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• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
• Audience
• Organization
• New to this Edition
• Pedagogy
• Ancillaries
• Instructor Resources
• Student Resources
• Acknowledgments
• Part I. Nutrition Assessment
• 1. Intake: Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Excretion of Nutrients*
• Key Terms
• The Gastrointestinal Tract
• Brief Overview of Digestive and Absorptive Processes
• The Small Intestine: Primary Site of Nutrient Absorption
• The Large Intestine
• Summary
• Useful Websites
• References
• 2. Intake: Energy
• Key Terms
• Energy Requirements
• Components of Energy Expenditure
• Estimating Energy Requirements
• Physical Activity in Children
• Calculating Food Energy
• Useful Websites/Apps
• References
• 3. Clinical: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance
• Key terms
• Body Water
• Electrolytes
• Acid–Base Balance
• Acid Generation
• Acid–Base Disorders
• References
• 4. Intake: Assessment of Food- and Nutrition-Related History
• Key Terms
• Nutritional Status
• Nutrition Screening
• Nutrition Assessment
• Nutrition-Related History
• Food and Nutrient Intake
• Food and Nutrient Administration
• Nutrition Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes
• Nutrition Behaviors
• Medication and Complementary or Alternative Medicines
• Nutrition Access
• Physical Activity and Physical Function
• Nutrition Quality of Life
• References
• 5. Clinical: Biochemical, Physical, and Functional Assessment
• Key Terms
• Biochemical Assessment of Nutrition Status
• Nutrition Interpretation of Routine Medical Laboratory Tests
• Assessment of Hydration Status
• Assessment for Nutritional Anemias
• Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• Water-Soluble Vitamins and Trace Minerals
• Chronic Disease Risk Assessment
• Physical Assessments
• Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination
• Useful Websites
• References
• 6. Clinical: Nutritional Genomics
• Key Terms
• Genetic and Genomic Fundamentals
• Modes of Inheritance
• Genetic Variation, Inheritance, and Disease
• Nutritional Genomics and Chronic Disease
• Summary
• Useful Websites
• References
• 7. Inflammation and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease
• Key Terms
• Epidemic of Chronic Disease
• Concepts of Chronic Disease Pathophysiology
• Inflammation: Common Denominator of Chronic Disease
• Nutrient Modulators of Inflammation
• Reducing Inflammation in the Body
• Summary
• Useful Websites
• References
• 8. Behavioral-Environmental: The Individual in the Community
• Key Terms
• Social Determinants of Health
• Nutrition Practice in the Community
• Needs Assessment for Community-Based Nutrition Services
• National Nutrition Surveys
• National Nutrition Guidelines and Goals
• Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs
• Foodborne Illness
• Food and Water Safety
• Disaster Planning
• Healthy Food and Water Systems and Sustainability
• Summary: A Work in Progress
• Useful Websites
• References
• PART II. Nutrition Diagnosis and Intervention
• 9. Overview of Nutrition Diagnosis and Intervention
• Key Terms
• The Nutrition Care Process
• Documentation in the Nutrition Care Record
• Influences on Nutrition and Health Care
• Nutrition Interventions
• Nutrition for the Terminally Ill or Hospice Client
• Useful Websites
• References
• 10. Food-Nutrient Delivery: Planning the Diet With Cultural Competency
• Key Terms
• Determining Nutrient Needs
• Worldwide Guidelines
• Nutritional Status of Americans
• National Guidelines for Diet Planning
• Food and Nutrient Labeling
• Dietary Patterns and Counseling Tips
• Cultural Aspects of Dietary Planning
• Useful Websites
• References
• 11. Food and Nutrient Delivery: Complementary and Integrative Medicine and Dietary Supplements
• Key Terms
• Complementary and Integrative Medicine
• Use of Complementary and Integrative Therapies
• Dietary Supplementation
• Dietary Supplement Regulation
• Assessment of Dietary Supplement Use in Patients
• Useful Websites
• References
• 12. Food and Nutrient Delivery: Nutrition Support Methods
• Key Terms
• Rationale and Criteria for Appropriate Nutrition Support
• Enteral Nutrition
• Enteral Nutrition Access
• Parenteral Nutrition
• Complications
• Refeeding Syndrome
• Transitional Feeding
• Nutrition Support in Long-Term and Home Care
• Useful Websites
• References
• 13. Education and Counseling: Behavioral Change
• Key Terms
• Behavior Change
• Models for Behavior Change
• Models For Counseling Strategies
• Models for Educational Program Development
