Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• In Memoriam
• Contributing Authors
• Reviewers
• Contents
• UNIT I: Principles of Drug Therapy
• Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics
• I. Overview
• II. Routes of Drug Administration
• A. Enteral
• B. Parenteral
• C. Other
• III. Absorption of Drugs
• A. Mechanisms of absorption of drugs from the GI tract
• B. Factors influencing absorption
• C. Bioavailability
• D. Bioequivalence and other types of equivalence
• IV. Drug Distribution
• A. Blood flow
• B. Capillary permeability
• C. Binding of drugs to plasma proteins and tissues
• D. Lipophilicity
• E. Volume of distribution
• V. Drug Clearance Through Metabolism
• A. Kinetics of metabolism
• B. Reactions of drug metabolism
• VI. Drug Clearance by the Kidney
• A. Renal elimination of a drug
• VII. Excretion by Other Routes
• A. Total body clearance
• B. Clinical situations resulting in changes in drug half-life
• VIII. Design and Optimization of Dosage Regimen
• A. Continuous infusion regimens
• B. Fixed-dose/Fixed-time regimens
• C. Optimization of dose
• Chapter 1: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 2: Drug–Receptor Interactions and Pharmacodynamics
• I. Overview
• II. Signal Transduction
• A. The drug–receptor complex
• B. Receptor states
• C. Major receptor families
• D. Characteristics of signal transduction
• III. Dose–Response Relationships
• A. Graded dose–response relationship
• B. Effect of drug concentration on receptor binding
• C. Relationship of drug binding to pharmacologic effect
• IV. Intrinsic Activity
• A. Full agonists
• B. Partial agonists
• C. Inverse agonists
• D. Antagonists
• V. Quantal Dose–Response Relationships
• A. Therapeutic index
• B. Clinical usefulness of the therapeutic index
• Chapter 2: Multple Choice Question
• UNIT II: Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System
• Chapter 3: The Autonomic Nervous System
• I. Overview
• II. Introduction to the Nervous System
• A. Functional divisions within the nervous system
• B. Anatomy of the ANS
• C. Functions of the sympathetic nervous system
• D. Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
• E. Role of the CNS in the control of autonomic functions
• F. Innervation by the ANS
• G. Somatic nervous system
• H. Summary of differences between sympathetic, parasympathetic, and motor nerves
• III. Chemical Signaling Between Cells
• A. Hormones
• B. Local mediators
• C. Neurotransmitters
• IV. Signal Transduction in the Effector Cell
• Chapter 3: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 4: Cholinergic Agonists
• I. Overview
• II. The Cholinergic Neuron
• A. Neurotransmission at cholinergic neurons
• III. Cholinergic Receptors (Cholinoceptors)
• A. Muscarinic receptors
• B. Nicotinic receptors
• IV. Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists
• A. Acetylcholine
• B. Bethanechol
• C. Carbachol (carbamylcholine)
• D. Pilocarpine
• V. Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Anticholinesterase Agents (Reversible)
• A. Edrophonium
• B. Physostigmine
• C. Neostigmine
• D. Pyridostigmine
• E. Tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine
• VI. Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Anticholinesterase Agents (Irreversible)
• A. Echothiophate
• VII. Toxicology of Anticholinesterase Agents
• A. Reactivation of acetylcholinesterase
• B. Other treatments
• Chapter 4: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 5: Cholinergic Antagonists
• I. Overview
• II. Antimuscarinic Agents
• A. Atropine
• B. Scopolamine
• C. Ipratropium and other antimuscarinic respiratory agents
• D. Tropicamide and cyclopentolate
• E. Benztropine and trihexyphenidyl
• F. Oxybutynin and other antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder
• III. Ganglionic Blockers
• IV. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
• A. Nondepolarizing (competitive) blockers
• B. Depolarizing agents
• Chapter 5: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 6: Adrenergic Agonists
• I. Overview
• II. The Adrenergic Neuron
• A. Neurotransmission at adrenergic neurons
• B. Adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors)
• III. Characteristics of Adrenergic Agonists
• A. Catecholamines
• B. Noncatecholamines
• C. Substitutions on the amine nitrogen
• D. Mechanism of action of adrenergic agonists
• IV. Direct-Acting Adrenergic Agonists
• A. Epinephrine
• B. Norepinephrine
• C. Dopamine
• D. Phenylephrine
• E. Naphazoline, oxymetazoline, and tetrahydrozoline
• F. Midodrine
• G. Clonidine
• H. Dobutamine
• I. Isoproterenol
• J. Albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, and terbutaline
• K. Formoterol, indacaterol, olodaterol, and salmeterol
