Efnisyfirlit

• Half-title page
• Endorsement page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 A Brief History of Seismology
• 1.1.1 Recent Advances
• 1.2 Exercises
• 2 Stress and Strain
• 2.1 The Stress Tensor
• 2.1.1 Example: Computing the Traction Vector
• 2.1.2 Principal Axes of Stress
• 2.1.3 Example: Computing the Principal Axes
• 2.1.4 Deviatoric Stress
• 2.1.5 Values for Stress
• 2.2 The Strain Tensor
• 2.2.1 Values for Strain
• 2.2.2 Example: Computing Strain for a Seismic Wave
• 2.3 The Linear Stress–Strain Relationship
• 2.3.1 Units for Elastic Moduli
• 2.4 Exercises
• 3 The Seismic Wave Equation
• 3.1 Introduction: The Wave Equation
• 3.2 The Momentum Equation
• 3.3 The Seismic Wave Equation
• 3.3.1 Potentials
• 3.4 Plane Waves
• 3.4.1 Example: Harmonic Plane Wave Equation
• 3.5 Polarizations of P- and S-Waves
• 3.6 Spherical Waves
• 3.7 Methods for Computing Synthetic Seismograms[sup(†)]
• 3.7.1 Discrete Modeling Methods[sup(†)]
• 3.7.2 Equations for 2-D Isotropic Finite Differences[sup(†)]
• 3.8 Exercises
• 4 Ray Theory: Travel Times
• 4.1 Snell’s Law
• 4.2 Ray Paths for Laterally Homogeneous Models
• 4.2.1 Example: Computing X(p) and T(p)
• 4.2.2 Ray Tracing through Velocity Gradients
• 4.3 Travel Time Curves and Delay Times
• 4.3.1 Reduced Velocity
• 4.3.2 The τ(p) Function
• 4.3.3 Example: Computing τ(p)
• 4.3.4 Low-Velocity Zones
• 4.4 Summary of 1-D Ray Tracing Equations
• 4.5 Spherical Earth Ray Tracing
• 4.5.1 The Earth-Flattening Transformation
• 4.6 Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing[sup(†)]
• 4.7 Ray Nomenclature
• 4.7.1 Crustal Phases
• 4.7.2 Whole Earth Phases
• 4.7.3 PKJKP: The Holy Grail of Body Wave Seismology
• 4.8 Global Body Wave Observations
• 4.8.1 Uses of Global Body-Wave Phases
• 4.9 Exercises
• 5 Inversion of Travel Time Data
• 5.1 One-Dimensional Velocity Inversion Theory
• 5.2 Straight-Line Fitting
• 5.2.1 Example: Solving for a Layer Cake Model
• 5.2.2 Other Ways to Fit the T(X) Curve
• 5.3 τ(p) Inversion
• 5.3.1 Example: The Layer Cake Model Revisited
• 5.3.2 Resolving τ(p) and the Slant-Stack Method
• 5.3.3 Linear Programming and Regularization Methods
• 5.4 Summary: One-Dimensional Velocity Inversion
• 5.5 Three-Dimensional Velocity Inversion
• 5.5.1 Setting Up the Tomography Problem
• 5.5.2 Example: Toy Tomography Problem
• 5.5.3 Solving the Tomography Problem
• 5.5.4 Tomography Complications
• 5.5.5 Finite Frequency Tomography and Full Waveform Inversion
• 5.6 Earthquake Location
• 5.6.1 Iterative Location Methods
• 5.6.2 Relative Event Location Methods
• 5.7 Exercises
• 6 Ray Theory: Amplitude and Phase
• 6.1 Energy in Seismic Waves
• 6.2 Geometrical Spreading in 1-D Velocity Models
• 6.3 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
• 6.3.1 SH-Wave Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
• 6.3.2 Example: Computing SH Coefficients
• 6.3.3 Vertical Incidence Coefficients
• 6.3.4 Energy-Normalized Coefficients
• 6.3.5 Dependence on Ray Angle
• 6.4 Turning Points and Hilbert Transforms
• 6.5 Propagator Matrix Methods for Modeling Plane Waves[sup(†)]
• 6.6 Attenuation
• 6.6.1 Example: Computing Intrinsic Attenuation
• 6.6.2 t* and Velocity Dispersion
• 6.6.3 The Absorption Band Model[sup(†)]
• 6.6.4 The Standard Linear Solid[sup(†)]
• 6.6.5 Earth’s Attenuation
