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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
• About the Author
• Contents
• Interactive Media Contents
• To the Student
• To the Instructor
• Preface
• Chapter 1. The Chemical World
• 1.1 Sand and Water
• 1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
• 1.3 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think
• Everyday Chemistry: Combustion and the Scientific Method
• 1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data
• Identifying Patterns in Data
• Interpreting Graphs
• 1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 2. Measurement and Problem Solving
• 2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error
• 2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers
• 2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
• Counting Significant Figures
• Exact Numbers
• Chemistry In The Media: The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic
• 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations
• Multiplication and Division
• Rounding
• Addition and Subtraction
• Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction
• 2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement
• The Base Units
• Prefix Multipliers
• Derived Units
• 2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion
• Converting Between Units
• General Problem-Solving Strategy
• 2.7 Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems
• 2.8 Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator
• 2.9 Units Raised to a Power
• Chemistry And Health: Drug Dosage
• 2.10 Density
• Calculating Density
• Density as a Conversion Factor
• Chemistry And Health: Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease
• 2.11 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 3. Matter and Energy
• 3.1 In Your Room
• 3.2 What Is Matter?
• 3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
• 3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
• 3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
• 3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes
• Separating Mixtures Through Physical Changes
• 3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter
• 3.8 Energy
• Chemistry In The Environment: Getting Energy out of Nothing?
• Units of Energy
• 3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
• 3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
• 3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity
• Everyday Chemistry: Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water
• 3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 4. Atoms and Elements
• 4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon
• 4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory
• 4.3 The Nuclear Atom
• 4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
• Everyday Chemistry: Solid Matter?
• 4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons
• 4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
• 4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons
• Ions and the Periodic Table
• 4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies
• 4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms
• Chemistry In The Environment: Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 5. Molecules and Compounds
• 5.1 Sugar and Salt
• 5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition
• 5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
• Polyatomic Ions in Chemical Formulas
• Types of Chemical Formulas
• 5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
• Atomic Elements
• Molecular Elements
• Molecular Compounds
• Ionic Compounds
• 5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
• Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Only Monoatomic Ions
• Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
• 5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
• 5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds
• Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms Only One Type of Cation
• Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More Than One Type of Cation
• Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion
• Everyday Chemistry: Polyatomic Ions
• 5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds
• 5.9 Naming Acids
• Naming Binary Acids
• Naming Oxyacids
• 5.10 Nomenclature Summary
• Ionic Compounds
• Molecular Compounds
• Acids
• 5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 6. Chemical Composition
• 6.1 How Much Sodium?
• 6.2 Counting Nails by the Kilogram
• 6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram
• Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms
• Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element
• Converting between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms
• 6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram
• Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound
• Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules
• 6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
• Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element
• Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element
• 6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
• 6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
• Chemistry And Health: Fluoridation of Drinking Water
• 6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
• Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data
• 6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 7. Chemical Reactions
• 7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents
• 7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
• 7.3 The Chemical Equation
• 7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
• 7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water
• Aqueous Solutions
• Solubility
• 7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid
• 7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic E
• 7.8 Acid–Base and Gas-Evolution Reactions
• Acid–Base (Neutralization) Reactions
• Gas-Evolution Reactions
• Chemistry And Health: Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid
• 7.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
• 7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions
• Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do
• Classification Flowchart
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions
• 8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide
• 8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients
• 8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
• 8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions
• 8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
• 8.6 Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
• 8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction
• Sign of Hrxn ΔHrxn
• Everyday Chemistry: Bunsen Burners
• Stoichiometry of Hrxn ΔHrxn
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 9. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
• 9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom
• 9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation
• 9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Chemistry And Health: Radiation Treatment for Cancer
• 9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits
• 9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
• Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps
• From Orbits to Orbitals
• 9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
• Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals
• Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals
• 9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
• 9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
• 9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character
• Atomic Size
• Ionization Energy
• Chemistry And Health: Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses
• Metallic Character
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 10. Chemical Bonding
• 10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
• 10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
• 10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
• 10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
• Single Bonds
• Double and Triple Bonds
• 10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
• Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions
• Exceptions to the Octet Rule
• 10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
• 10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
• Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper
• Chemistry And Health: Fooled by Molecular Shape
• 10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix
• Electronegativity
• Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
• Everyday Chemistry: How Soap Works
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 11. Gases
• 11.1 Extra-Long Straws
• 11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
• 11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
• Pressure Units
• Pressure Unit Conversion
• 11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume
• Everyday Chemistry: Airplane Cabin Pressurization
• Everyday Chemistry: Extra-long Snorkels
• 11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature
• 11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
• 11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles
• 11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles
• Determining Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law
• Ideal and Nonideal Gas Behavior
• 11.9 Mixtures of Gases
• Partial Pressure and Physiology
• Collecting Gases over Water
• 11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions
• Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure
• Chemistry In The Environment: Air Pollution
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 12. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
• 12.1 Spherical Water
• 12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids
• 12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity
• Surface Tension
• Viscosity
• 12.4 Evaporation and Condensation
• Boiling
• Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation
• Heat of Vaporization
• 12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation
• Energetics of Melting and Freezing
• Heat of Fusion
• Sublimation
• 12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion–Dipole
• Chemistry And Health: Hydrogen Bonding in DNA
• Dispersion Force
• Dipole–Dipole Force
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Ion–Dipole Force
• 12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic
• Molecular Solids
• Ionic Solids
• Atomic Solids
• 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule
• Chemistry In The Environment: Water Pollution and the Flint River Water Crisis
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 13. Solutions
• 13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon
• 13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures
• 13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
• Solubility and Saturation
• Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids
• How Solubility Varies with Temperature
• 13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz
• 13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
• Mass Percent
• Using Mass Percent in Calculations
• 13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity
• Using Molarity in Calculations
• Ion Concentrations
• 13.7 Solution Dilution
• 13.8 Solution Stoichiometry
• 13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hott
• Freezing Point Depression
• Everyday Chemistry: Antifreeze in Frogs
• Boiling Point Elevation
• 13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration
• Chemistry And Health: Solutions in Medicine
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 14. Acids and Bases
• 14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
• 14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples
• 14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples
• 14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
• The Arrhenius Definition
• The Brønsted–Lowry Definition
• 14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases
• Neutralization Reactions
• Acid Reactions
• Everyday Chemistry: What Is in My Antacid?