• Skills and Attributes of the Nutrition Educator or Counselor
• Assessment Results: Choosing Focus Areas
• Counseling Approaches After the Assessment
• Evaluation of Effectiveness
• Summary
• Useful Websites
• References
• Part III. Nutrition in the Life Cycle
• 14. Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation
• Key Terms
• Preconception and Fertility
• Conception
• Pregnancy
• Postpartum Period = Preconceptual Period
• Lactation
• Useful Websites
• References
• 15. Nutrition in Infancy
• Key Terms
• Physiologic Development
• Nutrient Requirements
• Milk
• Food
• Feeding
• Useful Websites
• References
• 16. Nutrition in Childhood
• Key Terms
• Growth and Development
• Nutrient Requirements
• Providing an Adequate Diet
• Nutritional Concerns
• Preventing Chronic Disease
• Useful Websites
• References
• 17. Nutrition in Adolescence
• Key Terms
• Growth and Development
• Nutrient Requirements
• Food Habits and Eating Behaviors
• Nutrition Screening, Assessment, and Counseling
• Special Topics
• Useful Websites
• References
• 18. Nutrition for Transgender People
• Key Terms
• Aspects of Transitioning
• Health Disparities
• Challenges to Providing Optimal Gender-Affirming Nutrition Care
• Common Nutrition-Related Considerations
• Nutritionally Relevant Effects of Gender-Affirming Interventions
• Approaches to Nutrition Care
• Additional Resources
• References
• 19. Nutrition in the Adult Years
• Key Terms
• Setting the Stage: Nutrition in the Adult Years
• Setting the Stage: Messages
• Information Sources
• Lifestyle and Health Risk Factors
• Health Disparities and Global Health
• Nutritional Factors Affecting Adults
• Interventions, Nutrition, and Prevention
• Food Trends and Patterns
• Nutritional Supplementation
• Functional Foods
• Adult Health Next Steps
• Useful Websites
• References
• 20. Nutrition in Aging
• Key Terms
• The Older Population
• Gerontology, Geriatrics, and the Spectrum of Aging
• Nutrition in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
• Theories on Aging
• Physiologic Changes
• Quality of Life
• Nutrition Screening and Assessment
• Nutrition Needs
• Medicare Benefits
• Nutrition Support Services
• Community and Residential Facilities for Older Adults
• Useful Websites
• References
• Part IV. Nutrition for a Healthy Lifestyle
• 21. Nutrition in Weight Management
• Key Terms
• Weight Management and Obesity: Its Foundation in Nutritional Medicine
• Body Weight Components
• Regulation of Body Weight
• Overweight and Obesity
• Elements of Energy Balance Dysregulation
• Management of Obesity in Adults
• Weight Management in Children and Adolescents
• Excessive Leanness or Unintentional Weight Loss
• Useful Websites
• References
• 22. Nutrition in Eating Disorders
• Key Terms
• Clinical Characteristics and Medical Complications
• Treatment Approach
• Psychologic Management
• Nutrition Management
• Medical Nutrition Therapy and Counseling
• Summary
• Useful Websites
• References
• 23. Nutrition in Exercise and Sports Performance
• Key Terms
• Bioenergetics of Physical Activity
• Fuels for Contracting Muscles
• An Integrative Approach to Working with Athletes
• Nutritional Requirements of Exercise
• Weight Management
• Weight Management and Aesthetics
• Macronutrients
• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• FAT
• Fluid
• Vitamins and Minerals
• Minerals
• Ergogenic Aids
• Popular Ergogenic Aids
• Performance Enhancement Substances and Drugs: Doping in Sport
• Useful Websites
• References
• 24. Nutrition and Bone Health
• Key Terms
• Introduction
• Bone Structure and Bone Physiology
• Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
• Nutrition and Bone
• Treatment of Osteoporosis
• References
• 25. Nutrition for Oral and Dental Health
• Key Terms
• Nutrition for Tooth Development
• Dental Caries
• Early Childhood Caries
• Caries Prevention
• Tooth Loss and Dentures
• Other Oral Disorders
• Periodontal Disease
• Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
• Useful Websites
• References
• Part V. Medical Nutrition Therapy
• 26. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Adverse Reactions to Food: Allergies and Intolerances
• Key Terms
• Definitions
• Prevalence:
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology of Food Allergy
• Immune System Basics
• Food-Dependent, Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
• Food Intolerances
• Medical Nutrition Therapy
• Diagnosis
• Intervention
• Monitoring and Evaluation
• Prevention of Food Allergies
• Useful Websites
• References
• 27. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