• 6.6.6 Observing Q
• 6.6.7 Nonlinear Attenuation
• 6.6.8 Seismic Attenuation and Global Politics
• 6.7 Exercises
• 7 Reflection Seismology and Related Topics
• 7.1 Background
• 7.2 Zero-Offset Sections
• 7.3 Common Midpoint Stacking
• 7.3.1 Example: Computing Normal Moveout
• 7.4 Sources and Deconvolution
• 7.5 Migration
• 7.5.1 Huygens’s Principle
• 7.5.2 Diffraction Hyperbolas
• 7.5.3 Example: Computing Diffraction Hyperbolas
• 7.5.4 Migration Methods
• 7.6 Velocity Analysis
• 7.6.1 Example: Estimating Layer Velocity and Thickness
• 7.6.2 Statics Corrections
• 7.7 Back-projection
• 7.7.1 The Adjoint Operator as an Inversion Method[sup(†)]
• 7.8 Receiver Functions
• 7.9 The Language of Reflection Seismology
• 7.10 Exercises
• 8 Surface Waves and Normal Modes
• 8.1 Love Waves
• 8.1.1 Solution for a Single Layer
• 8.1.2 Example: Computing Love Wave Dispersion
• 8.2 Rayleigh Waves
• 8.3 Dispersion
• 8.4 Global Surface Waves
• 8.5 Observing Surface Waves
• 8.5.1 Example: Measuring Group and Phase Velocity
• 8.6 Normal Modes
• 8.7 Exercises
• 9 Earthquakes and Source Theory
• 9.1 Green’s Functions and the Moment Tensor
• 9.2 Earthquake Faults
• 9.2.1 Non-Double-Couple Sources
• 9.3 Radiation Patterns and Beach Balls
• 9.3.1 Example: Plotting a Focal Mechanism
• 9.4 Far-Field Pulse Shapes
• 9.4.1 Directivity
• 9.4.2 Example: 2004 Sumatra Earthquake Directivity
• 9.4.3 Source Spectra
• 9.4.4 Empirical Green’s Functions
• 9.5 Stress Drop
• 9.5.1 Example: Estimating Stress Drop
• 9.5.2 Self-Similar Earthquake Scaling
• 9.6 Radiated Seismic Energy
• 9.6.1 Earthquake Energy Partitioning[sup(†)]
• 9.7 Earthquake Magnitude
• 9.7.1 The b-Value
• 9.7.2 Example: Use of b-Value
• 9.7.3 The Intensity Scale
• 9.8 Finite Slip Modeling
• 9.9 The Heat Flow Paradox
• 9.9.1 Why Are Faults Weak?
• 9.10 Exercises
• 10 Earthquake Prediction
• 10.1 The Earthquake Cycle
• 10.2 Earthquake Triggering
• 10.3 Searching for Precursors
• 10.4 Are Earthquakes Unpredictable?
• 10.5 Exercises
• 11 Seismometers and Seismographs
• 11.1 Seismometer as Damped Harmonic Oscillator
• 11.2 Short-Period and Long-Period Seismograms
• 11.3 Modern Seismographs
• 11.4 Exercises
• 12 Earth Noise
• 12.1 Earth’s Background Noise
• 12.2 Cross-Correlation Analysis of Ambient Noise
• 12.3 Exercises
• 13 Anisotropy
• 13.1 Rays and Wavefronts for Anisotropy
• 13.2 Eigenvalue Equation for Anisotropic Media
• 13.2.1 Slowness Surfaces
• 13.2.2 Snell’s Law at an Interface
• 13.3 Weak Anisotropy
• 13.4 Hexagonal Anisotropy
• 13.5 Shear-Wave Splitting
• 13.5.1 Linear Polarization Analysis
• 13.5.2 Estimating Shear-Wave Splitting Parameters
• 13.5.3 Example: Shear-Wave Splitting Observed at RSON
• 13.5.4 SKS Splitting
• 13.5.5 Example: SKS Splitting Analysis for RSON
• 13.5.6 Shear-Wave Splitting Observations
• 13.6 Mechanisms for Anisotropy
• 13.7 Earth’s Anisotropy
• 13.8 Exercises
• Appendix A The PREM Model
• Appendix B Math Review
• B.1 Vector Calculus
• B.2 Complex Numbers
• Appendix C The Eikonal Equation
• Appendix D Python Functions
• Appendix E Time Series and Fourier Transforms
• E.1 Convolution
• E.2 Fourier Transform
• E.3 Hilbert Transform
• Appendix F Kirchhoff Theory
• F.1 Kirchhoff Applications
• F.2 How to Write a Kirchhoff Program
• F.3 Kirchhoff Migration
• Bibliography
• Index