Efnisyfirlit

• Preface
• Who this book is for
• What this book covers
• To get the most out of this book
• Get in touch
• Blockchain 101
• The growth of blockchain technology
• Progress toward maturity
• Increasing interest
• Distributed systems
• The history of blockchain and Bitcoin
• The events that led to blockchain
• Electronic cash
• Blockchain
• Blockchain defined
• Peer-to-peer
• Distributed ledger
• Cryptographically secure
• Append-only
• Updatable via consensus
• Blockchain architecture
• Blockchain by layers
• Blockchain in business
• Generic elements of a blockchain
• How blockchain works
• Benefits, features, and limitations of blockchain
• Types of blockchain
• Distributed ledgers
• Distributed Ledger Technology
• Public blockchains
• Private blockchains
• Semi-private blockchains
• Sidechains
• Permissioned ledger
• Shared ledger
• Fully private and proprietary blockchains
• Tokenized blockchains
• Tokenless blockchains
• Consensus
• Consensus mechanism
• Types of consensus mechanisms
• Consensus in blockchain
• CAP theorem and blockchain
• Summary
• Decentralization
• Decentralization using blockchain
• Methods of decentralization
• Disintermediation
• Contest-driven decentralization
• Routes to decentralization
• How to decentralize
• Decentralization framework example
• Blockchain and full ecosystem decentralization
• Storage
• Communication
• Computing power and decentralization
• Pertinent terminology
• Smart contracts
• Autonomous agents
• Decentralized organizations
• Decentralized autonomous organizations
• Decentralized autonomous corporations
• Decentralized autonomous societies
• Decentralized applications
• Requirements of a DApp
• Operations of a DApp
• Design of a DApp
• DApp examples
• Platforms for decentralization
• Ethereum
• MaidSafe
• Lisk
• EOS
• Innovative trends
• Decentralized web
• Web 1
• Web 2
• Web 3
• Decentralized identity
• Decentralized finance (DeFi)
• Summary
• Symmetric Cryptography
• Working with the OpenSSL command line
• Introduction
• Cryptography
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Non-repudiation
• Accountability
• Cryptographic primitives
• Keyless primitives
• Random numbers
• Hash functions
• Secure Hash Algorithms
• Symmetric cryptography
• Message authentication codes (MACs)
• Hash-based MACs (HMACs)
• Stream ciphers
• Block ciphers
• Data Encryption Standard (DES)
• Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
• How AES works
• An OpenSSL example of how to encrypt and decrypt using AES
• Summary
• Public Key Cryptography
• Mathematics
• Modular arithmetic
• Sets
• Fields
• Finite fields
• Prime fields
• Groups
• Abelian groups
• Rings
• Cyclic groups
• Order
• Asymmetric cryptography
• Integer factorization
• Discrete logarithm
• Elliptic curves
• Public and private keys
• RSA
• Elliptic curve cryptography
• Mathematics behind ECC
• The discrete logarithm problem in ECC
• RSA using OpenSSL
• Encryption and decryption using RSA
• ECC using OpenSSL
• Digital signatures
• RSA digital signature algorithms
• The elliptic curve digital signature algorithm
• How to generate a digital signature using OpenSSL
• Cryptographic constructs and blockchain technology
• Homomorphic encryption
• Signcryption
• Secret sharing
• Commitment schemes
• Zero-knowledge proofs
• zk-SNARKs
• zk-STARKs
• Zero-knowledge range proofs—ZKRPs
• Different types of digital signatures
• Blind signatures
• Multisignatures
• Threshold signatures
• Aggregate signatures
• Ring signatures
• Encoding schemes
• Base64
• Base58
• Applications of cryptographic hash functions
• Merkle trees
• Patricia trees
• Distributed hash tables
• Summary
• Consensus Algorithms
• Introducing the consensus problem
• The Byzantine generals problem
• Fault tolerance
• Types of fault-tolerant consensus
• State machine replication
• FLP impossibility
• Lower bounds on the number of processors to solve consensus
• Analysis and design
• Model
• Processes
• Timing assumptions
• Synchrony
• Asynchrony
• Partial synchrony
• Classification
• Algorithms
