off
• The original position
• Motivation in the original position
• What would be chosen in the original position?
• The two principles of justice
• The difference principle
• Rawls, Meade, and a property-owning democracy
• Nozick: a libertarian theory of justice
• Nozick’s starting point: private property rights
• Just acquisition – Locke and Nozick
• Just transfer
• Types of theory
• Rectification
• Left libertarianism
• Cohen: a Marxist perspective on distributive justice
• Cohen against Nozick
• Cohen against Rawls
• Fair taxes
• Part 3 Classical ideologies
• Chapter 9 Liberalism
• The meaning of liberalism
• Case study 9.1: Should it be illegal to buy sex?
• Liberalism as neutrality
• The historical background
• Toleration
• Toleration as neutrality
• Liberal perfectionism
• Utilitarianism
• Contractarianism
• Locke
• Liberals and sex workers
• Chapter 10 Conservatism
• Conservatism: an elusive ideology?
• Case study 10.1: Reforming the House of Lords
• Basic elements of conservatism
• The conservative revolution
• Hume
• Burke
• Oakeshott
• Strauss and American neoconservatism
• Lords reform
• Chapter 11 Socialism and Marxism
• Case study 11.1: Why so many deaths?
• The problem of utopia
• Science and the ‘utopian socialists’
• Introducing Marxism
• The authoritarian consequences of ‘scientific socialism’
• The inevitability argument
• What happens when revolutions are ‘bourgeois’ in character?
• What happens when revolutions are ‘pre-mature’?
• Rosa Luxemburg, the Bolshevik Revolution, and Stalinism
• The dilemma of democratic socialism
• Eduard Bernstein and the German socialists
• Bernstein, revisionism, and the British tradition
• Bernstein’s argument
• The British Labour Party and the Fabians
• The Labour Party, constitutionalism, and the trade unions
• Blair’s socialism
• International social democrats
• Socialism in America
• Can Marxism be rescued?
• The notion of revolution
• The inevitability problem and the liberal tradition
• The question of class and agency
• Socialism and inevitability
• The problem of utopianism
• Death and socialism
• Chapter 12 Anarchism
• What is anarchism?
• Case study 12.1: CHAZ or CHOP?
• Anarchism and its relationship to socialism
• Philosophical anarchists
• Free market anarchists
• Nozick’s minarchism
• Republican Spain and the anarchist experience
• The problem of violence
• Anarchism and the new social movements
• Organisation and relationships
• The problem of hierarchy
• The question of self-determination and constraint
• Anarchism and the distinction between state and government
• CHAZ (or CHOP) revisited
• Chapter 13 Nationalism
• Nations and nationalism
• Case study 13.1: Who is Scottish?
• Liberalism and nationalism: Mill and Herder
• John Stuart Mill
• Johann Gottfried von Herder
• Socialism and nationalism: Marx and Engels
• The contemporary debate
• Civic nationalism
• Liberalism and communitarian nationalism
• Missionary nationalism
• Ethnonationalism
• Scottish nationalism
• Chapter 14 Fascism and the radical right
• Defining fascism
• Case study 14.1: The ‘threat’ from the far right
• Fascism in Italy
• Nationalism and war
• Corporativism, violence, and the state
• Intellectual roots
• Fascism in Germany – national socialism
• A brief history
• The ‘socialism’ in national socialism
• The broad outlines of national socialist thought
• Radical right thought
• Spengler and decline
• Jünger, technology, and the individual
• Evola and tradition
• Strands and tensions in radical right thought
• The intelligence services and the far right
• Part 4 Contemporary Ideologies
• Chapter 15 Feminism
• Feminism or feminisms?
• Case study 15.1: Fertility outsourcing
• Liberal feminism
• Mary Wollstonecraft
• John Stuart Mill
• Liberal feminism in Britain and the United States
• Radical feminist critiques
• Socialist feminist critiques
• Other critiques
• Socialist feminism
• Engels’ contribution
• Bebel and later socialists
• The domestic labour debate
• Liberal feminist critique
• Radical feminist critique
• Black feminist and philosophical feminist critiques
• Radical feminism
• Liberal feminist critique
• Socialist feminist critique
• Black feminist and philosophical feminist critiques
• Black feminism
• Liberal, socialist, and radical feminist critiques
• Philosophical feminist critiques
• Philosophical feminisms
• Feminist empiricism
• Standpoint feminism
• Postmodern feminism
• Liberal feminist critique
• Socialist, radical, and black feminist critiques
• Reproductive tourism
• Chapter 16 Multiculturalism
• Multiculturalism and political theory
• Case study 16.1: Is multiculturalism bad for women?
• Culture
• Race
• Religion
• Arguments for and against multiculturalism
• Multiculturalism as a struggle for recognition
• Multiculturalism as an extension of liberal rights
• Multiculturalism as legal pluralism
• Multiculturalism as hybridity
• Multiculturalism as allocative efficiency
• Multiculturalism as intergroup competition
• Women and multiculturalism
• Chapter 17 Ecologism
• Ecologism or environmentalism?
• Case study 17.1: Is there an argument for nuclear power?
• Environmental crisis
• Green politics
• Environmentalism and other ideologies
• Aldo Leopold and the land ethic
• Arne Næss and deep ecology
• Garrett Hardin and the ethics of the lifeboat
• Joseph Tainter – energy, complexity, and sustainability
• The argument so far
• Critique of ecologism
• Do ecologists have a plausible account of why we should value ‘nature’?
• Can ecologists respect the created world – that is, culture?
• Are ecologists hostile to human rights?
• Are ecologists hostile to reason and rationality?
• Is ecologism compatible with human equality?
• Is ecologism compatible with value pluralism?
• Nuclear power
• Part 5 Global political theory
• Chapter 18 Human rights
• What are human rights?
• Case study 18.1: Is torture ever right?
• Human rights after Nuremberg
• Conceptual ambiguities
• Human rights conventions
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
• European Convention on Human Rights (1950)
• The significance of the UDHR and ECHR
• Justifying human rights
• Rights – some conceptual issues
• Relativism versus universalism
• Intuition and consensus
• Contractualism
• Rational entailment
• Natural right and natural rights
• Cruelty and solidarity
• On torture
• Chapter 19 Global justice
• Domestic versus global justice
• Case study 19.1: Famine
• Singer on famine
• Sen on famine
• Ethical and political implications
• Cosmopolitanism
• Particularism
• Institutionalism
• Chapter 20 Migration
• Emigration and immigration
• Case study 20.1: The EU – an experiment in open borders?
• Empirical evidence
• Theoretical perspectives
• Global contractarianism
• Restrictivist contractarianism
• Liberal communitarianism
• Utilitarianism and consequentialism
• Libertarianism
• Libertarian consequentialism
• Ethnonationalism
• The scramble for Europe
• Index