• Key Terms
• The Esophagus
• The Stomach
• Gastroparesis
• Useful Websites
• References
• 28. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
• Key Terms
• Common Intestinal Problems
• Diseases of the Small Intestine
• Intestinal Brush-Border Enzyme Deficiencies
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Nutritional Consequences of Intestinal Surgery
• Useful Websites
• References
• 29. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disorders
• Key Terms
• Physiology and Functions of the Liver
• Diseases of the Liver
• Complications of End-Stage Liver Disease: Cause and Nutrition Treatment
• Nutrition Issues Related to End-Stage Liver Disease
• Nutrient Requirements for Cirrhosis
• Herbal and Dietary Supplements and Liver Disease
• Liver Resection and Transplantation
• Physiology and Functions of the Gallbladder
• Diseases of the Gallbladder
• Complementary and Integrative Medicine for Gallstones
• Physiology and Functions of the Exocrine Pancreas
• Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas
• Complementary and Integrative Medicine for Pancreatic Disorders
• Pancreatic Surgery
• Useful Websites
• References
• 30. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin
• Key Terms
• Incidence and Prevalence
• Categories of Glucose Intolerance
• Screening and Diagnostic Criteria
• Management of Prediabetes
• Management of Diabetes
• Implementing the Nutrition Care Process
• Acute Complications
• Long-Term Complications
• Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin
• Useful Websites
• References
• 31. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Thyroid, Adrenal, and Other Endocrine Disorders
• Key Terms
• Thyroid Physiology
• Assessment in Thyroid Disorders
• Hypothyroidism
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
• Hyperthyroidism
• Managing Imbalances of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
• Adrenal Disorders
• Useful Websites
• References
• 32. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Anemia
• Key Terms
• Iron-Related Blood Disorders
• Iron Overload
• Megaloblastic Anemias
• Other Nutritional Anemias
• Nonnutritional Anemias
• Useful Websites
• References
• 33. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease
• Key Terms
• Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
• Genetic Hyperlipidemias
• Hypertension
• Heart Failure
• COVID-19
• Cardiac Transplantation
• Useful Websites
• References
• 34. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pulmonary Disease
• Key Terms
• The Pulmonary System
• Chronic Pulmonary Disease
• Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Pulmonary Hypertension
• Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
• Tuberculosis
• Lung Cancer
• Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
• Pleural Effusion
• Chylothorax
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Pneumonia
• Lung Transplantation
• Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
• Useful Websites
• References
• 35. Medical Therapy for Renal Disorders
• Key Terms
• Physiology and Function of the Kidneys
• Renal Diseases
• Education, Adherence, and Compliance
• Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• End-Stage Renal Disease
• References
• 36. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Survivorship
• Key Terms
• Pathophysiology
• Nutrition and Carcinogenesis
• Chemoprevention
• Medical Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer
• Medical Treatment
• Medical Nutrition Therapy
• Integrative, Complementary, and Functional Oncology
• Nutritional Impact of Cancer Treatments
• Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
• Pediatric Cancer
• Nutrition Recommendations for Cancer Survivors
• Useful Websites
• References
• 37. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Infectious Diseases
• Key Terms
• Introduction
• Definitions
• The Immune System and Response to Infection
• Synergy of Malnutrition and Infection
• Effects of Nutrition on the Immune System and Infection
• Micronutrient Deficiencies, Immunity, and Infection
• Impact of Infectious Disease on Nutrition and the Immune System
• The Major Infectious Diseases and Their Impacts
• Summary
• Clinical Case Study
• References
• 38. Medical Nutrition Therapy for HIV and AIDS
• Key Terms
• The Changing Face of HIV in the United States
• Epidemiology and Trends
• Pathophysiology and Classification
• Medical Management
• Medical Nutrition Therapy
• HIV in Women
• HIV in Children
• Integrative and Functional Nutrition
• Useful Websites
• References
