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• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Prologue: Public Health in the News
• About the Authors
• CHAPTER 1 Public Health: Science, Politics, and Prevention
• What Is Public Health?
• Public Health Versus Medical Care
• The Sciences of Public Health
• Prevention and Intervention
• Public Health and Terrorism
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 2 Why Is Public Health Controversial?
• Economic Impact
• Individual Liberty
• Moral and Religious Opposition
• Political Interference with Science
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 3 Powers and Responsibilities of Government
• Federal Versus State Authority
• How the Law Works
• How Public Health Is Organized and Paid for in the United States
• Local Public Health Agencies
• State Health Departments
• Federal Agencies Involved with Public Health
• Nongovernmental Role in Public Health
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 4 Epidemiology: The Basic Science of Public Health
• How Epidemiology Works
• A Typical Epidemiologic Investigation: Hepatitis Outbreak
• Legionnaires’ Disease
• Eosinophilia–Myalgia Syndrome
• Epidemiology and the Causes of Chronic Disease
• Heart Disease
• Lung Cancer
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 5 Epidemiologic Principles and Methods
• Kinds of Epidemiologic Studies
• Intervention Studies
• Cohort Studies
• Case-Control Studies
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 6 Problems and Limits of Epidemiology
• Problems with Studying Humans
• Sources of Error
• Proving Cause and Effect
• “4/20” Day and Fatal Accidents: Doobie-ous Results
• Epidemiologic Studies of Hormone Replacement Therapy: Confusing Results
• Ethics in Epidemiology
• Conflicts of Interest in Drug Trials
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 7 Statistics: Making Sense of Uncertainty
• The Uncertainty of Science
• Probability
• The Statistics of Screening Tests
• Rates and Other Calculated Statistics
• Risk Assessment and Risk Perception
• Cost–Benefit Analysis and Other Evaluation Methods
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 8 The Role of Data in Public Health
• Vital Statistics
• The United States Census
• NCHS Surveys and Other Sources of Health Data
• Is So Much Data Really Necessary?
• Accuracy and Availability of Data
• Confidentiality of Data
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 9 The “Conquest” of Infectious Diseases
• Infectious Agents
• Means of Transmission
• Chain of Infection
• Rabies
• Smallpox and Polio
• Smallpox
• Polio
• Backsliding: Measles and Malaria
• Fear of Vaccines
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 10 The Resurgence of Infectious Diseases
• The Biomedical Basis of AIDS
• Ebola
• West Nile, Zika, and Other Emerging Viruses
• Influenza
• New Bacterial Threats
• Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
• Prions
• Public Health Response to Emerging Infections
• Public Health and the Threat of Bioterrorism
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 11 The Biomedical Basis of Chronic Diseases
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Other Chronic Diseases
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 12 Genetic Diseases and Other Inborn Errors
• Environmental Teratogens
• Genetic Diseases
• Genetic and Newborn Screening Programs
• Genomic Medicine
• Ethical Issues and Genetic Diseases
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 13 Do People Choose Their Own Health?
• Education
• Regulation
• Does Prohibition Work?
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 14 How Psychosocial Factors Affect Health Behavior
• Health of Minority Populations
• Stress and Social Support
• Psychological Models of Health Behavior
• Ecological Model of Health Behavior
• Health Promotion Programs
• Changing the Environment
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 15 Public Health Enemy Number One: Tobacco
• Biomedical Basis of Smoking’s Harmful Effects
• Historical Trends in Smoking and Health
• Regulatory Restrictions on Smoking: New Focus on Environmental Tobacco Smoke
• Advertising: Emphasis on Youth
• Taxes as a Public Health Measure
• California’s Tobacco Control Program
• The Master Settlement Agreement
• FDA Regulation
• Electronic Cigarettes
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 16 Public Health Enemy Number Two—and Growing: Poor Diet and Physical Inactivity
• Epidemiology of Obesity
• Diet and Nutrition
• Promoting Healthy Eating
• Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
• Youth Obesity
• Physical Activity and Health
• How Much Exercise Is Enough, and How Much Do People Get?