• L. Mirabegron and vibegron
• V. Indirect-Acting Adrenergic Agonists
• A. Amphetamine
• B. Tyramine
• C. Cocaine
• VI. Mixed-Action Adrenergic Agonists
• Chapter 6: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 7: Adrenergic Antagonists
• I. Overview
• II. α-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
• A. Phenoxybenzamine
• B. Phentolamine
• C. Prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin
• III. β-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
• A. Propranolol: a nonselective β antagonist
• B. Nadolol and timolol: nonselective β antagonists
• C. Acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, metoprolol, and nebivolol: selective β1 antagonists
• D. Acebutolol and pindolol: antagonists with partial agonist activity
• E. Labetalol and carvedilol: antagonists of both α- and β-adrenoceptors
• IV. DRUGS AFFECTING NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE OR UPTAKE
• Chapter 7: Multple Choice Question
• Unit III: Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular System
• Chapter 8: Antihypertensives
• I. Overview
• II. Etiology of Hypertension
• III. Mechanisms for Controlling Blood Pressure
• A. Autonomic nervous system
• B. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
• IV. Treatment Strategies
• A. Individualized care
• V. Diuretics
• A. Thiazide diuretics
• B. Loop diuretics
• C. Potassium-sparing diuretics
• VI. β-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Agents
• A. Actions
• B. Therapeutic uses
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• VII. ACE Inhibitors
• A. Actions
• B. Therapeutic uses
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• VIII. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
• IX. Renin Inhibitor
• X. Calcium Channel Blockers
• A. Classes of calcium channel blockers
• B. Actions
• C. Therapeutic uses
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• XI. α-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Agents
• XII. α-/β-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Agents
• XIII. Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
• A. Clonidine
• B. Methyldopa
• XIV. Vasodilators
• XV. Hypertensive Emergency
• XVI. Resistant Hypertension
• Chapter 8: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 9: Diuretics
• I. Overview
• II. Normal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes by the Kidneys
• A. Proximal convoluted tubule
• B. Descending loop of henle
• C. Ascending loop of henle
• D. Distal convoluted tubule
• E. Collecting tubule and duct
• III. Thiazides
• A. Thiazides and thiazide-like medications
• IV. Loop Diuretics
• A. Loop diuretic medications
• V. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
• A. Aldosterone antagonists
• B. Triamterene and amiloride
• VI. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
• A. Acetazolamide
• VII. Osmotic Diuretics
• Chapter 9: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 10: Drugs for Heart Failure
• I. Overview
• A. Role of pathophysiologic mechanisms in the progression of HF
• II. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
• A. Compensatory physiologic responses in heart failure
• B. Acute (decompensated) HF
• C. Therapeutic strategies in HF
• III. Inhibitors of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
• A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
• B. Angiotensin receptor blockers
• C. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
• IV. Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitor
• A. Sacubitril/Valsartan
• V. β-Blockers
• VI. Diuretics
• VII. Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide–Gated Channel Blocker
• A. Ivabradine
• VIII. Vasodilators
• A. Arterial vasodilators
• B. Arterial and venous dilators
• IX. Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
• A. Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin
• X. Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators
• A. Vericiguat
• XI. Inotropic Drugs
• A. Digitalis glycosides
• B. β-Adrenergic agonists
• C. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
• XII. Order of Therapy
• Chapter 10: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 11: Antiarrhythmics
• I. Overview
• II. Introduction to the Arrhythmias
• A. Causes of arrhythmias
• B. Antiarrhythmic drugs
• III. Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs
• A. Class IA antiarrhythmic drugs: quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide
• B. Class IB antiarrhythmic drugs: lidocaine and mexiletine
• C. Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs: flecainide and propafenone
• IV. Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs
• V. Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs
