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• Cover
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction: Show Me the Arguments
• Philosophy of Religion
• Metaphysics
• Epistemology
• Ethics
• Philosophy of Mind
• Science and Language
• How to Use This Book
• Part I: Philosophy of Religion
• 1 Aquinas’ Five Ways
• The First Way – The Argument from Motion
• The Second Way – The Argument from Causation
• The Third Way – The Argument from Possibility and Necessity
• The Fourth Way – The Argument from Gradation
• The Fifth Way – The Argument from the Governance
• 2 The Contingency Cosmological Argument
• 3 The Kalam Argument for the Existence of God
• 4 The Ontological Argument
• 5 Pascal’s Wager
• 6 James’ Will to Believe Argument
• 7 The Problem of Evil
• 8 The Free Will Defense to the Problem of Evil
• 9 St. Anselm on Free Choice and the Power to Sin
• 10 Hume’s Argument against Miracles
• 11 The Euthyphro Dilemma
• 12 Nietzsche’s Death of God
• 13 Ockham’s Razor
• Part II: Metaphysics
• 14 Parmenides’ Refutation of Change
• 15 McTaggart’s Argument against the Reality of Time
• 16 Berkeley’s Master Argument for Idealism
• 17 Kant’s Refutation of Idealism
• 18 The Master Argument of Diodorus Cronus
• 19 Lewis’ Argument for Possible Worlds
• 20 A Reductionist Account of Personal Identity
• Defining Premises
• Arguments in Defense of the Reductionist View
• 21 Split-Case Arguments about Personal Identity
• 22 The Ship of Theseus
• 23 The Problem of Temporary Intrinsics
• 24 A Modern Modal Argument for the Soul
• 25 Two Arguments for the Harmlessness of Death
• Epicurus’ Death is Nothing to Us Argument
• Lucretius’ Symmetry Argument
• 26 The Existence of Forms: Plato’s Argument from the Possibility of Knowledge
• 27 Plato, Aristotle, and the Third Man Argument
• 28 Logical Monism
• 29 The Maximality Paradox
• 30 An Argument for Free Will
• 31 Frankfurt’s Refutation of the Principle of Alternative Possibilities
• 32 Van Inwagen’s Consequence Argument against Compatibilism
• Van Inwagen’s First Formalization
• 33 Fatalism
• 34 Sartre’s Argument for Freedom
• Part III: Epistemology
• 35 The Cogito Arguments of Descartes and Augustine
• Descartes’ Cogito
• Augustine’s “Si fallor, sum” Argument (If I Am Mistaken, I Exist)
• 36 The Cartesian Dreaming Argument for External-World Skepticism
• 37 The Transparency of Experience Argument
• 38 The Regress Argument for Skepticism
• 39 Moore’s Anti-Skeptical Arguments
• 40 The Bias Paradox
• 41 Gettier’s Argument against the Traditional Account of Knowledge
• 42 Putnam’s Argument against Cultural Imperialism
• Extension of Putnam’s Argument
• 43 Davidson on the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme
• Part I: Shorter Version (Leaves Key Premises Unsupported)
• Part II: Detailed Version
• Complete Failure of Translation
• Partial Failure of Translation
• The Unintelligibility of the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme
• 44 Quine’s Two Dogmas of Empiricism
• 45 Hume and the Problem of Induction
• Hume’s Problem of Induction
• Hume’s Negative Argument concerning Induction
• 46 Argument by Analogy in Thales and Anaximenes
• 47 Quine’s Epistemology Naturalized
• 48 Sellars and the Myth of the Given
• 49 Sellars’ “Rylean Myth”
• 50 Aristotle and the Argument to End All Arguments
• Part IV: Ethics
• 51 Justice Brings Happiness in Plato’s Republic
• 52 Aristotle’s Function Argument
• 53 Aristotle’s Argument that Goods Are Irreducible
• 54 Aristotle’s Argument for Perfectionism
• 55 Categorical Imperative as the Source for Morality
• 56 Kant on Why Autonomy Deserves Respect
• 57 Mill’s Proof of Utilitarianism
• Generic Argument for Traditional Utilitarianism
• Mill’s Proof of Utilitarianism (Straightforward Interpretation)
• Mill’s Proof of Utilitarianism (One Alternative Interpretation)
• Mill’s Proof of Utilitarianism (Another Alternative Interpretation)
• 58 The Experience Machine Objection to Hedonism
• 59 The Error Theory Argument
• 60 Moore’s Open Question Argument
• 61 Wolff’s Argument for the Rejection of State Authority
• 62 Nozick’s Taxation Is Forced Labor Argument
• 63 Charity is Obligatory
• 64 The Repugnant Conclusion
• 65 Taurek on Numbers Don’t Count
• 66 Parfit’s Leveling Down Argument against Egalitarianism
• 67 Nozick’s Wilt Chamberlain Argument
• 68 Liberal Feminism
• The Nature of Women’s Disadvantage and Oppression
• The Source of Women’s Disadvantage and Oppression
• Achieving Gender Justice
• 69 Moral Status of Animals from Marginal Cases
• 70 The Ethical Vegetarianism Argument
• 71 Thomson and the Famous Violinist
• 72 Marquis and the Immorality of Abortion
• 73 Tooley on Abortion and Infanticide
• 74 Rachels on Euthanasia
• Part V: Philosophy of Mind
• 75 Leibniz’ Argument for Innate Ideas
• Three Arguments
• 76 Descartes’ Arguments for the Mind–Body Distinction
• 77 Princess Elisabeth and the Mind–Body Problem
• 78 Kripke’s Argument for Mind–Body Property Dualism
• 79 The Argument from Mental Causation for Physicalism
• 80 Davidson’s Argument for Anomalous Monism
• 81 Putnam’s Multiple Realization Argument against Type-Physicalism
• 82 The Supervenience Argument against Non-Reductive Physicalism
• 83 Ryle’s Argument against Cartesian Internalism
• 84 Jackson’s Knowledge Argument
• 85 Nagel’s “What Is It Like to Be a Bat” Argument against Physicalism
• 86 Chalmers’ Zombie Argument
• 87 The Argument from Revelation
• 88 Searle and the Chinese Room Argument
• Part VI: Science and Language
• 89 Sir Karl Popper’s Demarcation Argument
• 90 Kuhn’s Incommensurability Arguments
• Rationality and Paradigm Shifts
• Incommensurable Paradigms and Holism
• 91 Putnam’s No Miracles Argument
• 92 Galileo’s Falling Bodies
• 93 Eliminative Materialism
• 94 Wittgenstein’s Private Language Argument
• 95 Fodor’s Argument for Linguistic Nativism
• 96 Fodor and the Impossibility of Learning
• 97 Quine on the Indeterminacy of Translation
• 98 Davidson’s Argument for the Principle of Charity
• 99 Frege’s Argument for Platonism
• 100 Mathematical Platonism
• Appendix A: Learning the Logical Lingo
• Appendix B: Rules of Inference and Replacement
• Notes on Contributors
• Index