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• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• CONTENTS
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Acknowledgments
• INTRODUCTION The Practice of Liberalism
• PART ONE THE CONFIDENCE OF YOUTH (1830–1880)
• 1 Historical Setting in the 1830s: Thrown into a World of Ceaseless Change
• 2 Guiding Thoughts from Founding Thinkers: Conflict, Resistance, Progress, and Respect
• i. Humboldt and Constant: Releasing People’s Capacities and Respecting Their Privacy
• ii. Guizot: Taming Conflict without Arbitrary Power
• iii. Tocqueville and Schulze-Delitzsch: The Modern Powers of Mass Democracy and Mass Markets
• iv. Chadwick and Cobden: Governments and Markets as Engines of Social Progress
• v. Smiles and Channing: Personal Progress as Self-Reliance or Moral Uplift
• vi. Spencer: Liberalism Mistaken for Biology
• vii. J. S. Mill: Holding Liberalism’s Ideas Together
• 3 Liberalism in Practice: Four Exemplary Politicians
• i. Lincoln: The Many Uses of “Liberty” in the Land of Liberty
• ii. Laboulaye and Richter: Tests for Liberals in Semiliberal Regimes
• iii. Gladstone: Liberalism’s Capaciousness and the Politics of Balance
• 4 The Nineteenth-Century Legacy: Liberalism without Caricature
• i. Respect, “the Individual,” and the Lessons of Toleration
• ii. The Achievements That Gave Liberals Confidence
• PART TWO LIBERALISM IN MATURITY AND THE STRUGGLE WITH DEMOCRACY (1880–1945)
• 5 Historical Setting in the 1880s: The World Liberals Were Making
• 6 The Compromises That Gave Us Liberal Democracy
• i. Political Democracy: Liberal Resistance to Suffrage Extension
• ii. Economic Democracy: The “New Liberalism” and Novel Tasks for the State
• iii. Ethical Democracy: Letting Go Ethically and the Persistence of Intolerance
• 7 The Economic Powers of the Modern State and Modern Market
• i. Walras, Marshall, and the Business Press: Resisting the State on Behalf of Markets
• ii. Hobhouse, Naumann, Croly, and Bourgeois: Resisting Markets on Behalf of Society
• 8 Damaged Ideals and Broken Dreams
• i. Chamberlain and Bassermann: Liberal Imperialism
• ii. Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Wilson: Liberal Hawks of 1914–1918
• iii. Alain, Baldwin, and Brandeis: Liberal Dissent and the Warfare State
• iv. Stresemann: Liberal Democracy in Peril
• v. Keynes, Fisher, and Hayek (i): Liberal Economists in the Slump
• vi. Hoover and Roosevelt: Forgotten Liberal and Foremost Liberal
• 9 Thinking about Liberalism in the 1930s–1940s
• i. Lippmann and Hayek (ii): Liberals as Antitotalitarians
• ii. Popper: Liberalism as Openness and Experiment
• PART THREE SECOND CHANCE AND SUCCESS (1945–1989)
• 10 Historical Setting after 1945: Liberal Democracy’s New Start
• 11 New Foundations: Rights, a Democratic Rule of Law, and Welfare
• i. Drafters of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights: Liberal Democracy Goes Global
• ii. German Postwar Liberals: The 1949 Basic Law as Liberal Democracy’s Exemplary Charter
• iii. Beveridge: Liberalism and Welfare
• 12 Liberal Thinking after 1945
• i. Oakeshott and Berlin: Letting Politics Alone and “Negative” Liberty
• ii. Hayek (iii): Political Antipolitics
• iii. Orwell, Camus, and Sartre: Liberals in the Cold War
• iv. Rawls: Justifying Liberalism
• v. Nozick, Dworkin, and MacIntyre: Responses to Rawls, Rights, and Community
• 13 The Breadth of Liberal Politics in the 1950s– 1980s
• i. Mendès- France, Brandt, and Johnson: Left Liberalism in the 1950s–1960s
• ii. Buchanan and Friedman: Liberal Economists against the State
• iii. Thatcher, Reagan, Mitterrand, and Kohl: Right Liberalism in the 1970s–1980s
• PART FOUR LIBERAL DREAMS AND NIGHTMARES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
• 14 Two Decades That Shook Liberal Democracy
• i. The Rise of the Hard Right
• ii. Economic Discontents
• iii. Geopolitical Loneliness
• iv. Nationhood, Citizenship, and Identity
• v. Intellectual Doubts and Disaffection
• 15 The Primacy of Politics
• Works Consulted
• Name Index
• Subject Index