• A. Amiodarone
• B. Dronedarone
• C. Sotalol
• D. Dofetilide
• E. Ibutilide
• VI. Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs
• VII. Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs
• A. Digoxin
• B. Adenosine
• C. Magnesium sulfate
• D. Ranolazine
• Chapter 11: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 12: Antianginal Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Types of Angina
• A. Stable angina, effort-induced angina, classic or typical angina
• B. Unstable angina
• C. Prinzmetal, variant, vasospastic, or rest angina
• D. Acute coronary syndrome
• III. Treatment Strategies
• IV. β-Adrenergic Blockers
• V. Calcium Channel Blockers
• A. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
• B. Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
• VI. Organic Nitrates
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Pharmacokinetics
• C. Adverse effects
• VII. Sodium Channel Blocker
• Chapter 12: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 13: Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
• I. Overview
• II. Thrombus Versus Embolus
• III. Platelet Response to Vascular Injury
• A. Resting platelets
• B. Platelet adhesion
• C. Platelet activation
• D. Platelet aggregation
• E. Formation of a clot
• F. Fibrinolysis
• IV. Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
• A. Aspirin
• B. P2Y12 receptor antagonists
• C. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
• D. Dipyridamole
• E. Cilostazol
• F. Vorapaxar
• V. Blood Coagulation
• A. Formation of fibrin
• B. Inhibitors of coagulation
• VI. Parenteral Anticoagulants
• A. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins
• B. Argatroban
• C. Bivalirudin
• D. Fondaparinux
• VII. Vitamin K Antagonists
• A. Warfarin
• VIII. Direct Oral Anticoagulants
• A. Dabigatran
• B. Direct oral factor Xa inhibitors
• IX. Thrombolytic Drugs
• A. Common characteristics of thrombolytic agents
• B. Fibrinolytic agents
• X. Drugs Used to Treat Bleeding
• A. Aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid
• B. Protamine sulfate
• C. Vitamin K
• D. Idarucizumab
• E. Factor Xa
• Chapter 13: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 14: Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
• I. Overview
• II. Treatment Goals
• III. Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
• A. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors
• B. Cholesterol absorption inhibitor
• C. Bile acid sequestrants
• D. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 inhibitors
• E. Adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase inhibitor
• F. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor
• G. Fibrates
• H. Niacin (nicotinic acid)
• I. Omega-3 fatty acids
• J. Combination drug therapy
• Chapter 14: Multple Choice Question
• Unit IV: Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System
• Chapter 15: Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases
• I. Overview
• II. Neurotransmission in the CNS
• III. Synaptic Potentials
• A. Excitatory pathways
• B. Inhibitory pathways
• C. Combined effects of the EPSP and IPSP
• IV. Neurodegenerative Diseases
• V. Overview of Parkinson Disease
• A. Etiology
• B. Strategy of treatment
• VI. Drugs Used in Parkinson Disease
• A. Levodopa and carbidopa
• B. Selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide
• C. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors
• D. Dopamine receptor agonists
• E. Amantadine
• F. Antimuscarinic agents
• G. Adenosine receptor antagonist
• VII. Drugs Used in Alzheimer Disease
• A. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
• B. NMDA receptor antagonist
• C. Aducanumab
• VIII. Drugs Used in Multiple Sclerosis
• A. Disease-modifying therapies
• B. Symptomatic treatment
• IX. Drugs Used in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Chapter 15: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 16: Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Benzodiazepines
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Actions
• C. Therapeutic uses
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Dependence
• F. Adverse effects
• III. Benzodiazepine Antagonist
• IV. Other Anxiolytic Agents
• A. Antidepressants
• B. Buspirone
• V. Barbiturates
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Actions
• C. Therapeutic uses
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• VI. Other Hypnotic Agents
• A. Zolpidem
• B. Zaleplon
• C. Eszopiclone
• D. Melatonin receptor agonists
• E. Antihistamines
• F. Antidepressants
• G. Orexin receptor antagonists
• Chapter 16: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 17: Antidepressants
• I. Overview
• II. Mechanism of Antidepressant Drugs
