Efnisyfirlit

• Mastering Blockchain
• Mastering Blockchain
• Credits
• About the Author
• About the Reviewer
• www.PacktPub.com
• Why subscribe?
• Customer Feedback
• Preface
• What this book covers
• What you need for this book
• Who this book is for
• Conventions
• Reader feedback
• Customer support
• Downloading the example code
• Downloading the color images of this book
• Errata
• Piracy
• Questions
• 1. Blockchain 101
• Distributed systems
• CAP theorem
• Byzantine Generals problem
• Consensus
• Consensus mechanisms
• Types of consensus mechanism
• The history of blockchain
• Electronic cash
• The concept of electronic cash
• Introduction to blockchain
• Various technical definitions of blockchains
• Generic elements of a blockchain
• Addresses
• Transaction
• Block
• Peer-to-peer network
• Scripting or programming language
• Virtual machine
• State machine
• Nodes
• Smart contracts
• Features of a blockchain
• Distributed consensus
• Transaction verification
• Platforms for smart contracts
• Transferring value between peers
• Generating cryptocurrency
• Smart property
• Provider of security
• Immutability
• Uniqueness
• Smart contracts
• Applications of blockchain technology
• How blockchains accumulate blocks
• Tiers of blockchain technology
• Blockchain 1.0
• Blockchain 2.0
• Blockchain 3.0
• Generation X (Blockchain X)
• Types of blockchain
• Public blockchains
• Private blockchains
• Semi-private blockchains
• Sidechains
• Permissioned ledger
• Distributed ledger
• Shared ledger
• Fully private and proprietary blockchains
• Tokenized blockchains
• Tokenless blockchains
• Consensus in blockchain
• Proof of Work
• Proof of Stake
• Delegated Proof of Stake
• Proof of Elapsed Time
• Deposit-based consensus
• Proof of importance
• Federated consensus or federated Byzantine consensus
• Reputation-based mechanisms
• Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance
• CAP theorem and blockchain
• Benefits and limitations of blockchain
• Decentralization
• Transparency and trust
• Immutability
• High availability
• Highly secure
• Simplification of current paradigms
• Faster dealings
• Cost saving
• Challenges and limitations of blockchain technology
• Summary
• 2. Decentralization
• Decentralization using blockchain
• Methods of decentralization
• Disintermediation
• Through competition
• Routes to decentralization
• How to decentralize
• Examples
• Blockchain and full ecosystem decentralization
• Storage
• Communication
• Computation
• Smart contract
• Decentralized organizations
• Decentralized autonomous organizations
• Decentralized autonomous corporations
• Decentralized autonomous societies
• Decentralized applications
• Requirements of a decentralized application
• Operations of a DAPP
• Examples
• KYC-Chain
• OpenBazaar
• Lazooz
• Platforms for decentralization
• Ethereum
• Maidsafe
• Lisk
• Summary
• 3. Cryptography and Technical Foundations
• Introduction
• Mathematics
• Set
• Group
• Field
• A finite field
• Order
• Prime fields
• Ring
• A cyclic group
• An abelian group
• Modular arithmetic
• Cryptography
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Entity authentication
• Data origin authentication
• Non-repudiation
• Accountability
• Cryptographic primitives
• Symmetric cryptography
• Stream ciphers
• Block ciphers
• Block encryption mode
• Keystream generation modes
• Message authentication modes
• Cryptographic hashes
• Electronic code book
• Cipher block chaining
• Counter mode
• Data Encryption Standard (DES)
• Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
• AES steps
• An OpenSSL example of how to encrypt and decrypt using AES
• Asymmetric cryptography
• Integer factorization
• Discrete logarithm
• Elliptic curves
• Public and private keys
• RSA
• Encryption and decryption using RSA
• Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)
