Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• Contributing Editor, Online Unit Review Questions
• Reviewers
• Preface
• Animations
• Contents
• Unit I: Protein Structure and Function
• Chapter 1: Amino Acids and the Role of pH
• I. Overview
• II. Structure
• III. Acidic and Basic Properties
• IV. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 1: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 2: Protein Structure
• I. Overview
• II. Primary Structure
• III. Secondary Structure
• IV. Tertiary Structure
• V. Quaternary Structure
• VI. Protein Misfolding
• VII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 2: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 3: Globular Proteins
• I. Overview
• II. Globular Hemeproteins
• III. Globin Gene Organization
• IV. Hemoglobinopathies
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 3: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 4: Fibrous Proteins
• I. Overview
• II. Collagen
• III. Elastin
• IV. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 4: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 5: Enzymes
• I. Overview
• II. Nomenclature
• III. Properties
• IV. Mechanism of Enzyme Action
• V. Factors Affecting Reaction Velocity
• VI. Michaelis–Menten Kinetics
• VII. Enzyme Inhibition
• VIII. Enzyme Regulation
• IX. Enzymes in Human Blood
• X. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 5: Interactive Questions
• Unit II: Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Chapter 6: Bioenergetics and Oxidative Phosphorylation
• I. Overview
• II. Free Energy
• III. Free Energy Change
• IV. ATP: An Energy Carrier
• V. Electron Transport Chain
• VI. Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
• VII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 6: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 7: Introduction to Carbohydrates
• I. Overview
• II. Classification and Structure
• III. Dietary Carbohydrate Digestion
• IV. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 7: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 8: Introduction to Metabolism and Glycolysis
• I. Metabolism Overview
• II. Metabolism Regulation
• III. Glycolysis Overview
• IV. Glucose Transport into Cells
• V. Glycolysis Reactions
• VI. Hormonal Regulation
• VII. Alternate Fates of Pyruvate
• VIII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 8: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 9: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
• I. Cycle Overview
• II. Cycle Reactions
• III. Energy Produced by the Cycle
• IV. Cycle Regulation
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 9: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 10: Gluconeogenesis
• I. Overview
• II. Substrates
• III. Reactions
• IV. Regulation
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 10: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 11: Glycogen Metabolism
• I. Overview
• II. Structure and Function
• III. Synthesis (Glycogenesis)
• IV. Degradation (Glycogenolysis)
• V. Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis Regulation
• VI. Glycogen Storage Diseases
• VII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 11: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 12: Monosaccharide and Disaccharide Metabolism
• I. Overview
• II. Fructose Metabolism
• III. Galactose Metabolism
• IV. Lactose Synthesis
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 12: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 13: Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
• I. Overview
• II. Irreversible Oxidative Reactions
• III. Reversible Nonoxidative Reactions
• IV. Uses of NADPH
• V. G6PD Deficiency
• VI. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 13: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 14: Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins
• I. Glycosaminoglycan Overview
• II. Structure
• III. Synthesis
• IV. Degradation
• V. Mucopolysaccharidoses
• VI. Glycoprotein Overview
• VII. Oligosaccharide Structure
• VIII. Glycoprotein Synthesis
• IX. Lysosomal Glycoprotein Degradation
• X. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 14: Interactive Questions
• Unit III: Lipid Metabolism
• Chapter 15: Dietary Lipid Metabolism
• I. Overview
• II. Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, and Utilization
• III. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 15: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 16: Fatty Acid, Triacylglycerol, and Ketone Body Metabolism
• I. Overview
• II. Fatty Acid Structure
• III. Fatty Acid De Novo Synthesis
• IV. Fat Mobilization and Fatty Acid Oxidation
• V. Ketone Bodies: Alternative Fuel for Cells
• VI. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 16: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 17: Phospholipid, Glycosphingolipid, and Eicosanoid Metabolism
• I. Phospholipid Overview
• II. Phospholipid Structure
• III. Phospholipid Synthesis
• IV. Phospholipid Degradation
• V. Glycolipid Overview
• VI. Glycosphingolipid Structure
• VII. Glycosphingolipid Synthesis and Degradation
• VIII. Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes
• IX. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 17: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 18: Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, and Steroid Metabolism
• I. Overview
• II. Cholesterol Structure
• III. Cholesterol Synthesis
• IV. Cholesterol Degradation
• V. Bile Acids and Bile Salts
• VI. Plasma Lipoproteins
• VII. Steroid Hormones
• VIII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 18: Interactive Questions
• Unit IV: Nitrogen Metabolism
• Chapter 19: Amino Acids: Nitrogen Disposal
• I. Overview
• II. Overall Nitrogen Metabolism
• III. Dietary Protein Digestion
• IV. Nitrogen Removal from Amino Acids