• III. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
• A. Actions
• B. Therapeutic uses
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• IV. Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
• A. Venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine
• B. Duloxetine
• C. Levomilnacipran
• V. Atypical Antidepressants
• A. Brexanolone
• B. Bupropion
• C. Esketamine
• D. Mirtazapine
• E. Nefazodone and trazodone
• F. Vilazodone
• G. Vortioxetine
• VI. Tricyclic Antidepressants
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Actions
• C. Therapeutic uses
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• VII. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Actions
• C. Therapeutic uses
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• VIII. Serotonin–Dopamine Antagonists
• XI. Treatment of Mania and Bipolar Disorder
• A. Lithium
• B. Other drugs
• Chapter 17: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 18: Antipsychotic Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Schizophrenia
• III. Antipsychotic Drugs
• A. First-generation antipsychotics
• B. Second-generation antipsychotics
• C. Mechanism of action
• D. Actions
• E. Therapeutic uses
• F. Absorption and metabolism
• G. Adverse effects
• H. Maintenance treatment
• Chapter 18: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 19: Drugs for Epilepsy
• I. Overview
• II. Etiology of Seizures
• III. Classification of Seizures
• A. Focal
• B. Generalized
• IV. Mechanism of Action of Antiseizure Medications
• V. Drug Selection
• VI. Antiseizure Medications
• A. Benzodiazepines
• B. Brivaracetam
• C. Cannabidiol
• D. Carbamazepine
• E. Cenobamate
• F. Eslicarbazepine
• G. Ethosuximide
• H. Felbamate
• I. Fenfluramine
• J. Gabapentin
• K. Lacosamide
• L. Lamotrigine
• M. Levetiracetam
• N. Oxcarbazepine
• O. Perampanel
• P. Phenobarbital and primidone
• Q. Phenytoin and fosphenytoin
• R. Pregabalin
• S. Rufinamide
• T. Stiripentol
• U. Tiagabine
• V. Topiramate
• W. Valproic acid, valproate, and divalproex
• X. Vigabatrin
• Y. Zonisamide
• VII. Status Epilepticus
• VIII. REPRODUCTIVE Health and Epilepsy
• Chapter 19: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 20: Anesthetics
• I. Overview
• II. Levels of Sedation
• III. Stages of General Anesthesia
• A. Induction
• B. Maintenance of anesthesia
• C. Emergence
• IV. Inhalation Anesthetics
• A. Common features of inhalation anesthetics
• B. Potency
• C. Uptake and distribution of inhalation anesthetics
• D. Mechanism of action
• E. Isoflurane
• F. Desflurane
• G. Sevoflurane
• H. Nitrous oxide
• I. Malignant hyperthermia
• V. Intravenous Anesthetics
• A. Induction
• B. Emergence
• C. Effect of reduced cardiac output on IV anesthetics
• D. Propofol
• E. Barbiturates
• F. Benzodiazepines
• G. Opioids
• H. Etomidate
• I. Ketamine
• J. Dexmedetomidine
• VI. Neuromuscular Blockers
• A. Sugammadex
• VII. Local Anesthetics
• A. Actions
• B. Onset, potency, and duration of action
• C. Metabolism
• D. Allergic reactions
• E. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity
• VIII. Anesthetic Adjuncts
• A. Gastrointestinal agents
• B. Drugs for PONV
• C. Anxiolytics
• D. Analgesia
• Chapter 20: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 21: Opioids
• I. Overview
• II. Opioid Receptors
• III. Opioid Agonists
• A. Morphine
• B. Codeine
• C. Oxycodone and oxymorphone
• D. Hydromorphone and hydrocodone
• E. Fentanyl
• F. Sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, and carfentanil
• G. Methadone
• H. Meperidine
• IV. Partial Agonists and Mixed Agonist–Antagonists
• A. Buprenorphine
• B. Pentazocine
• C. Nalbuphine and butorphanol
• V. Other Analgesics
• A. Tapentadol
• B. Tramadol
• C. Oliceridine
• VI. Antagonists
• A. Naloxone
• B. Naltrexone
• Chapter 21: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 22: CNS Stimulants
• I. Overview
• II. Psychomotor Stimulants
• A. Methylxanthines
• B. Nicotine
• C. Varenicline
• D. Cocaine
• E. Amphetamines
• F. Methylphenidate
• G. Modafinil and armodafinil
• III. Drugs for Obesity
• A. Anorexiants/Appetite suppressants
• B. Lipase inhibitor
• C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
• D. Combination therapies
• Chapter 22: Multple Choice Question
• Unit V: Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System
• Chapter 23: Pituitary and Thyroid
• I. Overview
• II. Hypothalamic and Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)
• B. Growth hormone (somatotropin)
• C. Somatostatin (growth hormone–inhibiting hormone)
• D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
• E. Gonadotropins
• F. Prolactin
• III. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
• A. Oxytocin
• B. Vasopressin
• IV. Thyroid Hormones
