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• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Acknowledgments
• Dedication
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Section 1: Introduction
• Chapter 1. Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine: Introduction and Overview
• Abstract
• Introduction
• What is the Sixth Edition of Medical Biochemistry?
• What is Biochemistry: The Short Overview
• Further Reading
• Relevant websites
• Abbreviations
• Section 2: Molecules and Cells
• Chapter 2. Amino Acids and Proteins
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Amino Acids
• Buffers
• Peptides and Proteins
• Purification and Characterization of Proteins
• Analysis of Protein Structure
• Summary
• Abbreviations
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Chapter 3. Carbohydrates and Lipids
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Structure of Biomembranes
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 4. Membranes and Transport
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Types of Transport Processes
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Section 3: Metabolism
• Chapter 5. Oxygen Transport
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Characteristics of Mammalian Globin Proteins
• Allosteric Modulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin
• Selected Topics
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 6. Catalytic Proteins – Enzymes
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Enzymatic Reactions
• Enzyme Kinetics
• Mechanism of Enzyme Action
• Enzyme Inhibition
• Regulation of Enzyme Activity
• Enzymatic Measurement of Blood Glucose
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 7. Vitamins and Minerals
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Dietary Supplementation of Vitamins
• Minerals
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• More Clinical Cases
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 8. Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Oxidation As A Source Of Energy
• FREE ENERGY
• Conservation Of Energy By Coupling Of Reactions To Hydrolysis Of ATP
• Mitochondrial Synthesis Of Adenosine Triphosphate From Reduced Coenzymes
• The Mitochondrial Electron Transport System
• Transfer Of Electrons From NADH Into Mitochondria
• Synthesis Of Adenosine Triphosphate: The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
• Inhibitors Of Oxidative Metabolism
• Regulation Of Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 9. Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
• Abstract
• Introduction
• The Erythrocyte
• Glycolysis
• Synthesis of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
• The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 10. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Functions of the Tca Cycle
• Pyruvate Carboxylase
• The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
• Enzymes and Reactions of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
• Energy Yield from the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
• Cataplerosis and Anaplerosis
• Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 11. Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Catabolism
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Activation of Fatty Acids for Transport Into the Mitochondrion
• Oxidation of Fatty Acids
• Ketogenesis, a Metabolic Pathway Unique to Liver
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 12. Biosynthesis and Storage of Carbohydrate
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Structure of Glycogen
• Pathway of Glycogenesis from Blood Glucose in the Liver
• Pathway of Glycogenolysis in the Liver
• Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic Glycogenolysis
• Mechanism of Action of Glucagon
• Mobilization of Hepatic Glycogen by Epinephrine
• Glycogenolysis in Muscle
• Regulation of Glycogenesis
• Gluconeogenesis
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 13. Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Fatty Acid Synthesis
• Storage and Transport of Fatty Acids: Synthesis of Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)
• Regulation of Total Body Fat Stores
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 14. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
• Abstract
• Introduction
• The Cholesterol Molecule
• Cholesterol is Esterified Within Cells and in Plasma
• Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
• Cholesterol Clearance: The Bile Acids
• Steroid Hormones
• Vitamin D
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• More Clinical Cases
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 15. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Metabolism of Dietary and Endogenous Proteins
• Amino acid Degradation
• Metabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids
• Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
• Inherited Diseases of Amino Acid Metabolism
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 16. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Purine Metabolism
• Pyrimidine Metabolism
• Formation of Deoxynucleotides
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 17. Complex Carbohydrates: Glycoproteins
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Structures and Linkages
• Interconversions of Dietary Sugars
• Other Pathways of Sugar Nucleotide Metabolism