• 39. Medical Nutrition Therapy in Critical Care
• Key Terms
• Metabolic Response to Stress
• Hormonal and Cell-Mediated Response
• Starvation Versus Stress
• Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis, and Organ Dysfunction or Failure
• Malnutrition: The Etiology-Based Definition
• Trauma and the Open Abdomen
• Major Burns
• Surgery
• Useful Websites
• References
• 40. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease
• Key Terms
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology and Inflammation
• Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
• Pharmacotherapy
• Antiinflammatory Diet
• Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches
• Microbiota and Arthritis
• COVID-19 and Rheumatic Disease
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Sjögren Syndrome
• Temporomandibular Disorders
• Gout
• Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis or SSc)
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• Spondyloarthritides
• Useful Websites
• References
• 41. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders
• Key Terms
• The Nervous System
• Dysphagia
• Neurologic Diseases of Nutritional Origin
• Neurologic Disorders from Trauma
• Head Trauma or Neurotrauma
• Spine Trauma and Spinal Cord Injury
• Neurologic Diseases
• Useful Websites
• References
• 42. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders
• Key Terms
• The Enteric Nervous System
• Blood Glucose Regulation
• The Role of Nutrients in Mental Function
• Addiction and Substance Abuse
• Anxiety
• Bipolar Disorder
• Dementia and Alzheimer Disease
• Depression
• Fatigue, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Fibromyalgia Syndrome
• Schizophrenia
• Useful Websites
• References
• Part VI. Pediatric Specialties
• 43. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Low-Birth Weight Infants
• Key Terms
• Infant Mortality and Statistics
• Physiologic Development
• Nutrition Requirements: Parenteral Feeding
• Transition from Parenteral to Enteral Feeding
• Nutrition Requirements: Enteral Feeding
• Feeding Methods
• Selection of Enteral Feeding
• Nutrition Assessment and Growth
• Discharge Care
• Neurodevelopmental Outcome
• Useful Websites
• References
• 44. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Genetic Metabolic Disorders
• Key Terms
• Newborn Screening
• Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
• Phenylketonuria
• Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism
• Disorders of Urea Cycle Metabolism
• Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation
• Role of the Nutritionist in Genetic Metabolic Disorders
• Useful Websites
• References
• 45. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Key Terms
• Medical Nutrition Therapy
• Chromosomal Abnormalities
• Neurologic Disorders
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Community Resources
• Useful Websites
• References
• APPENDIX 1. Milliequivalents and Milligrams of Electrolytes
• APPENDIX 2. Equivalents, Conversions, and Portion (Scoop) Sizes
• Liquid Measure—Volume Equivalents
• Dry Measure
• Scoop Sizes
• Appendix 3. Growth Charts
• Prenatal Weight Category Table for Pregnancy Based on BMI (inches and pounds)
• Prenatal Weight Category Table for Pregnancy Based on BMI (centimeters and kilograms)
• APPENDIX 4. Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Girls and Boys
• Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Girls
• Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Boys
• Appendix 5. Direct Methods for Measuring Height and Weight and Indirect Methods for Measuring Height
• Direct Methods for Measuring Height and Weight
• Indirect Methods for Measuring Height
• References
• Appendix 6. Determination of Frame Size
• Appendix. Adjustment of Desirable Body Weight for Amputees
• Appendix 8. Body Mass Index Table
• Appendix 9. Percentage of Body Fat Based on Four Skinfold Measurements
• Appendix 10. Physical Activity and Calories Expended Per Hour
• Appendix 11. Nutrition-Focused Physical Assessment
• Pediatric Malnutrition
• References
• Appendix 12. Laboratory Values for Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring
• Principles of nutritional laboratory testing Principles of nutritional laboratory testing
• Appendix 13. Nutritional Implications of Selected Drugs
• References
• Appendix 14. Nutritional Facts on Fluid and Hydration
• Appendix 15. Enteral (Tube Feeding) Formulas for Adults Marketed in the United States
• Appendix 16. Sample Stepwise Method to Calculate a Parenteral Nutrition Formula
• Parenteral Nutrition Formula