• CFT algorithms
• Paxos
• Raft
• BFT algorithms
• Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance
• Istanbul Byzantine Fault Tolerance
• Tendermint
• Nakamoto consensus
• Proof of stake (PoS)
• HotStuff
• Choosing an algorithm
• Finality
• Speed, performance, and scalability
• Summary
• Introducing Bitcoin
• Bitcoin—an overview
• The beginnings of Bitcoin
• Egalitarianism versus authoritarianism
• Bitcoin definition
• Bitcoin—A user’s perspective
• Sending a payment
• Cryptographic keys
• Private keys in Bitcoin
• Public keys in Bitcoin
• Addresses in Bitcoin
• Base58Check encoding
• Vanity addresses
• Transactions
• The transaction lifecycle
• Transaction pool
• Transaction fees
• The transaction data structure
• Metadata
• Inputs
• Outputs
• Verification
• The Script language
• Types of scripts
• Contracts
• Coinbase transactions
• Transaction validation
• Transaction bugs
• Transaction malleability
• Value overflow
• Blockchain
• The genesis block
• Stale and orphan blocks
• Size of the blockchain
• Network difficulty
• Mining
• Tasks of the miners
• Mining rewards
• Proof of Work
• The mining algorithm
• The hash rate
• Mining systems
• CPU
• GPU
• FPGA
• ASICs
• Mining pools
• Summary
• The Bitcoin Network and Payments
• The Bitcoin network
• Full client and SPV client
• Bloom filters
• Wallets
• Non-deterministic wallets
• Deterministic wallets
• Hierarchical deterministic wallets
• Brain wallets
• Paper wallets
• Hardware wallets
• Online wallets
• Mobile wallets
• Bitcoin payments
• Innovation in Bitcoin
• Bitcoin Improvement Proposals
• Advanced protocols
• Segregated Witness
• Bitcoin Cash
• Bitcoin Unlimited
• Bitcoin Gold
• Bitcoin investment and buying and selling Bitcoin
• Summary
• Bitcoin Clients and APIs
• Bitcoin client installation
• Types of clients and tools
• bitcoind
• bitcoin-cli
• bitcoin-qt
• Setting up a Bitcoin node
• Setting up the source code
• Setting up bitcoin.conf
• Starting up a node in the testnet
• Starting up a node in regtest
• Experimenting further with bitcoin-cli
• Using the Bitcoin command-line tool – bitcoin-cli
• Using the JSON RPC interface
• Using the HTTP REST interface
• Bitcoin programming
• Summary
• Alternative Coins
• Introducing altcoins
• Theoretical foundations
• Alternatives to Proof of Work
• Proof of Storage
• Proof of Stake (PoS)
• Various types of stake
• Proof of Activity (PoA)
• Non-outsourceable puzzles
• Difficulty adjustment and retargeting algorithms
• Kimoto Gravity Well
• Dark Gravity Wave
• DigiShield
• MIDAS
• Bitcoin limitations
• Privacy and anonymity
• Mixing protocols
• Third-party mixing protocols
• Inherent anonymity
• Extended protocols on top of Bitcoin
• Colored coins
• Counterparty
• Development of altcoins
• Consensus algorithms
• Hashing algorithms
• Difficulty adjustment algorithms
• Inter-block time
• Block rewards
• Reward halving rate
• Block size and transaction size
• Interest rate
• Coinage
• Total supply of coins
• Token versus cryptocurrency
• Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)
• ERC20 standard
• Summary
• Smart Contracts
• History
• Definition
• Ricardian contracts
• Smart contract templates
• Oracles
• Software and network-assisted proofs
• TLSNotary
• TLS-N based mechanism
• Hardware device-assisted proofs
• Android proof
• Ledger proof
• Trusted hardware-assisted proofs
• Types of blockchain oracles
• Inbound oracles
• Outbound oracles
• Blockchain oracle services
• Deploying smart contracts
• The DAO
• Summary
• Ethereum 101
• Ethereum – an overview
• The yellow paper
• Useful mathematical symbols
• The Ethereum blockchain
• Ethereum – a user’s perspective
• The Ethereum network
• The mainnet
• Testnets
• Private nets
• Components of the Ethereum ecosystem
• Keys and addresses
• Accounts
• Types of accounts
• Transactions and messages
• RLP
• Contract creation transactions
• Message call transactions
• Messages
• Transaction validation and execution
• The transaction substate
• State storage in the Ethereum blockchain
• Transaction receipts
