Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• About the Author
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• The Student Experience
• Chapter 1 The Growth of Oceanography
• 1-1 Oceanography: What Is It?
• 1-2 Historical Review of Oceanography
• Ocean Exploration
• Early Scientific Investigations
• Science by the Numbers: Graphs
• The Process of Science: The Scientific Process
• Modern Oceanography
• 1-3 Current and Future Oceanographic Research
• Science by the Numbers: Conversions
• Study Guide
• Chapter 2 The Planet Oceanus
• 2-1 The Earth’s Structure
• The Earth’s Interior Spheres
• The Earth’s Exterior Envelopes
• 2-2 The Physiography of the Ocean Floor
• Bathymetric Provinces
• Continental Margins
• 2-3 Geologic Differences between Continents and Ocean Basins
• The Earth’s Topography and Bathymetry
• Mass Balance and Isostasy
• Science by the Numbers: Powers of 10
• Geology: Probing the Seafloor
• 2-4 The Physiography of the Western North Atlantic Ocean
• Study Guide
• Chapter 3 The Origin of Ocean Basins
• 3-1 Continental Drift
• 3-2 Seafloor Spreading
• The Geomagnetic Field
• Spreading Ocean Ridges
• The Process of Science: Seafloor Spreading
• 3-3 Global Plate Tectonics
• Subduction Zones
• Plate-Tectonic Model
• Geology: The Red Sea
• The Opening and Closing of Ocean Basins
• A Summary of Global Plate Tectonics
• Geology: The San Andreas Fault
• The San Andreas Fault
• Complexity Theory: Complex Adaptive Systems
• 3-4 Future Discoveries
• Science by the Numbers: Seafloor Spreading Rates
• Study Guide
• Chapter 4 Marine Sedimentation
• 4-1 Sediment in the Sea
• Classification of Marine Sediment
• Factors that Control Sedimentation
• Geology: Probing the Seafloor
• 4-2 Sedimentation in the Ocean
• Shelf Sedimentation
• Worldwide Distribution of Shelf Sediments
• Geologic Controls of Continental Shelf Sedimentation
• Geology: Dust Storms
• Carbonate Shelves
• The Process of Science: Climate Variability and Change
• Deep-Sea Sedimentation
• Geology: Catastrophic Meltwater Scouring and Deposition
• Deep-Sea Stratigraphy
• Geology: The Drying Up of the Mediterranean Sea
• 4-3 Future Discoveries
• Science by the Numbers: Sedimentation Rates
• Study Guide
• Chapter 5 The Properties of Seawater
• 5-1 Basic Chemical Notions
• 5-2 Basic Physical Notions
• 5-3 The Water Molecule
• The Solutes of Seawater
• Major Constituents
• Nutrients
• Gases
• Trace Elements
• Organic Compounds
• Science by the Numbers: Parts per Thousand
• 5-4 Salinity
• Principle of Constant Proportion
• Chemistry: Chemical Techniques
• Factors That Regulate the Salinity of Seawater
• Effects of Salinity on the Properties of Water
• Freezing Point
• Density
• Vapor Pressure
• 5-5 Chemical and Physical Structure of the Oceans
• Temperature
• Salinity
• Density
• Surface Layer
• Pycnocline Layer
• Deep Layer
• 5-6 Gases in Seawater
• Oxygen
• Carbon Dioxide
• Chemistry: Desalination
• 5-7 The Ocean as a Physical Chemical System
• Reservoirs of Water
• Physics: Other Physical Properties of Water
• The Global Water Cycle
• The Ocean as a Biogeochemical System
• Chemistry: The Sea-Surface Microlayer