• A. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• B. Mechanism of action
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Treatment of hypothyroidism
• E. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• Chapter 23: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 24: Drugs for Diabetes
• I. Overview
• II. Diabetes Mellitus
• A. Type 1 diabetes
• B. Type 2 diabetes
• III. Insulin
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Pharmacokinetics
• C. Adverse effects
• IV. Insulin Preparations
• A. Rapid-Acting and short-acting insulin preparations
• B. Intermediate-acting insulin
• C. Long-Acting insulin preparations
• D. Insulin combinations
• E. Standard treatment versus intensive treatment
• V. Amylin Analog
• VI. Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor Agonists
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Pharmacokinetics
• C. Adverse effects
• VII. Oral Agents
• A. Biguanides
• B. Sulfonylureas
• C. Meglitinides
• D. Thiazolidinediones
• E. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
• F. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors
• G. α-Glucosidase inhibitors
• H. Other agents
• Chapter 24: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 25: Estrogens, Progestogens, and Androgens
• I. Overview
• II. Estrogens
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Therapeutic uses
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• III. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Therapeutic uses
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• IV. Progestogens
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Therapeutic uses
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• E. Progesterone antagonist
• V. Contraceptives
• A. Types of hormonal contraceptives
• B. Mechanism of action
• C. Adverse effects
• VI. Androgens
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Therapeutic uses
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• E. Antiandrogens
• Chapter 25: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 26: Adrenal Hormones
• I. Overview
• II. Corticosteroids
• A. Glucocorticoids
• B. Mineralocorticoids
• C. Therapeutic uses of corticosteroids
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• F. Discontinuation
• G. Inhibitors of adrenocorticoid biosynthesis or function
• Chapter 26: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 27: Drugs Affecting Bone Metabolism
• I. Overview
• II. Bone Remodeling
• III. Prevention of Osteoporosis
• IV. Treatment of Osteoporosis
• A. Bisphosphonates
• B. RANKL inhibitor
• C. Parathyroid agents
• D. Sclerostin inhibitor
• E. Selective estrogen receptor modulators
• F. Calcitonin
• Chapter 27: Multple Choice Question
• Unit VI: Chemotherapeutic Drugs
• Chapter 28: Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
• I. Overview
• II. Selection of Antimicrobial Agents
• A. Identification of the infecting microorganism
• B. Empiric antimicrobial therapy
• C. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility
• D. Effect of the site of infection on therapy
• E. Patient factors
• F. Safety of the agent
• G. Cost of therapy
• III. Route of Administration
• IV. Determinants of Rational Dosing
• A. Concentration-dependent killing
• B. Time-dependent (Concentration-independent) killing
• C. Postantibiotic effect
• V. Chemotherapeutic Spectra
• A. Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials
• B. Extended-spectrum antimicrobials
• C. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials
• VI. Combinations of Antimicrobial Drugs
• A. Advantages of drug combinations
• B. Disadvantages of drug combinations
• VII. Drug Resistance
• A. Genetic alterations leading to drug resistance
• B. Altered expression of proteins in drug-resistant microorganisms
• VIII. Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobials
• IX. Complications of Antimicrobial Therapy
• A. Hypersensitivity
• B. Direct toxicity
• X. Classification of Antimicrobial Agents
• Chapter 28: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 29: Cell Wall Inhibitors
• I. Overview
• II. Penicillins
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse reactions
• III. Cephalosporins
• A. Antibacterial spectrum
• B. Resistance
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• IV. Other β-Lactam Antibiotics
• A. Carbapenems
• B. Monobactams
• V. β-Lactamase Inhibitors
• A. Cephalosporin and β-Lactamase inhibitor combinations
• B. Carbapenem/β-Lactamase inhibitor combinations
• VI. Vancomycin
• VII. Lipoglycopeptides
• VIII. Daptomycin
• IX. Fosfomycin
• X. Polymyxins
• Chapter 29: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 30: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
• I. Overview