• Biosynthesis of Oligosaccharides
• Functions of the Oligosaccharide Chains of Glycoproteins
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 18. Complex Lipids
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Synthesis and Turnover of Glycerophospholipids
• Sphingolipids
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases Resulting from Defects in Glycolipid Degradation
• ABO Blood Group Antigens
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 19. The Extracellular Matrix
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Noncollagenous Proteins in The Extracellular Matrix
• Proteoglycans
• Communication of Cells With The Extracellular Matrix
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Section 4: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Chapter 20. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• The Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes
• Dna Replication
• DNA Repair
• Recombinant Dna Technology
• Principles of Molecular Hybridization
• Cloning of DNA
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 21. Ribonucleic Acid
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Molecular Anatomy Of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules
• Ribonucleic Acid Polymerases
• Messenger Ribonucleic Acid: Transcription
• Posttranscriptional Processing of Ribonucleic Acids
• Selective Degradation or Inactivation of Mrna
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites and Videos
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 22. Protein Synthesis and Turnover
• Abstract
• Introduction
• The Genetic Code
• The Machinery of Protein Synthesis
• The Process of Protein Synthesis
• Protein Folding and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
• Protein Targeting and Posttranslational Modifications
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 23. Regulation of Gene Expression: Basic Mechanisms
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Basic Mechanisms of Gene Expression
• Steroid Receptors
• Alternative Approaches to Gene Regulation in Humans
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• CRISPR
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 24. Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Genomics
• Proteomics
• Metabolomics
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Section 5: Signalling and Growth
• Chapter 25. Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Types of Hormone and Monoamine Receptors
• Receptor Coupling to Intracellular Signal Transduction
• Second Messengers
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 26. Neurotransmitters
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Neurotransmission
• Classes of Neurotransmitters
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 27. Biochemical Endocrinology
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Hormones
• Laboratory Assessment of Hormone Action
• Causes of Endocrine Disease
• The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
• Thyroid Function: The HYPOTHALAMO-Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
• The HYPOTHALAMO–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
• The Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
• The Growth Hormone Axis
• The Prolactin Axis
• Endocrine Systems not Considered in this Chapter
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• More Clinical Cases
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 28. Cellular Homeostasis: Cell Growth and Cancer
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Cell Cycle
• Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Growth: Growth Factors
• Regulation of the Cell Cycle
• Cell Death
• Cancer
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 29. Aging
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Theories of Aging
• Genetic Models of Increased Life span
• Antiaging Interventions: What Works and What Doesn’t
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Section 6: Fuels Nutrients and Minerals
• Chapter 30. Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: The Gastrointestinal Tract
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Water and Electrolyte Handling in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Components of Digestion
• Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
• Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
• Digestion and Absorption of Proteins
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 31. Glucose Homeostasis and Fuel Metabolism: Diabetes Mellitus
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Glucose Homeostasis
• Glucagon and other Antiinsulin Hormones
• Incretin Hormones
• The Feed–Fast Cycle
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Hypoglycemia
• Laboratory Assessment of Fuel Metabolism
• Treating Diabetes
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 32. Nutrients and Diets
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Main Classes of Nutrients
• Essential Nutrients
• Role of the Adipose Tissue in Controlling Energy Balance
• Regulation of Food Intake
• Nutrigenomics
• Nutrition, Life Cycle, and Metabolic Adaptation
• Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity
• Malnutrition
• Obesity
• Undernutrition
• Healthy Eating
• Assessing Nutrition
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 33. Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Nature Of Lipoproteins