• Mathematics behind ECC
• Point addition
• Point doubling
• Discrete logarithm problem
• How to generate public and private key pairs
• Private key
• Generate public key
• How to encrypt and decrypt using RSA with OpenSSL
• Encryption
• Decrypt
• ECC using OpenSSL
• ECC private and public key pair
• Private key
• Private key generation
• Cryptographic primitives
• Hash functions
• Compression of arbitrary messages into fixed length digest
• Easy to compute
• Pre-image resistance
• Second pre-image resistance
• Collision resistance
• Message Digest (MD)
• Secure Hash Algorithms (SHAs)
• Design of Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA)
• SHA-256
• Design of SHA3 (Keccak)
• OpenSSL example of hash functions
• Message Authentication codes (MACs)
• MACs using block ciphers
• HMACs (hash-based MACs)
• Merkle trees
• Patricia trees
• Distributed hash tables (DHTs)
• Digital signatures
• Sign then encrypt
• Encrypt then sign
• Elliptic Curve Digital signature algorithm (ECDSA)
• How to generate a digital signature
• ECDSA using OpenSSL
• Homomorphic encryption
• Signcryption
• Zero knowledge proofs
• Blind signatures
• Encoding schemes
• Financial markets and trading
• Trading
• Exchanges
• Orders and order properties
• Order management and routing systems
• Components of a trade
• General attributes
• Economic
• Sales
• Counterparty
• Trade life cycle
• Order anticipators
• Market manipulation
• Summary
• 4. Bitcoin
• Bitcoin
• Bitcoin definition
• Keys and addresses
• Public keys in bitcoin
• Private keys in bitcoin
• Bitcoin currency units
• Base58Check encoding
• Vanity addresses
• Transactions
• The transaction life cycle
• The transaction structure
• The script language
• Commonly used Opcodes
• Types of transaction
• Coinbase transactions
• What is UTXO?
• Transaction fee
• Contracts
• Transaction malleability
• Transaction pools
• Transaction verification
• Blockchain
• The structure of a block
• The structure of a block header
• The genesis block
• Mining
• Task of miners
• Synching up with the network
• Proof of Work
• The mining algorithm
• The hashing rate
• Mining systems
• CPU
• GPU
• FPGA
• ASICs
• Mining pools
• The bitcoin network
• Wallets
• Wallet types
• Non-deterministic wallets
• Deterministic wallets
• Hierarchical deterministic wallets
• Brain wallets
• Paper wallets
• Hardware wallets
• Online wallets
• Mobile wallets
• Bitcoin payments
• Bitcoin investment and buying and selling bitcoins
• Bitcoin installation
• Setting up a bitcoin node
• Setting up the source code
• Setting up bitcoin.conf
• Starting up a node in testnet
• Starting up a node in regtest
• Starting up a node in live mainnet
• Experimenting with bitcoin-cli
• Bitcoin programming and the command-line interface
• Bitcoin improvement proposals (BIPs)
• Summary
• 5. Alternative Coins
• Theoretical foundations
• Alternatives to Proof of Work
• Proof of Storage
• Proof of Stake
• Proof of coinage
• Proof of deposit
• Proof of burn
• Proof of activity
• Non-outsourceable puzzles
• Difficulty adjustment and retargeting algorithms
• Kimoto Gravity Well
• Dark Gravity Wave
• DigiShield
• MIDAS
• Bitcoin limitations
• Privacy and anonymity
• Mixing protocols
• Third-party mixing protocols
• Inherent anonymity
• Extended protocols on top of bitcoin
• Colored coins
• Counterparty
• Development of altcoins
• Consensus algorithms
• Hashing algorithms
• Difficulty adjustment algorithms
• Inter-block time
• Block rewards
• Reward halving rate
• Block size and transaction size
• Interest rate
• Coin age
• Total supply of coins
• Namecoin
• Trading Namecoins
• Obtaining Namecoins
• Generating Namecoin records
• Litecoin
• Primecoin
• Trading Primecoin
• Mining guide
• Zcash
• Trading Zcash
• Mining guide
• Address generation
• GPU mining
• Downloading and compiling nheqminer
• Summary
• 6. Smart Contracts
• History