• Ether cryptocurrency/tokens (ETC and ETH)
• The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
• Execution environment
• The machine state
• The iterator function
• Smart contracts
• Native contracts
• The elliptic curve public key recovery function
• The SHA-256-bit hash function
• The RIPEMD-160-bit hash function
• The identity/datacopy function
• Big mod exponentiation function
• Elliptic curve point addition function
• Elliptic curve scalar multiplication
• Elliptic curve pairing
• Blake2 compression function ‘F’
• Summary
• Further Ethereum
• Blocks and blockchain
• The genesis block
• The block validation mechanism
• Block finalization
• Block difficulty mechanism
• Gas
• Fee schedule
• Wallets and client software
• Wallets
• Geth
• Eth
• Parity
• Trinity
• Light clients
• Installation and usage
• Geth
• Ethereum account management using Geth
• How to query the blockchain using Geth
• Ethereum keystore
• Eth installation
• OpenEthereum installation
• MetaMask
• Installation
• Creating and funding an account using MetaMask
• Nodes and miners
• The consensus mechanism
• Forks in the blockchain
• Ethash
• CPU mining
• GPU mining
• Benchmarking
• Mining rigs
• Mining pools
• ASICs
• APIs, tools, and DApps
• Applications (DApps and DAOs) developed on Ethereum
• Tools
• Geth JSON RPC API
• Examples
• Supporting protocols
• Whisper
• Swarm
• Programming languages
• Runtime bytecode
• Opcodes
• Summary
• Ethereum Development Environment
• Overview
• Test networks
• Components of a private network
• Network ID
• The genesis file
• Data directory
• Flags and their meaning
• Static nodes
• Starting up the private network
• Mining on the private network
• Remix IDE
• MetaMask
• Using MetaMask and Remix IDE to deploy a smart contract
• Adding a custom network to MetaMask and connecting Remix IDE with MetaMask
• Importing accounts into MetaMask using keystore files
• Deploying a contract with MetaMask
• Interacting with a contract through MetaMask using Remix IDE
• Summary
• Development Tools and Frameworks
• Languages
• Compilers
• The Solidity compiler
• Installation
• Functions
• Tools and libraries
• Node.js
• Ganache CLI
• Ganache
• Frameworks
• Truffle
• Drizzle
• Embark
• Brownie
• Waffle
• Etherlime
• OpenZeppelin
• Contract development and deployment
• Writing smart contracts
• Testing smart contracts
• Deploying smart contracts
• The layout of a Solidity source code file
• Version pragma
• Import
• Comments
• The Solidity language
• Variables
• Local variables
• Global variables
• State variables
• Data types
• Value types
• Reference types
• Control structures
• Events
• Inheritance
• Libraries
• Functions
• Error handling
• Summary
• Introducing Web3
• Exploring Web3 with Geth
• Contract deployment
• POST requests
• Retrieving the list of accounts
• Interacting with contracts via frontends
• The HTML and JavaScript frontend
• Installing Web3.js JavaScript library
• Interacting with contracts via a web frontend
• Creating an app.js JavaScript file
• Creating a Web3 object
• Calling contract functions
• Development frameworks
• Using Truffle to develop a decentralized application
• Installing and initializing Truffle
• Compiling, testing, and migrating using Truffle
• Interacting with the contract
• Using Truffle to test and deploy smart contracts
• Deployment on decentralized storage using IPFS
• Summary
• Serenity
• Ethereum 2.0—an overview
• Goals
• Main features
• Roadmap of Ethereum
• Development phases
• Phase 0
• The beacon chain
• Beacon nodes
• Validator nodes
• Beacon and validator node comparison
• Deposit contracts
• Fork choice
• P2P interface (networking)
• ETH 2
• Simple Serialize
• BLS cryptography
• Phase 1
• Shard chains
• Transitioning from Ethereum 1 to Ethereum 2
• Phase 2
• Phase 3
• Architecture
• Summary
• Hyperledger
• Projects under Hyperledger
• Distributed ledgers
• Fabric
• Sawtooth
• Iroha
• Indy
• Besu
• Burrow
• Libraries
• Aries
• Transact
• Quilt
• Ursa
• Tools
• Avalon
• Cello
• Caliper
• Explorer
• Domain-specific
• Grid
• Labs
• Hyperledger reference architecture