• Lipoprotein Receptors
• Enzymes and Lipid Transfer Proteins
• Pathways of Lipoprotein Metabolism
• The Concept Of Cardiovascular Risk
• Atherosclerosis
• Dyslipidemias
• Principles of Treatment of Dyslipidemias
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• More Clinical Cases
• Abbreviations
• Section 7: Specialized Tissues and Their Function
• Chapter 34. Role of the Liver in Metabolism
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Structure of the Liver
• Liver and Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Liver and Protein Metabolism
• Heme Synthesis
• Bilirubin Metabolism
• Drug Metabolism
• Pharmacogenomics
• Biochemical Tests of Liver Function
• Classification of Liver Disorders
• Genomics of Liver Disease
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 35. Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis
• Abstract
• Outlines
• Introduction
• Body Water Compartments
• Role of the Kidneys in Water and Electrolyte Balance
• Regulation of Water And Electrolyte Balance
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 36. The Lung and the Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (Acid–Base Balance)
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Body Buffer Systems: Respiratory And Metabolic Components Of The Acid–Base Balance
• Lungs: The Gas Exchange
• Bicarbonate Handling by the Kidneys
• Disorders of the Acid–Base Balance
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 37. Muscle: Energy Metabolism, Contraction, and Exercise
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Muscle Structure
• The Contractile Process
• Muscle Energy Metabolism
• Tissue Engineering and Replacement of Muscle
• Effect of Exercise
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Muscular Dystrophy
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 38. Bone Metabolism and Calcium Homeostasis
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Cellular Role of Calcium
• Bone Structure And Bone Remodeling
• Bone Markers
• Calcium Homeostasis
• Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 39. Neurochemistry
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Brain and Peripheral Nerve
• Cells of the Nervous System
• Synaptic Transmission
• Ion Channels
• Neurotransmitter receptors
• Mechanism of Vision
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Section 8: Blood and Immunity. Clinical Biochemistry
• Chapter 40. Blood and Plasma Proteins
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Formed Elements of Blood
• Plasma Proteins
• The Acute-Phase Response
• Biomarkers
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 41. Hemostasis and Thrombosis
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Hemostasis
• The Vessel Wall
• Platelets and Platelet-Related Bleeding Disorders
• Coagulation
• Fibrinolysis
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 42. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
• Abstract
• Introduction
• The Inertness of Oxygen
• Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
• Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and Nitrosative Stress
• The Nature of Oxygen Radical Damage
• Antioxidant Defenses
• The Beneficial Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 43. The Immune Response: Innate and Adaptive Immunity
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Three Layers of Immune Protection
• The Innate Immune Response
• Dendritic Cells Link the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
• Adaptive Immune Response
• Vaccination
• Failure of the Immune Response
• Harnessing the Power of Antibodies for Immunotherapy
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Relevant Websites
• Abbreviations
• Appendix 1. Selected Clinical Laboratory Reference Ranges
• Reference ranges
• Distribution of values within the reference population
• Interpretation of laboratory results in individual persons
• Clinical decision limits
• Significant change in serial results
• Final notes and cautions when using reference intervals
• Abbreviations
• Further Reading
• Appendix 2. More Advanced Clinical Cases
• Chapter 7 Vitamins and Minerals
• Chapter 14 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
• Chapter 27 Biochemical Endocrinology
• Chapter 33 Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
• Chapter 34 Role of the Liver in Metabolism
• Chapter 35 Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis
• Chapter 37 Muscle: Energy Metabolism, Contraction, and Exercise
• Baynes & Dominiczak: Medical Biochemistry 6E
• Question Set 1
• Question Set 2
• Question Set 3
• Question Set 4
• Question Set 5
• Question Set 6
• MCQ Answers
• Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 2
• Chapter 3
• Chapter 40
• Chapter 5
• Chapter 6
• Chapter 41
• Chapter 4
• Chapter 8
• Chapter 30
• Chapter 7
• Chapter 9
• Chapter 12
• Chapter 10
• Chapter 11
• Chapter 13
• Chapter 14
• Chapter 33
• Chapter 15
• Chapter 37
• Chapter 31
• Chapter 32
• Chapter 35
• Chapter 36
• Chapter 38
• Chapter 17
• Chapter 18
• Chapter 19
• Chapter 34
• Chapter 16
• Chapter 20
• Chapter 21
• Chapter 22
• Chapter 23
• Chapter 42
• Chapter 43
• Chapter 27
• Chapter 25
• Chapter 39
• Chapter 25
• Chapter 26
• Chapter 29
• Chapter 28
• Patient-Oriented Problems (POPs)
• Patient-Oriented Problem Answers
• Short Answer Questions (SAQs)
• Short Answers
• Index