• Definition
• Ricardian contracts
• Smart contract templates
• Oracles
• Smart Oracles
• Deploying smart contracts on a blockchain
• The DAO
• Summary
• 7. Ethereum 101
• Introduction
• Ethereum clients and releases
• The Ethereum stack
• Ethereum blockchain
• Currency (ETH and ETC)
• Forks
• Gas
• The consensus mechanism
• The world state
• The account state
• Nonce
• Balance
• Storageroot
• Codehash
• Transactions
• Nonce
• gasPrice
• gasLimit
• To
• Value
• Signature
• Init
• Data
• Contract creation transaction
• Message call transaction
• Elements of the Ethereum blockchain
• Ethereum virtual machine (EVM)
• Execution environment
• Machine state
• The iterator function
• Runtime byte code
• Opcodes and their meaning
• Arithmetic operations
• Logical operations
• Cryptographic operations
• Environmental information
• Block Information
• Stack, memory, storage and flow operations
• Push operations
• Duplication operations
• Exchange operations
• Logging operations
• System operations
• Precompiled contracts
• The elliptic curve public key recovery function
• The SHA-256 bit hash function
• The RIPEMD-160 bit hash function
• The identity function
• Accounts
• Types of accounts
• Block
• Block header
• Parent hash
• Ommers hash
• Beneficiary
• State root
• Transactions root
• Receipts root
• Logs bloom
• Difficulty
• Number
• Gas limit
• Gas used
• Timestamp
• Extra data
• Mixhash
• Nonce
• The genesis block
• Transaction receipts
• The post-transaction state
• Gas used
• Set of logs
• The bloom filter
• Transaction validation and execution
• The transaction sub state
• Suicide set
• Log series
• Refund balance
• The block validation mechanism
• Block finalization
• Ommers validation
• Transaction validation
• Reward application
• State and nonce validation
• Block difficulty
• Ether
• Gas
• Fee schedule
• Messages
• Calls
• Mining
• Ethash
• CPU mining
• GPU mining
• CPU benchmarking
• GPU benchmarking
• Mining rigs
• Motherboard
• SSD hard drive
• GPU
• Mining pools
• Clients and wallets
• Geth
• Eth
• Pyethapp
• Parity
• Light clients
• Installation
• Eth installation
• Mist browser
• Geth
• The geth console
• Funding the account with bitcoin
• Parity installation
• Creating accounts using the parity command line
• Trading and investment
• The yellow paper
• Useful symbols
• The Ethereum network
• MainNet
• TestNet
• Private net(s)
• Supporting protocols
• Whisper
• Swarm
• Applications developed on Ethereum
• Scalability and security issues
• Summary
• 8. Ethereum Development
• Setting up a development environment
• Test Net (Ropsten)
• Setting up a Private Net
• Network ID
• The genesis file
• Data directory
• Flags and their meaning
• Static nodes
• Starting up the private network
• Running Mist on Private Net
• Deploying contracts using Mist
• Development tools and clients
• Languages
• Compilers
• Solc
• Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
• Browser solidity
• Remix
• Installation
• Tools and libraries
• Node.js version 7
• Local Ethereum block explorer
• EthereumJS
• Contract development and deployment
• Introducing solidity
• Types
• Value types
• Boolean
• Integers
• Address
• Array value types (fixed size and dynamically sized byte arrays)
• Literals
• Integer literals
• String literals
• Hexadecimal literals
• Enums
• Function types
• Internal functions
• External functions
• Reference types
• Arrays
• Structs
• Data location
• Mappings
• Global variables
• Control structures
• Events
• Inheritance
• Libraries
• Functions
• Layout of a solidity source code file
• Introducing Web3
• POST requests
• The HTML and JavaScript frontend
• Installing web3.js
• Example
• Development frameworks
• Truffle
• Installation
• Testing using truffle
• Build
• Another example
• Example project: Proof of Idea
• Permissioned distributed ledgers
• Summary
• 9. Hyperledger
• Projects