• Hyperledger design principles
• Modular structure
• Privacy and confidentiality
• Identity
• Scalability
• Deterministic transactions
• Auditability
• Interoperability
• Portability
• Rich data queries
• Hyperledger Fabric
• Membership services
• Blockchain services
• Consensus services
• Distributed ledger
• The peer-to-peer protocol
• Ledger storage
• Smart contract services
• APIs and CLIs
• Components
• Peers
• Clients
• Channels
• World state database
• Transactions
• Membership Service Provider
• Smart contracts
• Crypto service provider
• Applications on blockchain
• Chaincode implementation
• The application model
• Consensus in Hyperledger Fabric
• The transaction lifecycle in Hyperledger Fabric
• Fabric 2.0
• New chaincode lifecycle management
• New chaincode application patterns
• Enhanced data privacy
• External chaincode launcher
• Raft consensus
• Better performance
• Hyperledger Sawtooth
• Core features
• Modular design
• Parallel transaction execution
• Global state agreement
• Dynamic and pluggable consensus algorithms
• Multi-language support
• Enhanced event mechanism
• On-chain governance
• Interoperability
• Consensus in Sawtooth
• PoET
• PBFT
• Raft
• Transaction lifecycle
• Components
• Validator
• REST API
• Client
• State
• Transaction processors
• Transaction families
• REST API
• Setting up a Sawtooth development environment
• Prerequisites
• Using PoET
• Using PBFT
• Setting up a Sawtooth network
• Summary
• Tokenization
• Tokenization on a blockchain
• Advantages of tokenization
• Disadvantages of tokenization
• Types of tokens
• Fungible tokens
• Non-fungible tokens
• Stable tokens
• Fiat collateralized
• Commodity collateralized
• Crypto collateralized
• Algorithmically stable
• Security tokens
• Process of tokenization
• Token offerings
• Initial coin offerings
• Security token offerings
• Initial exchange offerings
• Equity token offerings
• Decentralized autonomous initial coin offering
• Other token offerings
• Token standards
• ERC-20
• ERC-223
• ERC-777
• ERC-721
• ERC-884
• ERC-1400
• ERC-1404
• Trading and finance
• Financial markets
• Trading
• Exchanges
• Orders and order properties
• Order management and routing systems
• Components of a trade
• The underlying instrument
• Trade lifecycle
• Order anticipators
• Market manipulation
• DeFi
• Trading tokens
• Regulation
• Building an ERC-20 token
• Pre requisites
• Building the Solidity contract
• Solidity contract source code
• Deploying the contract on the Remix JavaScript virtual machine
• Adding tokens in MetaMask
• Emerging concepts
• Tokenomics/token economics
• Token engineering
• Token taxonomy
• Summary
• Blockchain – Outside of Currencies
• The Internet of Things
• Internet of Things architecture
• Physical object layer
• Device layer
• Network layer
• Management layer
• Application layer
• Benefits of IoT and blockchain convergence
• Implementing blockchain-based IoT in practice
• Setting up Raspberry Pi
• Setting up the first node
• Setting up the Raspberry Pi node
• Building the electronic circuit
• Government
• Border control
• Voting
• Citizen identification (ID cards)
• Health
• Finance
• Insurance
• Post-trade settlement
• Financial crime prevention
• Payments
• Decentralization
• Faster settlement
• Better resilience
• Cross-border payments
• Peer-to-peer loans
• Media
• Summary
• Enterprise Blockchain
• Enterprise solutions and blockchain
• Success factors
• Limiting factors
• Slow performance
• Lack of access governance
• Lack of privacy
• Probabilistic consensus
• Transaction fees
• Requirements
• Privacy
• Confidentiality
• Anonymity
• Performance
• Scalability/speed
• Access governance
• Further requirements
• Compliance
• Interoperable
• Integration
• Ease of use
• Monitoring
• Secure off-chain computation
• Better tools
• Enterprise blockchain versus public blockchain
• Use cases of enterprise blockchains
• Enterprise blockchain architecture
• Network layer
• Protocol layer
• Privacy layer
• Governance layer
• Integration layer
• What is Apache Camel?