• Appendix 17. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet
• Appendix 18. Exchange Lists and Carbohydrate Counting for Meal Planning
• How the Exchange List Works with Meal Planning
• Carbohydrates
• Fruit
• Milk
• Sweets, Desserts, and Other Carbohydrates
• Nonstarchy Vegetables
• Meat And Meat Substitutes
• Fats
• Free Foods
• Combination Foods
• Fast Food
• Alcohol
• Estimated Exchange Recommendations Based on Calorie Level
• References
• Appendix 19. The Ketogenic Diet
• Suggested Organizations for Additional Information
• Appendix 20. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative
• Introduction and Background
• Development
• Framework
• Websites Recommended for Additional Research
• Appendix 21. Renal Diet for Dialysis
• Protein
• Albumin
• Protein Servings for You
• One Serving of Protein
• Common Serving Sizes
• Estimating Serving Sizes
• Tips for Eating More Protein
• Nutritional Supplements
• Malnutrition
• Exercise
• Potassium for People on Hemodialysis
• People on Hemodialysis
• Soaking Vegetables and Beans
• Other High-Potassium Foods
• Shaking the Salt Habit
• Most People on Dialysis May Have
• Rinsing Canned Foods to Lower Sodium (Canned Vegetables, Chunk or Flaked Fish or Shellfish, Poultry, or Meats)
• Phosphorus
• Appendix 22. The Antiinflammatory Diet
• Dietary Approaches to Reduce Inflammation
• Consume an Abundance of Fruits, Vegetables, Herbs, and Spices
• Encourage a Low Glycemic Diet Pattern
• Include Nuts and Seeds or Nut and Seed Butter Every Day
• Adjust the Quality and Quantity of Dietary Fat and Oils
• Support a Healthy Microbiome
• Eliminate Foods that Cause Symptoms of Allergy and Intolerance
• Avoid Chemicals
• Drink Alcohol in Moderation
• Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting
• Reduce Stress and Improve Sleep
• Example of an Anti inflammatory 1-Day Diet Based on the Dash, Mind, and Mediterranean Meal Patterns
• Appendix 23. The Mediterranean Diet
• Significance
• Examples of a 1-Day Meal Plan Based on the Mediterranean Diet
• Information for Further Reading
• Appendix 24. Nutritional Facts on Alcoholic Beverages
• Alcohol and Calorie Content in Selected Alcoholic Beverages
• Appendix 25. Nutritional Facts on Caffeine-Containing Products
• Appendix 26. Nutritional Facts on Essential (Omega) Fatty Acids
• Ω-3 Fatty Acids
• Ω-6 Fatty Acids
• Dietary Sources
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids
• Appendix 27. Nutritional Facts on a High-Fiber Diet
• Guidelines for High-Fiber Diet
• Each of These Foods in this Amount Contains 2 G of Dietary Fiber
• Appendix 28. Low FODMAP Diet
• Appendix 29. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Selected Foods*
• Appendix 30. Nutritional Facts on a High-Protein Diet
• Best Food Sources of Protein
• Protein Supplements
• Appendix 31. Nutritional Facts on Vegetarian Eating
• Nutrients to Consider When Planning a Vegetarian Menu
• Special Notes
• Appendix 32. Nutritional Facts on Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12
• Folate
• VITAMIN B6
• Vitamin B12
• References
• Appendix 33. Nutritional Facts on Choline
• Groups with Increased Choline Needs
• Excessive Choline Intake
• References
• Appendix 34. Nutritional Facts on Biotin
• References
• Appendix 35. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin A and Carotenoids
• Food Sources of Vitamin A
• References
• Appendix 36. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin C
• References
• Appendix 37. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin E
• References
• Appendix 38. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin K
• References
• Appendix 39. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin D
• Vitamin D Synthesized From Sunlight Exposure
• Vitamin D in Foods
• Vitamin D in Supplements
• References
• Appendix 40. Nutritional Facts on Calcium
• Calcium in Foods
• Calcium Supplements
• Calcium in Medications
• References
• Appendix 41. Nutritional Facts on Chromium
• References
• Appendix 42. Nutritional Facts on Iodine
• Deficiency
• Goitrogens
• References
• Appendix 43. Nutritional Facts on Iron
• Tips for Increasing Iron Intake
• What about too much iron?
• References
• Appendix 44. Nutritional Facts on Magnesium
• Dietary Sources
• References
• Appendix 45. Nutritional Facts on Potassium
• References
• Appendix 46. Nutritional Facts on Selenium
• References
• Appendix 47. Sodium in Food
• Special Considerations
• Guidelines for Sodium Restriction
• References
• Appendix 48. Nutritional Facts on Zinc
• References
• Index
• Evolve Student Resources