• II. Tetracyclines
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• III. Glycylcyclines
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• IV. Aminoglycosides
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• V. Macrolides
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• VI. Fidaxomicin
• VII. Clindamycin
• VIII. Oxazolidinones
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• IX. Lefamulin
• X. Chloramphenicol
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• XI. Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• Chapter 30: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 31: Quinolones, Folic Acid Antagonists, and Urinary Tract Antiseptics
• I. Fluoroquinolones
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antimicrobial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse reactions
• F. Examples of clinically useful fluoroquinolones
• II. Folate Antagonists
• III. Sulfonamides
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• IV. Trimethoprim
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• V. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
• A. Mechanism of action
• B. Antibacterial spectrum
• C. Resistance
• D. Pharmacokinetics
• E. Adverse effects
• VI. Urinary Tract Antiseptics/Antimicrobials
• A. Methenamine
• B. Nitrofurantoin
• C. Fosfomycin
• Chapter 31: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 32: Antimycobacterial Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Chemotherapy for Tuberculosis
• A. Strategies for addressing drug resistance
• B. Isoniazid
• C. Rifamycins: rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine
• D. Pyrazinamide
• E. Ethambutol
• F. Alternate second-line drugs
• III. Drugs for Leprosy
• A. Dapsone
• B. Clofazimine
• Chapter 32: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 33: Antifungal Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Drugs for Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycotic Infections
• A. Amphotericin B
• B. Antimetabolite antifungals
• C. Azole antifungals
• D. Fluconazole
• E. Itraconazole
• F. Posaconazole
• G. Voriconazole
• H. Isavuconazole
• I. Echinocandins
• III. Drugs for Cutaneous Mycotic Infections
• A. Squalene epoxidase inhibitors
• B. Griseofulvin
• C. Nystatin
• D. Imidazoles
• E. Efinaconazole
• F. Ciclopirox
• G. Tavaborole
• H. Tolnaftate
• Chapter 33: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 34: Antiviral Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Treatment of Respiratory Viral Infections
• A. Neuraminidase inhibitors
• B. Endonucleotide inhibitor
• C. Adamantane antivirals
• D. Ribavirin
• E. Remdesivir
• III. Treatment of Hepatic Viral Infections
• IV. Treatment of Hepatitis B
• A. Interferons
• B. Lamivudine
• C. Adefovir
• D. Entecavir
• V. Treatment of Hepatitis C
• A. NS3/NS4A protease inhibitors
• B. NS5B polymerase inhibitors
• C. NS5A replication complex inhibitors
• D. Ribavirin
• VI. Treatment of Herpes Virus Infections
• A. Acyclovir
• B. Cidofovir
• C. Foscarnet
• D. Ganciclovir
• E. Penciclovir and famciclovir
• F. Trifluridine
• VII. Treatment of HIV Infection
• VIII. NRTIs Used to Treat HIV Infection
• A. Overview of NRTIs
• IX. NNRTIs Used to Treat HIV Infection
• X. PIs Used to Treat HIV Infection
• A. Overview of PIs
• B. Atazanavir
• C. Darunavir
• XI. Entry Inhibitors
• A. Fostemsavir
• B. Ibalizumab
• C. Maraviroc
• D. Enfuvirtide
• XII. Integrase Inhibitors
• XIII. Pharmacokinetic Enhancers
• A. Ritonavir
• B. Cobicistat
• Chapter 34: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 35: Antiprotozoal Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Chemotherapy for Amebiasis
• A. Mixed amebicides
• B. Luminal amebicides
• C. Systemic amebicides
• III. Chemotherapy for Malaria
• A. Primaquine
• B. Tafenoquine
• C. Chloroquine
• D. Atovaquone–proguanil
• E. Mefloquine
• F. Quinine
• G. Artemisinin
• H. Pyrimethamine
• IV. Chemotherapy for Babesiosis
• V. Chemotherapy for Trypanosomiasis
• A. Pentamidine
• B. Suramin
• C. Melarsoprol
• D. Eflornithine
• E. Nifurtimox
• F. Benznidazole
• VI. Chemotherapy for Leishmaniasis
• A. Sodium stibogluconate
• B. Miltefosine
• VII. Chemotherapy for Toxoplasmosis
• VIII. Chemotherapy for Giardiasis
• Chapter 35: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 36: Anthelmintic Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Drugs for the Treatment of Nematodes
• A. Mebendazole
• B. Pyrantel pamoate
• C. Ivermectin
• D. Moxidectin
• E. Diethylcarbamazine
• III. Drugs for the Treatment of Trematodes
• A. Praziquantel
• B. Triclabendazole
• IV. Drugs for the Treatment of Cestodes
• A. Niclosamide
• B. Albendazole