• Base Reactions
• 14.6 Acid–Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution
• 14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
• Strong Acids
• Weak Acids
• Strong Bases
• Weak Bases
• 14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One
• 14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
• Calculating pH from [H3O+]
• Calculating [H3O+] from pH
• The pOH Scale
• 14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change
• Chemistry And Health: Alkaloids
• Chemistry And Health: The Danger of Antifreeze
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 15. Chemical Equilibrium
• 15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium
• 15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
• Collision Theory
• How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction
• How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction
• 15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
• 15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
• Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Chemical Reactions
• The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant
• 15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liqui
• 15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
• Calculating Equilibrium Constants
• Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations
• 15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle
• 15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
• 15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
• Chemistry And Health: How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen
• 15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium
• 15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant
• Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility
• 15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
• How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates
• Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy
• Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 16. Oxidation and Reduction
• 16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?
• 16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
• 16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping
• Everyday Chemistry: The Bleaching of Hair
• 16.4 Balancing Redox Equations
• Chemistry In The Environment: Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life
• 16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
• The Activity Series of Metals
• Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid
• 16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
• The Voltaic Cell
• Dry-Cell Batteries
• Lead–Acid Storage Batteries
• Fuel Cells
• 16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
• 16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
• Everyday Chemistry: The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
• 17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis
• 17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity
• 17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
• Alpha (α) Radiation
• Beta (β) Radiation
• Gamma (γ) Radiation
• Positron Emission
• 17.4 Detecting Radioactivity
• 17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
• Half-Life
• Chemistry And Health: Environmental Radon
• A Natural Radioactive Decay Series
• 17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
• Chemistry In The Media: The Shroud of Turin
• 17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
• 17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
• 17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
• 17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life
• Acute Radiation Damage
• Increased Cancer Risk
• Genetic Defects
• Measuring Radiation Exposure
• 17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine
• Isotope Scanning
• Radiotherapy
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 18. Organic Chemistry
• 18.1 What Do I Smell?
• 18.2 Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic
• 18.3 Carbon: A Versatile Atom
• Chemistry In The Media: The Origin of Life
• 18.4 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen
• 18.5 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
• Chemistry In The Media: Environmental Problems Associated with Hydrocarbon Combustion
• 18.6 Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure
• 18.7 Naming Alkanes
• 18.8 Alkenes and Alkynes
• About Alkenes and Alkynes
• Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
• 18.9 Hydrocarbon Reactions
• Alkane Substitution Reactions
• Alkene and Alkyne Addition Reactions
• 18.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• 18.11 Functional Groups
• 18.12 Alcohols
• Naming Alcohols
• About Alcohols
• 18.13 Ethers
• Naming Ethers
• About Ethers
• 18.14 Aldehydes and Ketones
• Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
• About Aldehydes and Ketones
• 18.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
• Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters
• About Carboxylic Acids and Esters
• 18.16 Amines
• 18.17 Polymers
• Everyday Chemistry: Kevlar: Stronger Than Steel
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Chapter 19. Biochemistry
• 19.1 The Human Genome Project
• 19.2 The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components
• 19.3 Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• 19.4 Lipids
• Fatty Acids
• Fats and Oils
• Other Lipids
• Chemistry And Health: Dietary Fats
• 19.5 Proteins
• 19.6 Protein Structure
• Everyday Chemistry: Why Straight Hair Gets Longer When It Is Wet
• Quaternary Structure
• Tertiary Structure
• Primary Structure
• Secondary Structure
• 19.7 Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints
• 19.8 DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis
• DNA Structure
• DNA Replication
• Protein Synthesis
• Chemistry And Health: Drugs for Diabetes
• Self-Assessment Quiz
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
• Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
• Appendix: Mathematics Review
• Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• Pp
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• Periodic Table of the Elements
• Constants, Factors, and Formulas
• Atomic Masses of the Elements