• V. Urea Cycle
• VI. Ammonia Metabolism
• VII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 19: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 20: Amino Acids: Degradation and Synthesis
• I. Overview
• II. Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids
• III. Amino Acid Carbon Skeleton Catabolism
• IV. Folic Acid and Amino Acid Metabolism
• V. Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids
• VI. Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders
• VII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 20: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 21: Amino Acids: Conversion to Specialized Products
• I. Overview
• II. Porphyrin Metabolism
• III. Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
• IV. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 21: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 22: Nucleotide Metabolism
• I. Overview
• II. Structure
• III. Purine Nucleotide Synthesis
• IV. Deoxyribonucleotide Synthesis
• V. Purine Nucleotide Degradation
• VI. Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation
• VII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 22: Interactive Questions
• Unit V: Integration of Metabolism
• Chapter 23: Metabolic Effects of Insulin and Glucagon
• I. Overview
• II. Insulin
• III. Glucagon
• IV. Hypoglycemia
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 23: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 24: The Feed–Fast Cycle
• I. Overview of the Absorptive State
• II. Regulatory Mechanisms
• III. Liver: Nutrient Distribution Center
• IV. Adipose Tissue: Energy Storage Depot
• V. Resting Skeletal Muscle
• VI. Brain
• VII. Overview of the Fasted State
• VIII. Liver in Fasting
• IX. Adipose Tissue in Fasting
• X. Resting Skeletal Muscle in Fasting
• XI. Brain in Fasting
• XII. Kidney in Long-Term Fasting
• XIII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 24: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 25: Diabetes Mellitus
• I. Overview
• II. Type 1 Diabetes
• III. Type 2 Diabetes
• IV. Chronic Effects and Prevention
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 25: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 26: Obesity
• I. Overview
• II. Assessment
• III. Body Weight Regulation
• IV. Molecular Influences
• V. Metabolic Effects
• VI. Obesity and Health
• VII. Weight Reduction
• VIII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 26: Interactive Questions
• Unit VI: Medical Nutrition
• Chapter 27: Nutrition: Overview and Macronutrients
• I. Overview
• II. Dietary Reference Intakes
• III. Energy Requirement in Humans
• IV. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
• V. Dietary Fats
• VI. Dietary Carbohydrates
• VII. Dietary Protein
• VIII. Nutrition Tools
• IX. Nutrition and the Life Stages
• X. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 27: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 28: Micronutrients: Vitamins
• I. Overview
• II. Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
• III. Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
• IV. Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
• V. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
• VI. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
• VII. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
• VIII. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
• IX. Biotin (Vitamin B7)
• X. Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
• XI. Vitamin A
• XII. Vitamin D
• XIII. Vitamin K
• XIV. Vitamin E
• XV. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 28: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 29: Micronutrients: Minerals
• I. Overview
• II. Macrominerals
• III. Trace Minerals (Microminerals)
• IV. Ultratrace Minerals
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 29: Interactive Questions
• Unit VII: Storage and Expression of Genetic Information
• Chapter 30: DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair
• I. Overview
• II. DNA Structure
• III. Steps in Prokaryotic DNA Replication
• IV. Eukaryotic DNA Replication
• V. Eukaryotic DNA Organization
• VI. DNA Repair
• VII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 30: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 31: RNA Structure, Synthesis, and Processing
• I. Overview
• II. RNA Structure
• III. Prokaryotic Gene Transcription
• IV. Eukaryotic Gene Transcription
• V. Posttranscriptional Modification of RNA
• VI. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 31: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 32: Protein Synthesis
• I. Overview
• II. The Genetic Code
• III. Components Required for Translation
• IV. Codon Recognition by Transfer RNA
• V. Steps in Translation
• VI. Co- and Posttranslational Modifications
• VII. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 32: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 33: Regulation of Gene Expression
• I. Overview
• II. Regulatory Sequences and Molecules
• III. Regulation of Prokaryotic Gene Expression
• IV. Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 33: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 34: Biotechnology and Human Disease
• I. Overview
• II. Restriction Endonucleases
• III. DNA Cloning
• IV. Probes
• V. Southern Blotting
• VI. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
• VII. Polymerase Chain Reaction
• VIII. Gene Expression Analysis
• IX. Gene Therapy
• X. Transgenic Animals
• XI. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 34: Interactive Questions
• Chapter 35: Blood Clotting
• I. Overview
• II. Secondary Hemostasis—Fibrin Meshwork Formation
• III. Limiting Clotting
• IV. Primary Hemostasis—Platelet Plug Formation
• V. Chapter Summary
• Chapter 35: Interactive Questions
• Appendix
• Index
• Figure Sources