• Chapter 36: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 37: Anticancer Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy
• A. Goals of treatment
• B. Indications for treatment
• C. Chemotherapy regimens
• D. Tumor susceptibility and the growth cycle
• E. Log kill phenomenon
• F. Pharmacologic sanctuaries
• G. Resistance to chemotherapy
• H. Adverse effects of chemotherapy
• III. Antimetabolites
• A. Methotrexate, pemetrexed, and pralatrexate
• B. 6-Mercaptopurine
• C. Fludarabine
• D. 5-Fluorouracil
• E. Capecitabine
• F. Cytarabine
• G. Azacitidine
• H. Gemcitabine
• IV. Antitumor Antibiotics
• A. Anthracyclines
• B. Bleomycin
• V. Alkylating and Adducting Agents
• A. Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide
• B. Nitrosoureas
• C. Dacarbazine and temozolomide
• D. Platinum coordination complexes
• E. Other alkylating agents
• VI. Microtubule Inhibitors
• A. Vinca alkaloids
• B. Taxanes
• VII. Steroid Hormones and Their Antagonists
• A. Selective estrogen receptor modulators
• B. Fulvestrant
• C. Aromatase inhibitors
• D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
• E. Antiandrogens
• VIII. Topoisomerase Inhibitors
• A. Camptothecins
• B. Etoposide
• IX. Antibodies
• X. Kinase Inhibitors
• XI. Immunotherapy
• XII. Cellular and Gene Therapy Products
• A. Gene therapies
• B. Cellular products
• XIII. Miscellaneous Agents
• A. Abiraterone acetate
• B. Immunomodulating agents
• C. Proteasome inhibitors
• Chapter 37: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 38: Immunosuppressants
• I. Overview
• A. Rationale for use of immunosuppressants
• B. Immune activation cascade
• C. Basic principles of immunosuppressant therapy in transplantation
• II. Immunosuppressant Drugs for Induction and Rejection
• A. Alemtuzumab
• B. Antithymocyte globulins
• C. Basiliximab
• D. Rituximab
• E. Bortezomib
• F. Intravenous immunoglobulin
• III. Maintenance Immunosuppressant Medications
• A. Calcineurin inhibitors
• B. Costimulation blocker
• C. mTOR inhibitors
• D. Antiproliferatives
• E. Corticosteroids
• IV. Other Immunosuppressant Medications
• A. Belimumab
• B. Eculizumab
• C. Tofacitinib
• Chapter 38: Multple Choice Question
• Unit VII: Special Topics in Pharmacology
• Chapter 39: Histamine and Serotonin
• I. Overview
• II. Histamine
• A. Location, synthesis, and release of histamine
• B. Mechanism of action
• C. Role in allergy and anaphylaxis
• III. Histamine H1-Receptor Blockers (Antihistamines)
• A. Actions
• B. Therapeutic uses
• C. Pharmacokinetics
• D. Adverse effects
• IV. Histamine H2-Receptor Blockers
• V. Serotonin
• A. Location, synthesis, and release of serotonin
• B. Mechanism of action
• C. Therapeutic uses
• VI. Drugs Used to Treat Headache Disorders
• A. Biologic basis of migraine headaches
• B. Symptomatic treatment of acute migraine
• C. Prophylaxis for migraine headache
• D. Drugs for tension and cluster headache
• Chapter 39: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 40: Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Agents
• I. Overview
• II. Prostaglandins
• A. Role of prostaglandins as local mediators
• B. Synthesis of prostaglandins
• C. Actions of prostaglandins
• D. Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins
• E. Alprostadil
• F. Lubiprostone
• G. Misoprostol
• H. Prostaglandin E2 analogs
• I. Prostaglandin F2α analogs
• J. Prostacyclin (PGI2) analogs
• III. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
• A. Aspirin and other NSAIDs
• B. Celecoxib
• IV. Acetaminophen
• A. Therapeutic uses
• B. Pharmacokinetics
• C. Adverse effects
• V. Traditional Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
• A. Methotrexate
• B. Hydroxychloroquine
• C. Leflunomide
• D. Sulfasalazine
• E. Glucocorticoids
• VI. Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
• A. Adalimumab
• B. Certolizumab
• C. Etanercept
• D. Golimumab
• E. Infliximab
• F. Tocilizumab and sarilumab
• G. Abatacept
• H. Rituximab
• VII. Other Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis
• VIII. Drugs Used for the Treatment of Gout
• A. Treatment of acute gout
• B. Treatment of chronic gout
• C. Colchicine
• D. Allopurinol
• E. Febuxostat
• F. Probenecid
• G. Pegloticase
• Chapter 40: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 41: Drugs for Disorders of the Respiratory System
• I. Overview
• II. Preferred Drugs Used to Treat Asthma
• A. Pathophysiology of asthma
• B. Goals of therapy
• C. Corticosteroids
• D. β2-adrenergic agonists
• III. Alternative Drugs Used to Treat Asthma
• A. Leukotriene modifiers
• B. Cromolyn
• C. Cholinergic antagonists
• D. Theophylline
• E. Monoclonal antibodies
• IV. Drugs Used to Treat Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• A. Bronchodilators
• B. Corticosteroids
• C. Other agents
• V. Inhaler Technique
