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• Cover
• Title page
• Copyright
• List of Illustrations
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• About the Companion Website
• PART I: KEY CONCEPTS IN LANGUAGE PRODUCTION, COMPREHENSION, AND ACQUISITION
• 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE SCIENCE
• Language Characteristics
• Grammar, Language Origins, and Nonhuman Communication Systems
• Research on communication abilities in apes
• “Monkeys don’t talk”
• Language origins
• Language and Thought
• Whorf, linguistic determinism, and linguistic relativity
• Whorf makes a comeback
• A Description of the Language-Processing System
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 2 SPEECH PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION
• Speech Production
• Speech errors
• Tip-of-the-tongue experiences
• Picture naming and picture–word interference studies
• The spreading activation model of speech production
• Potential limitations of lemma theory
• Self-monitoring and self-repair
• Articulation
• Foreign Accent Syndrome Revisited
• Speech Perception
• Coarticulation effects on speech perception
• The motor theory of speech perception
• The McGurk effect: Visual gestures affect speech perception
• Mirror neurons: The motor theory enjoys a renaissance
• The mirror neuron theory of speech perception jumps the shark
• Other problems for mirror neuron/motor theory
• The general auditory approach to speech perception
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 3 WORD PROCESSING
• The Anatomy of a Word: How We Mentally Represent Word Form
• Lexical Semantics
• Associationist accounts of word meaning
• The symbol-grounding problem Embodied semantics
• Lexical Access
• First-generation models
• Second-generation models
• Third-generation models
• Lexical Ambiguity Resolution
• Does context influence meaning selection for ambiguous words?
• The Neural Basis of Lexical Representation and Lexical Access
• How are word meanings represented in the brain?
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 4 SENTENCE PROCESSING
• Models of Parsing: Two-stage Models
• Models of Parsing: Constraint-based Models
• Story context effects
• Subcategory frequency effects
• Cross-linguistic frequency data
• Semantic effects
• Prosody
• Visual context effects
• Interim Summary
• Argument Structure Hypothesis
• Limitations, Criticisms, and Some Alternative Parsing Theories
• Construal
• Good-enough parsing
• Parsing Long-distance Dependencies
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 5 DISCOURSE PROCESSING
• Construction-Integration Theory
• Construction and integration
• The Structure-building Framework
• The Event-Indexing Model
• Modeling space, time, protagonists, and motivation
• Causation, Cohesion, and Coherence in Discourse Encoding and Memory
• The Role of General World Knowledge in Discourse Processing
• Building Situation Models
• Inferencing: Memory-based Account of Discourse Processing—Minimalist versus Constructionist Inferencing
• The Neural Basis of Discourse Comprehension
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 6 REFERENCE
• Characteristics of Referents that Make Co-Reference Easier
• Characteristics of Anaphors that Make Co-Reference Easier
• The Relationship between an Anaphor and Possible Referents Affects Anaphor Resolution
• Binding Theory
• Psycholinguistic Theories of Anaphoric Reference
• The memory focus model
• Centering theory
• Informational load hypothesis
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 7 NONLITERAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
• Types of Nonliteral Language
• The Standard Pragmatic View
• Metaphor
• Class inclusion and dual reference
• Conceptual mapping and meaning
• The structural similarity view
• The career-of-metaphor hypothesis
• Why Metaphor?
• Metonymy and Under-Specification
• Idioms and Frozen Metaphors
• Embodiment and the Interpretation of Nonliteral Language
• The Neural Basis of Nonliteral Language Interpretation
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 8 DIALOGUE
• Gricean Maxims
• Dialogue Is Interactive
• Common Ground
• Audience Design
• Egocentric production
• Effects of Listeners’ Perspective-taking on Comprehension
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 9 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
• Prenatal Learning
• Babies suck
• Infant Perception and Categorization of Phonemes
• Solving the Segmentation Problem
• Infant-directed speech
• Practical advice corner
• Statistical Learning and Speech Segmentation
• Interim Summary
• Learning Word Meanings
• Syntactic bootstrapping
• Acquisition of Morphological and Syntactic Knowledge
• Acquisition of word category knowledge
• Acquisition of morphological knowledge
• Acquisition of phrase structure knowledge
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 10 READING
• Speed-reading?