• Application layer
• Security, performance, scalability, monitoring
• Designing enterprise blockchain solutions
• TOGAF
• Business architecture domain
• Data architecture domain
• Application architecture domain
• Technology architecture domain
• Architecture development method
• Preliminary phase
• Architecture vision
• Business architecture
• Information systems architecture
• Technology architecture
• Opportunities and solutions
• Migration planning
• Implementation governance
• Architecture change management
• Blockchain in the cloud
• Currently available enterprise blockchains
• Corda
• Quorum
• Fabric
• Autonity
• Comparison of main platforms
• Enterprise blockchain challenges
• Interoperability
• Lack of standardization
• Compliance
• Business challenges
• Corda
• Architecture
• Corda network
• State objects
• Transactions
• Consensus
• Flows
• CorDapps
• Components
• Nodes
• The permissioning service
• Network map service
• Notary service
• Oracle service
• Transactions
• Vaults
• Other tools
• Transaction flow
• Corda development environment
• Quorum
• Architecture
• Enhanced P2P
• Enhanced state (private and public)
• Pluggable consensus
• No transaction fees
• Private transactions
• Modified block generation mechanism
• Modified block validation mechanism
• Enhanced RPC API
• Privacy manager
• Transaction manager
• Enclave
• Cryptography used in Quorum
• Privacy
• Enclave encryption
• Transaction propagation to transaction managers
• Enclave decryption
• Access control with permissioning
• Performance
• Pluggable consensus
• Setting up Quorum with IBFT
• Quorum Wizard
• Installing Quorum Wizard
• Running Quorum Wizard to create a new network
• Cakeshop
• Running a private transaction
• Node 1
• Node 2
• Node 3
• Node 4
• Viewing the transaction in Cakeshop
• Further investigation
• Node 1
• Node 2, which is privy to the transaction
• Node 3, which is not privy to the transaction
• Other Quorum projects
• Remix plugin
• Pluggable architecture
• Summary
• Scalability and Other Challenges
• Scalability
• Blockchain planes
• Network plane
• Consensus plane
• Storage plane
• View plane
• Side plane
• Methods for improving scalability
• Layer 0 – network solutions
• Layer 1 – on-chain solutions
• Layer 2 – off-chain and multichain solutions
• Privacy
• Anonymity
• Confidentiality
• Techniques to achieve privacy
• Layer 0
• Layers 1 and 2
• Security
• Formal verification
• Model checking
• Verifying consensus mechanisms
• Smart contract security
• Static analysis in Remix IDE
• Why3
• Oyente
• Other tools
• Formal verification of smart contracts
• Other challenges
• Interoperability
• Polkadot
• Lack of standardization
• Post-quantum resistance
• Compliance and regulation
• Summary
• Current Landscape and What’s Next
• Emerging trends
• New implementations of blockchain technology
• Application-specific blockchains
• Start-ups
• Technology improvements
• Standardization
• Consortia
• Enhancements
• Ongoing research and study
• Cryptography
• Cryptoeconomics
• Hardware development
• Formal methods and security
• New programming languages
• Education and employment within blockchain
• Innovative blockchain applications
• Blockchain as a Service
• Convergence with other technologies
• Alternatives to blockchains
• Some debatable ideas
• Public versus private on the blockchain
• Central bank digital currency
• Areas to address
• Regulation
• Illegal activity
• Privacy or transparency
• Blockchain research topics
• Smart contracts
• Cryptographic function limitations
• Consensus algorithms
• Scalability
• Code obfuscation
• Blockchain and AI
• The future of blockchain
• Summary
• Index