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• Cover Page
• Half Title page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Foreword by the Honourable Justice Peter Cory
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• Notes on contributors
• List of figures and tables
• Part I Developments in Rights
• 1 Investigative interviewing and human rights in the war on terrorism
• Introduction
• Human rights, globalization and risk
• The undermining of human rights law and legitimizing of deviance
• The international legal regulatory framework
• The erosion of human rights through the militarization of justice: the UK experience
• Military interrogation techniques
• The limited influence of the judges
• Governments’ choice of legal frameworks for the war on terrorism: security state or democracy?
• Conclusion
• Note
• References
• 2 Al-Qaeda-related subjects: a law enforcement perspective
• Introduction
• Understanding contexts for interrogating subjects of al-Qaeda-related investigations
• Understanding motivation and the importance of relationship
• Understanding jihad and the history of Sunni extremism: the path to commitment
• Foundations of the rapport-based interview approach
• Preparing for the interview
• Operating with a translator
• Developing rapport
• Gathering information
• Developing themes
• Managing resistance
• Recognizing and managing deception
• Conclusion
• Note
• References
• 3 American interrogation methods in the war on terror
• Notes
• References
• 4 The interrogation of terrorist suspects: the banality of torture
• Introduction
• Terrorists: psychopaths and crazed fanatics?
• Adopting the perspective of the ‘other’
• Cultural considerations
• Interrogator bias
• The Stamford University prison experiment
• Psychological research on the impact of the physical environment
• Combining the roles of guard and interrogator
• Interrogation tactics at Abu Ghraib and Guantánamo Bay: the bridge to law enforcement
• Understanding and categorizing interrogation techniques at Abu Ghraib and Guantánamo Bay
• Delivery
• Maximization
• Deprivation
• Manipulation
• Degradation
• The banality of torture
• Conclusion
• References
• Part II Developments in Research
• 5 The psychology of rapport: five basic rules1
• Introduction
• Keeping an open mind and remaining objective
• Impression formation
• The Rosenthal effect
• Presumption of innocence or of guilt?
• Building up rapport
• Transference and counter-transference
• Initiating good contact
• Paying attention
• Keeping a professional attitude: interviewing styles
• The concept of authority
• Knowing how to conclude
• Areas for further research
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• 6 Confessions by sex offenders1
• Introduction
• The frequency of confessions made by sex offenders
• Factors associated with confessions
• Characteristics of the crime
• Modus operandi
• The sex of the victim
• Links between the offender and victim
• Characteristics of the suspect
• Age
• Ethnic group
• Marital status
• Criminal background
• Intelligence
• Sense of guilt
• The attitudes of the investigator
• The personality profile of the offender who confesses
• The submissive collaborator
• The reluctant collaborator
• The dormant collaborator
• Promoting confessions
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• 7 The psychology of interrogations and confessions
• Introduction
• Interrogation
• Police training manuals
• The interrogation of terrorist suspects
• Confessions
• Theoretical models of confessions
• The Reid model of confession
• A decision-making model of confession
• Psychoanalytic models of confession
• An interaction process model of confession
• A cognitive-behavioural model of confession
• The Ofshe–Leo model
• Comments on the models
• A model of the interrogative process
• How interrogation can go wrong
• Conclusions
• Note
• References
• 8 Towards greater professionalism: minimizing miscarriages of justice
• Introduction
• The local criminal justice context and a search for the truth
• The role of the police in criminal investigations
• The primacy of interrogation in detecting offences
• The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
• The important contribution of technology to regulating custodial questioning
• Developing a principled approach to investigative interviewing
• Disclosure of prosecution evidence
• Criminal Cases Review Commission
• Miscarriages of justice in the USA and Canada
• Public inquiries: similar recommendations
• Investing to develop investigative professionalism
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• 9 Will it all end in tiers? Police interviews with suspects in Britain1
• Introduction
• A recent history of police interviews with suspects
• Tier 3: advanced suspect interview training
• Comparison of course content: PEACE and advanced training
• Does advanced training work?
• The Griffiths Question Map (GQM)
• Conclusions
• Note
• References
• 10 The Reid Technique of interviewing and interrogation
• Introduction
• Distinctions between interviews and interrogations
• Characteristics of an interview
• Characteristics of an interrogation
• Suggestions for setting up the interview/interrogation room
• Establish a sense of privacy
• Remove locks and other physical impediments
• Remove all distractions
• Minimize noise
• Arrange chairs properly
• The Reid nine steps of interrogation
• Step 1: the positive confrontation
• Step 2: theme development
• Step 3: handling denials
• Step 4: overcoming objections
• Step 5: procurement and retention of a suspect’s attention
• Step 6: handling the suspect’s passive mood
• Step 7: presenting an alternative question
• Step 8: developing the details of the offence
• Step 9: the written confession
• False confessions: the issues
• Juveniles/mental impairment
• Threats/promises
• Theme development
• Alternative questions
• Confession corroboration
• Factors to consider
• Notes
• References
• 11 A critical appraisal of modern police interrogations
• Introduction
• The pre-interrogation interview: a platform for bias and error
• Interrogation: a guilt-presumptive process of influence
• Narrative confessions as Hollywood productions
• The post hoc assessment of confessions
• Towards the videotaping of interrogations
• Note
• References
• 12 Investigative interviewing and the detection of deception
• The Improving Interpersonal Evaluations for Law Enforcement and National Security technique
• The basic assumptions of the IIE interview
• The basic processes of the IIE
• Awareness
• Baseline
• Changes
• Discrepancies
• Engagement
• Follow-up
• Research supporting the use of changes and discrepancies as hotspot indicators
• Cognitive clues
• Emotional clues
• How the expression mechanisms can betray deception
• How emotions can betray deception
• Fear of being caught
• Deception guilt
• Duping delight
• Cautions
• Conclusions about detecting deception
• Epilogue
• References
• Part III Developments in Regulation
• 13 Recovered memories
• The memory wars
• Three main ‘false memory’ methods
• The DRM method
• The misinformation method
• Parental misinformation method
• Limitations of parental misinformation studies
• Memory recovery techniques
• Hypnosis
• Guided imagery
• Imagination inflation
• Dream interpretation
• Use of family photographs
• Support groups
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• 14 Investigative interviewing: suspects’ and victims’ rights in balance
• Moral judgment in general
• Éthique appliquée as an ethical framework
• Factors that generate ethical pressures on interviewing
• Political, economical and sociological factors
• The suspect’s status
• The confession’s importance
• Values to balance whilst interviewing a suspect
• Criteria to evaluate the interviewing method’s legitimacy
• International differences in enforcing individual rights’ protection
• Should obtaining a confession be a goal of suspect interviews?
• Criteria to evaluate the legitimacy of police interviewing methods
• Conclusion
• Reference
• 15 Regulating police interrogation
• Introducing regulation
• Why interrogate? Why regulate? Why deviate?
• Judicial control as regulation
• Regulating by rules
• Training as regulation
• Managerial and supervisory regulation
• Openness and audio-visual recording
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Reference
• 16 Conclusion
• References
• Index