• A. Metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers
• B. Spacers
• VI. Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Rhinitis
• A. Antihistamines
• B. Corticosteroids
• C. α-adrenergic agonists
• D. Other agents
• VII. Drugs Used to Treat Cough
• A. Opioids
• B. Benzonatate
• C. Guaifenesin
• D. Acetylcysteine
• E. Dornase alfa
• Chapter 41: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 42: Gastrointestinal and Antiemetic Drugs
• I. Overview
• II. Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• A. Antimicrobial agents
• B. H2 receptor antagonists
• C. Inhibitors of the H+/K+-ATPase proton pump
• D. Prostaglandins
• E. Antacids
• F. Mucosal protective agents
• III. Drugs Used to Control Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
• A. Mechanisms that trigger vomiting
• B. Emetic actions of chemotherapeutic agents
• C. Antiemetic drugs
• IV. Antidiarrheals
• A. Antimotility agents
• B. Adsorbents
• C. Agents that modify fluid and electrolyte transport
• V. Laxatives
• A. Irritants and stimulants
• B. Bulk laxatives
• C. Saline and osmotic laxatives
• D. Stool softeners (emollient laxatives or surfactants)
• E. Lubricant laxatives
• F. Chloride channel activators
• VI. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• VII. Drugs Used to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• A. 5-Aminosalicylates
• B. Corticosteroids
• C. Biologic agents
• D. Janus kinase inhibitors
• E. Immunomodulators
• Chapter 42: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 43: Drugs for Urologic Disorders
• I. Overview
• II. Drugs Used to Treat Erectile Dysfunction
• A. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors
• B. Alprostadil
• III. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• A. α1-adrenergic antagonists
• B. 5α-reductase inhibitors
• C. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor
• Chapter 43: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 44: Drugs for Anemia
• I. Overview
• II. Agents Used to Treat Anemias
• A. Iron
• B. Folic acid (folate)
• C. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12)
• D. Erythropoietin and darbepoetin
• III. Agents Used to Treat Neutropenia
• IV. Agents Used to Treat Sickle Cell Disease
• A. Hydroxyurea
• B. Crizanlizumab
• C. Voxelotor
• Chapter 44: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 45: Drugs for Dermatologic Disorders
• I. Overview
• II. Topical Preparations
• III. Agents for Acne
• A. Antibiotics
• B. Azelaic acid
• C. Benzoyl peroxide
• D. Dapsone
• E. Retinoids
• F. Salicylic acid
• G. Sulfacetamide sodium
• IV. Agents for Superficial Bacterial Infections
• A. Bacitracin
• B. Gentamicin
• C. Mupirocin
• D. Neomycin
• E. Ozenoxacin
• F. Polymyxin
• G. Retapamulin
• V. Agents Used for Rosacea
• A. Brimonidine
• B. Doxycycline
• C. Ivermectin
• D. Metronidazole
• E. Minocycline
• F. Oxymetazoline
• VI. Agents for Pigmentation Disorders
• A. Hydroquinone
• B. Methoxsalen
• C. Tazarotene
• VII. Agents for Psoriasis
• A. Apremilast
• B. Biologic agents
• C. Keratolytic agents
• D. Methotrexate
• E. Retinoids
• F. Topical corticosteroids
• G. Vitamin D analogs
• VIII. Agents for Alopecia
• A. Finasteride
• B. Minoxidil
• Chapter 45: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 46: Clinical Toxicology
• I. Overview
• II. Emergency Treatment of the Poisoned Patient
• A. Decontamination
• B. Elimination enhancement
• III. Select Pharmaceutical and Occupational Toxicities
• A. Acetaminophen
• B. Alcohols
• C. Carbon monoxide
• D. Cyanide
• E. Iron
• F. Lead
• G. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
• IV. Antidotes
• Chapter 46: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 47: Drugs of Abuse
• I. Overview
• II. Sympathomimetics
• A. Cocaine
• B. Amphetamines
• C. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
• D. Synthetic cathinones
• III. Hallucinogens
• A. D-lysergic acid diethylamide
• B. Dissociative hallucinogens
• C. Other hallucinogens
• IV. Cannabis (Marijuana)
• A. Marijuana
• B. Synthetic THC derivatives
• C. Synthetic cannabinoids
• V. Ethanol and Agents for Treatment of Alcohol Dependence
• A. Ethanol
• B. Drugs for alcohol dependence
• VI. Prescription Drug Misuse
• Chapter 47: Multple Choice Question
• Chapter 48: Pharmacogenomics
• I. Overview
• II. Pharmacogenomics
• A. Definitions
• B. Pharmacogenomic resources
• III. Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes
• A. CYP2C19
• B. CYP2D6
• C. CYP2C9
• IV. Drug Transporters
• A. ATP-binding cassette transporters
• B. Solute carrier transporters
• V. Hypersensitivity Reactions
• A. Human leukocyte antigen
• B. RYR1
• VI. Implementation
• Chapter 48: Multple Choice Question
• Index
• Figure Credits