• Eye-Movement Control and Reading
• The perceptual span
• Oculomotor and Cognitive Control Theories of Reading
• E-Z reader
• Parallel attention models and parafoveal-on-foveal effects
• Cognitive Processing in Reading I
• Different writing systems and scripts Learning to read
• Cognitive Processing in Reading II: Visual Word Processing
• Dual-route and dual-route cascaded models
• Single-route models
• Neighborhood effects
• Nonword pronunciation
• Dyslexia: Single-Deficit Models
• Dyslexia: Dual-Route and Single-Route Explanations
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 11 BILINGUAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
• Mary Potter and the Secrets of Bilingualism
• Languages Are Simultaneously Active during Comprehension and Production
• Competition in production
• Effects of fluency, balance, and language similarity on competition
• Shared syntactic structure representations
• Models of Language Control in Bilingual Speakers
• BIA+
• Inhibitory control
• Context effects and the zooming-in hypothesis
• Bilingualism and Executive Control
• Teaching Techniques and Individual Differences in Second-Language Learning
• The Neural Bases of Bilingualism
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 12 SIGN LANGUAGE
• Characteristics of Signed Languages
• Sign language morphology
• Lexical Access in Sign Language
• Sign Language Acquisition and Language Evolution
• The Neural Basis of Sign Language: Left-Hemisphere Contributions to Production and Comprehension
• Does the Right Hemisphere Play a Special Role in Sign Language?
• Why is language left lateralized?
• The Effects of Deafness and Learning Sign Language on Cognitive Processing
• Perspective taking and sign language
• Cochlear Implants
• Outcomes for CI users
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• PART II: LANGUAGE DISORDERS
• 13 APHASIA
• Aphasiology: What Happens to Language When the Brain Is Damaged?
• The classic WLG model
• Problems with the classic WLG model
• Broca’s Aphasia, Wernicke’s Aphasia, and Syntactic Parsing
• The trace deletion hypothesis
• Evidence against the trace deletion hypothesis
• The mapping hypothesis
• The resource restriction hypothesis
• The slowed syntax hypothesis
• Treatment and Recovery from Aphasia
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 14 DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDER
• What Is Developmental Language Disorder?
• Him going fishing! Jim hold … water. And go fish
• Characteristics of children with DLD
• Outcomes for children and adults with DLD
• How Do We Identify Children with DLD?
• The discrepancy criteria approach
• The functional impairment approach
• Early indicators of DLD and prognosis
• Causes
• Genetic contributions to DLD
• Brain structure and lateralization of function
• What about connectivity?
• Extended optional infinitive account: Tense is for losers
• The surface account
• The procedural deficit hypothesis
• Treatment Options
• Direct imitation
• Targeted elicitation
• Conversational recast
• Interactive book reading
• Conclusions and Open Questions
• Test Yourself
• 15 LANGUAGE AND AUTISM
• How Is Autism Diagnosed?
• Do Chidren with Autism Get Better?
• Profile of Language Disorders in Autism
• Word Learning in Autism
• Comprehension Problems
• Nonliteral Language Problems
• Pragmatic Deficits in Autism
• Causes of Autism: Genetic Contributions
• Neural Hypothesis of Autism: “It Starts Early”
• Neuroinflammation Hypothesis
• Minicolumn Hypothesis
• Connectivity Hypothesis: Especially the Hyper/Hypo Connectivity Variant
• The Left Hemisphere Hypothesis
• Mirror Neuron Hypothesis: The “Broken Mirror” Hypothesis
• The Broken Mirror Hypothesis Is Broken
• Cognitive Theories of Autism
• Theory of mind hypothesis
• The weak central coherence account
• Treatments for Autism
• Evidence-based Practices
• Intensive behavioral interventions
• Experimental Treatments
• Neurofeedback
• Theory of mind training
• Facial recognition training
• Treatments based on emerging technology
• Diet
• Ineffective or Harmful Treatments
• Facilitated Communication
• Sensory integration treatment and pressure vests
• Attachment therapy (aka holding therapy)
• Summary and Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• 16 LANGUAGE DYSFUNCTION AND SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Causes of Schizophrenia
• Developmental factors
• Whistling Past the Graveyard: Neural Abnormalities in Schizophrenia
• Differences in connectivity between brain regions
• Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia
• Language Deficits in Schizophrenia
• Failure of core language systems
• Failure in semantic memory systems
• The dual streams hypothesis
• Generalized Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia
• Cascading Failure
• Attention problems in schizophrenia
• Failure of working memory systems
• The context maintenance account
• Failure of Theory of Mind Processes
• Shut Up and Get Out of Here: Self-Monitoring, Corollary Discharge, and Auditory Hallucinations
• Haunted by the Balloon Folk: Language and Delusions
• Conclusions
• Test Yourself
• Index
• End User License Agreement