• Fabric
• Sawtooth lake
• Iroha
• Blockchain explorer
• Fabric chaintool
• Fabric SDK Py
• Corda
• Hyperledger as a protocol
• Reference architecture
• Requirements
• Modular approach
• Privacy and confidentiality
• Identity
• Auditability
• Interoperability
• Portability
• Fabric
• Hyperledger Fabric
• Fabric architecture
• Membership services
• Blockchain services
• Consensus manager
• Distributed ledger
• Peer to Peer protocol
• Ledger storage
• Chaincode services
• Events
• APIs and CLIs
• Components of the Fabric
• Peers or nodes
• Applications on blockchain
• Chaincode implementation
• Application model
• Sawtooth lake
• PoET
• Transaction families
• Consensus in Sawtooth
• Development environment
• Corda
• Architecture
• State objects
• Transactions
• Consensus
• Flows
• Components
• Nodes
• Permissioning service
• Network map service
• Notary service
• Oracle service
• Transactions
• Vaults
• CorDapp
• Development environment
• Summary
• 10. Alternative Blockchains
• Blockchains
• Kadena
• Ripple
• Transactions
• Payments related
• Order related
• Account and security related
• Application layer
• Transport layer
• Interledger layer
• Ledger layer
• Stellar
• Rootstock
• Drivechain
• Quorum
• Transaction manager
• Crypto Enclave
• QuorumChain
• Network manager
• Tezos
• Storj
• Maidsafe
• BigChainDB
• Multichain
• Tendermint
• Tendermint Core
• Tendermint Socket Protocol (TMSP)
• Platforms
• BlockApps
• Installation
• Application development and deployment using BlockApps
• Eris
• Summary
• 11. Blockchain-Outside of Currencies
• Internet of Things
• Physical object layer
• Device layer
• Network layer
• Management layer
• Application layer
• IoT blockchain experiment
• First node setup
• Raspberry Pi node setup
• Circuit
• Government
• Border control
• Voting
• Citizen identification (ID cards)
• Miscellaneous
• Health
• Finance
• Insurance
• Post trade settlement
• Financial crime prevention
• Media
• Summary
• 12. Scalability and Other Challenges
• Scalability
• Block size increase
• Block interval reduction
• Invertible Bloom lookup tables
• Sharding
• State channels
• Private blockchain
• Proof of Stake
• Sidechains
• Subchains
• Tree chains
• Privacy
• Indistinguishability obfuscation
• Homomorphic encryption
• Zero knowledge proofs
• State channels
• Secure multiparty computation
• Usage of hardware to provide confidentiality
• Coinjoin
• Confidential transactions
• MimbleWimble
• Security
• Smart contract security
• Why3 formal verification
• Oyente tool
• Summary
• 13. Current Landscape and Whats Next
• Emerging trends
• Application-specific blockchains (ASBCs)
• Enterprise-grade blockchains
• Private blockchains
• Start-ups
• Strong research interest
• Standardization
• Enhancements
• Real-world implementations
• Consortia
• Answers to challenges
• Convergence
• Education of blockchain technology
• Employment
• Crypto-economics
• Research in cryptography
• New programming languages
• Hardware research and development
• Research in formal methods and security
• Alternatives to blockchains
• Interoperability efforts
• Blockchain as a service
• Efforts to reduce electricity consumption
• Improvement proposals
• BIPs
• BIP 152
• BIP 151
• BIP 150
• BIP 147
• BIP 146
• EIPs
• EIP 170
• EIP 150
• EIP 161
• EIP 160
• EIP 155
• Other challenges
• Dark side
• Blockchain research
• Smart contracts
• Centralization issues
• Limitations in cryptographic functions
• Consensus Algorithms
• Scalability
• Code Obfuscation
• List of notable projects
• Zcash on Ethereum
• CollCo
• Cello
• Qtum
• Bitcoin-NG
• Solidus
• Hawk
• Town-Crier
• SETLCoin
• TEEChan
• Falcon
• Bletchley
• Casper
• Metropolis
• Miscellaneous Tools
• Solidity extension for Microsoft Visual studio
• MetaMask
• Stratis
• Embark
• DAPPLE
• Meteor
• uPort
• INFURA
• Convergence with other industries
• Future
• Summary