• Promoting Physical Activity
• Confronting the Obesity Epidemic
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 17 Injuries Are Not Accidents
• Epidemiology of Injuries
• Analyzing Injuries
• Motor Vehicle Injuries
• Pedestrians, Motorcyclists, and Bicyclists
• Poisoning
• Firearms Injuries
• Occupational Injuries
• Injury from Domestic Violence
• Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injuries
• Tertiary Prevention
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 18 Maternal and Child Health as a Social Problem
• Maternal and Infant Mortality
• Infant Mortality: Health Problem or Social Problem?
• Preventing Infant Mortality
• Congenital Malformations
• Preterm Birth
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Family Planning and Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy
• Nutrition of Women and Children
• Children’s Health and Safety
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 19 Mental Health: Public Health Includes Healthy Minds
• Major Categories of Mental Disorders
• Anxiety
• Psychosis
• Disturbances of Mood
• Disturbances of Cognition
• Epidemiology
• Causes and Prevention
• Children
• Eating Disorders
• Mental Health in Adulthood
• Mental Health in Older Adults
• Treatment
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 20 A Clean Environment: The Basis of Public Health
• Role of Government in Environmental Health
• Identification of Hazards
• Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals
• Occupational Exposures: Workers as Guinea Pigs
• Newer Source of Pollution: Factory Farms
• Setting Standards: How Safe Is Safe?
• Risk–Benefit Analysis
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 21 Clean Air: Is It Safe to Breathe?
• Criteria Air Pollutants
• Strategies for Meeting Standards
• Indoor Air Quality
• Global Effects of Air Pollution
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 22 Clean Water: A Limited Resource
• Clean Water Act
• Safe Drinking Water
• Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan
• Dilemmas in Compliance
• Is the Water Supply Running Out?
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 23 Solid and Hazardous Wastes: What to Do with the Garbage?
• Sanitary Landfills
• Alternatives to Landfills
• Hazardous Wastes
• Coal Ash
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 24 Safe Food and Drugs: An Ongoing Regulatory Battle
• Causes of Foodborne Illness
• Government Action to Prevent Foodborne Disease
• Additives and Contaminants
• Drugs and Cosmetics
• Food and Drug Labeling and Advertising
• Politics of the FDA
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 25 Population: The Ultimate Environmental Health Issue
• Public Health and Population Growth
• Global Impact of Population Growth: Depletion of Resources
• Global Impact of Population Growth: Climate Change
• Dire Predictions and Fragile Hope
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 26 Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue?
• When Medical Care Is a Public Health Responsibility
• The Conflict Between Public Health and the Medical Profession
• Licensing and Regulation
• Ethical and Legal Issues in Medical Care
• Ethical Issues in Medical Resource Allocation
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 27 Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform
• Problems with Access
• Why Do Costs Keep Rising?
• Approaches to Controlling Medical Costs
• Managed Care and Beyond
• The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
• Rationing
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 28 Health Services Research: Finding What Works
• Reasons for Practice Variations
• The Field of Dreams Effect
• Outcomes Research
• Quality
• Medical Care Report Cards
• Inequities in Medical Care
• The Relative Importance of Medical Care for Public Health
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 29 Public Health and the Aging Population
• The Aging of the Population: Trends
• Health Status of the Older Population
• General Approaches to Maximizing Health in Old Age
• Preventing Disease and Disability in Old Age
• Medications
• Osteoporosis
• Falls
• Impairment of Vision and Hearing
• Oral Health
• Alzheimer’s and Other Dementias
• Medical Costs of the Elderly
• Proposals for Rationing
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 30 Emergency Preparedness, Post-9/11
• Types of Disasters and Public Health Responses
• New York’s Response to the World Trade Center Attacks
• Response to Hurricane Katrina
• Principles of Emergency Planning and Preparedness
• Bioterrorism Preparedness
• Pandemic Flu
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 31 Public Health in the Twenty-First Century: Achievements and Challenges
• Challenges for the 21st Century
• Strategic Planning for Public Health
• Dashed Hopes for the Integration of Public Health and Medical Practice
• Information Technology
• The Challenge of Biotechnology
• The Ultimate Challenge to Public Health in the 21st Century
• Conclusion
• References
• Glossary
• Index
• Bonus Chapter: Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic
• A Brief History of Crowd-Epidemic Diseases
• Origins of SARS-CoV-2
• Morbidity and Mortality of COVID-19
• Transmission
• Cross-Country Differences in Public Health Responses
• Infection-Control Policies
• Economic Consequences
• Conclusion
• Glossary
• References