• Science by the Numbers: Order of Magnitude
• Study Guide
• Chapter 6 Wind and Ocean Circulation
• 6-1 Atmospheric Processes
• Coriolis Deflection
• General Wind Circulation
• 6-2 Surface Ocean Currents
• The Wind-Driven Currents of the Sea Surface
• Types of Surface Flows
• Physics: Current-Measuring Techniques
• A Model of Geostrophic Flow
• Refinement of the Geostrophic-Flow Model
• Physics: Hurricanes and Typhoons
• 6-3 Deep-Ocean Circulation
• Science by the Numbers: Volume Transport
• Water Masses and Density-Driven Water Flow
• A General Model of Thermohaline Circulation
• 6-4 Water Flow in Semienclosed Seaways
• Physics: Underwater Weather and Waterfalls
• 6-5 Future Discoveries
• Study Guide
• Chapter 7 Waves in the Ocean
• 7-1 Properties of Ocean Waves
• Wind Generation of Waves
• 7-2 Wave Motions
• The Motion of Water Particles Beneath Waves
• Physics: Wave-Measuring Techniques
• Motion of the Wave Form
• 7-3 The Life History of Ocean Waves
• Growth of Waves in the Fetch Area
• Storm Waves Outside the Generating Area
• Science by the Numbers: Wave Celerity (Speed)
• Waves in Shallow Water
• Shoreline Under Storm Conditions
• 7-4 Standing Waves
• 7-5 Other Types of Progressive Waves
• Internal Waves
• Physics: Tiny Waves and Giant Waves
• Tsunamis
• Physics: The Megatsunamis of December 26, 2004 and March 11, 2011
• Study Guide
• Chapter 8 Tides
• 8-1 Tidal Characteristics
• 8-2 Origin of the Tides
• Equilibrium Model of Tides
• Dynamic Model of the Tides
• Physics: Currents through Tidal Inlets
• 8-3 Tides in Small and Elongated Basins
• 8-4 Tidal Currents
• Science by the numbers: Speed of the Tide
• 8-5 Power from the Tides
• Biology: Tidal Rhythms in Organisms
• Physics: Internal Tides Shape the Bottom Gradients of the Continental Slope
• Science by the Numbers: Depth of the Bay of Fundy
• Study Guide
• Chapter 9 Marine Ecology
• 9-1 Ocean Habitats
• 9-2 Classification of Organisms
• Kingdom Eubacteria
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Chromista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Metazoa
• 9-3 Classification by Life-Style
• Biology: Sampling the Biota
• 9-4 Basic Ecology
• Biology: Larval Dispersal and Settlement
• Temperature
• Salinity
• Hydrostatic Pressure
• 9-5 Selected Adaptive Strategies
• Life Cycles of Plankton
• Functional Morphology of Fishes (Nekton)
• Biology: Killer Whales
• Benthic Communities
• Biology: Ecology of the Giant Kelp Community
• 9-6 Future Discoveries
• Study Guide
• Chapter 10 Biological Productivity in the Ocean
• 10-1 Food Webs and Trophic Dynamics
• Energy and Trophic Dynamics
• Plants as Primary Producers
• Animals as Consumers
• Science by the Numbers: Doubling Rates
• Bacteria as Decomposers
• Biology: Large Sharks
• Food Chains and Energy Transfer
• 10-2 General Marine Productivity
• Primary Production in the Ocean
• Variations in Productivity
• Biology: Satellite Oceanography
• 10-3 Global Patterns of Productivity
• Spatial Variations
• Estimates of Plant and Fish Production
• Biology: Migrants
• 10-4 Biological Productivity of Upwelling Water
• Physics: What Causes El Niño and What Is La Niña?
• Complexity Theory: The Peruvian Anchovy Fishery
• 10-5 Future Discoveries
• Study Guide
• Chapter 11 The Dynamic Shoreline
• 11-1 Coastal Water Movement
• Shoaling Waves and Refraction
• Circulation in the Surf Zone
• 11-2 Beaches
• Beach Profiles
• Sand Budgets
• Geology: A Sediment Budget of Fire Island
• 11-3 Coastal Dunes
• Geology: The Oregon Coastline
• 11-4 Barrier Islands
• Barrier-Island Landscape
• Geology: The Impact of Hurricane Sandy on the New York and New Jersey Shorelines
• Geology: Cape Cod, Massachusetts
• Origin of Barrier Islands
• Tidal Inlets
• Storm Effects
• Complexity Theory: The Migration of Barrier Islands
• 11-5 Cliffed Coasts
• Geology: Padre Island, Texas
• Geology: San Diego County, California
• 11-6 Deltas
• 11-7 Impact of People on the Coastline
• Science by the Numbers: Sand-Budget Study
• Geology: Ocean City and Assateague Island, Maryland
• Geology: Katrina Drowns New Orleans
• 11-8 Future Discoveries
• Study Guide
• Chapter 12 Coastal Habitats
• 12-1 Estuaries
• Origin of Estuaries
• Circulation and Sedimentation in Estuaries
• Salt-Wedge Estuaries
• Partially Mixed Estuaries
• Well-Mixed Estuaries
• The Biology of Estuaries
• Biology: Chesapeake Bay
• 12-2 Lagoons
• 12-3 Salt Marshes
• 12-4 Mangrove Swamps
• Geology: Salt-Marsh Evolution
• Salt-Marsh Evolution
• Biology: San Francisco Bay
• 12-5 Coral Reefs
• Biology of Corals
• Ecology of Coral Reefs
• Biology: Global Decline of Coral Reefs
• Complexity Theory: Coral Reefs in the 21st Century
• Geology of Coral Reefs
• Science by the Numbers: Residence Time
• Study Guide
• Chapter 13 Ocean Habitats and Their Biota
• 13-1 Biology of the Continental Shelf
• Neritic Zone
• Sublittoral Zone
• Biology: Penguins
• Biology: Feeding Strategies by Whales
• 13-2 Biology of the Open Ocean and the Deep Sea
• The Oceanic Realm
• Biology: Sargassum Gulfweed
• The Deep-Sea Bottom
• Biology: Squids
• Biology: Blue Whales
• 13-3 Future Discoveries
• Study Guide
• Chapter 14 The Ocean’s Resources
• 14-1 Law of the Sea
• Law of the Sea Treaty
• Exclusive Economic Zones
• 14-2 Mineral Resources
• Gas Hydrates
• Sand and Gravel
• Manganese Nodules
• Cobalt-Rich Oceanic Crusts
• Phosphate Deposits
• Geology: Offshore Oil and Gas in the Gulf of Mexico
• 14-3 Living Resources
• Biology: Fish Farming and “Super” Fish
• Mariculture
• Biology: Antarctic Krill
• Complexity Theory: Antarctic Krill: A Keystone Species
• Study Guide
• Chapter 15 The Human Presence in the Ocean
• 15-1 Pollution: What Is It?
• 15-2 Hydrocarbons in the Sea
• Biology: The Torrey Canyon Disaster
• 15-3 Municipal and Industrial Effluent
• Biology: Bioremediation
• Sewage
• Plastics
• Metals
• Biology: The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
• Artificial Biocides
• Science by the Numbers: Steady State
• 15-4 Ocean Dredging and Mining
• Dredging
• Ocean Mining
• 15-5 Overfishing
• Biology: Collapse of the New England Fisheries
• 15-6 The Ocean’s Future
• Complexity Theory: Regulating the Georges Bank Fishery
• Biology: Red Tides
• Biology: The Catastrophic Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
• 15-7 Future Discoveries
• Study Guide
• Chapter 16 Global Climate Change and the Oceans
• 16-1 Climate Change
• The process of science: The Global Rise of Sea Level and Its Effects
• 16-2 Global Climate Impact on the Coast
• Sea-Level Change
• Geology: Should the Storm Breaches of Fire Island, N.Y., Be Closed?—Yes, No, or Maybe?
• Water Temperature
• GEOLOGY: The Crisis of Louisiana’s Wetland Loss
• 16-3 The Impact of Global Climate Change in the Open Ocean
• The Thermohaline Conveyor Belt
• Complexity Theory: Interconnected Air and Water Feedback Loops
• The Arctic Ocean and Its Cover of Sea Ice
• Ocean Plankton
• Biology: Polar Bears
• Seawater Chemistry
• Biology: The Great Barrier Reef in the Twenty-First Century
• 16-4 What Do We Know, What Do We Do?
• Chemistry: Iron Fertilization of the Ocean—Yes, No, or Maybe?
• 16-5 What is the Future of Earth’s Oceans?
• Study Guide
• Appendices
• I Properties of the Earth
• II Conversion Factors
• III Geologic Time
• IV Maps and Topographic Profiles
• Contour Maps
• Topographic Profiles
• Oceanographic Profile
• V Principal Marine Organisms
• VI The Coriolis Deflection
• Glossary
• Index