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• TITLE PAGE
• COPYRIGHT PAGE
• CONTENTS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• PREFACE
• LIST OF SYMBOLS
• CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
• 1.1 TERMINOLOGY OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL DEVICES
• 1.2 GENERALIZED MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
• MEASURAND
• SENSOR
• SIGNAL CONDITIONING
• OUTPUT DISPLAY
• AUXILIARY ELEMENTS
• 1.3 ALTERNATIVE OPERATIONAL MODES
• DIRECT–INDIRECT MODES
• SAMPLING AND CONTINUOUS MODES
• GENERATING AND MODULATING SENSORS
• ANALOG AND DIGITAL MODES
• REAL-TIME AND DELAYED-TIME MODES
• 1.4 MEDICAL MEASUREMENT CONSTRAINTS
• 1.5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
• 1.6 INTERFERING AND MODIFYING INPUTS
• 1.7 COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES
• INHERENT INSENSITIVITY
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• SIGNAL FILTERING
• OPPOSING INPUTS
• 1.8 BIOSTATISTICS
• 1.9 GENERALIZED STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
• ACCURACY
• PRECISION
• RESOLUTION
• REPRODUCIBILITY
• STATISTICAL CONTROL
• STATIC SENSITIVITY
• ZERO DRIFT
• SENSITIVITY DRIFT
• LINEARITY
• INPUT RANGES
• INPUT IMPEDANCE
• 1.10 GENERALIZED DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
• TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
• ZERO-ORDER INSTRUMENT
• FIRST-ORDER INSTRUMENT
• SECOND-ORDER INSTRUMENT
• TIME DELAY
• 1.11 AMPLIFIERS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
• IDEAL OP AMPS
• IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS
• TWO BASIC RULES
• 1.12 INVERTING AMPLIFIERS
• CIRCUIT
• EQUATION
• LEVER ANALOGY
• INPUT–OUTPUT CHARACTERISTIC
• SUMMING AMPLIFIER
• 1.13 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIERS
• FOLLOWER
• NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
• 1.14 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
• ONE-OP-AMP DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
• THREE-OP-AMP DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
• 1.15 COMPARATORS
• SIMPLE
• WITH HYSTERESIS
• 1.16 RECTIFIERS
• 1.17 LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIERS
• 1.18 INTEGRATORS
• 1.19 DIFFERENTIATORS
• 1.20 ACTIVE FILTERS
• LOW-PASS FILTER
• HIGH-PASS FILTER
• BANDPASS FILTER
• ALL-PASS FILTER
• HIGHER ORDER FILTER
• 1.21 FREQUENCY RESPONSE
• OPEN-LOOP GAIN
• COMPENSATION
• CLOSED-LOOP GAIN
• LOOP GAIN
• GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT
• SLEW RATE
• 1.22 OFFSET VOLTAGE
• NULLING
• DRIFT
• NOISE
• 1.23 BIAS CURRENT
• DIFFERENTIAL BIAS CURRENT
• DRIFT
• NOISE
• 1.24 INPUT AND OUTPUT RESISTANCE
• INPUT RESISTANCE
• OUTPUT RESISTANCE
• 1.25 DESIGN CRITERIA
• 1.26 COMMERCIAL MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
• 1.27 REGULATION OF MEDICAL DEVICES
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 2 BASIC SENSORS AND PRINCIPLES
• 2.1 DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS
• 2.2 RESISTIVE SENSORS
• POTENTIOMETERS
• STRAIN GAGES
• 2.3 BRIDGE CIRCUITS
• 2.4 INDUCTIVE SENSORS
• 2.5 PHASE-SENSITIVE DEMODULATORS
• 2.6 CAPACITIVE SENSORS
• 2.7 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
• 2.8 ACCELEROMETER
• 2.9 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
• 2.10 THERMOCOUPLES
• 2.11 THERMISTORS
• 2.12 RADIATION THERMOMETRY
• 2.13 FIBER-OPTIC TEMPERATURE SENSORS
• 2.14 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS
• 2.15 RADIATION SOURCES
• TUNGSTEN LAMPS
• ARC DISCHARGES
• LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES
• LASERS
• 2.16 GEOMETRICAL AND FIBER OPTICS
• GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
• FIBER OPTICS
• LIQUID CRYSTALS
• 2.17 OPTICAL FILTERS
• FILTERS
• 2.18 RADIATION SENSORS
• THERMAL SENSORS
• QUANTUM SENSORS
• PHOTOEMISSIVE SENSORS
• PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELLS
• PHOTOJUNCTION SENSORS
• PHOTOVOLTAIC SENSORS
• SPECTRAL RESPONSE
• 2.19 OPTICAL COMBINATIONS
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 3 MICROCONTROLLERS IN MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
• 3.1 BASICS OF MICROCONTROLLER
• 3.2 EMBEDDED MEDICAL SYSTEM
• 3.3 ECG-BASED EMBEDDED MEDICAL SYSTEM EXAMPLE
• POWER SUPPLY UNIT
• AMPLIFICATION AND FILTERING
• 3.4 SELECTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER
• MICROCONTROLLER AND FAMILIES
• OPEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT
• SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE TOOLS
• ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AND HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
• SOURCE CODE EDITOR
• ASSEMBLERS AND COMPILERS
• LINKER
• DEVICE PROGRAMMER
• IN-CIRCUIT EMULATOR AND IN-CIRCUIT DEBUGGER
• INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/PLATFORM (IDE/IDF)
• APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE
• STEPS TO GETTING STARTED WITH PROGRAMMING
• MEMORY
• ANALOG INPUT AND SAMPLING
• ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
• SERIAL COMMUNICATION—DISPLAY ON SCREEN
• UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER TRANSMITTER (UART)
• DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
• INTERRUPTS
• TIMERS/COUNTERS
• DIGITAL INPUT/OUTPUT
• UNIVERSAL SYNCHRONOUS/ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER TRANSMITTER (USART)
• INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT BUS (I2C)
• MICROWIRE
• CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN) AND J1850
• SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
• WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
• BLUETOOTH COMMUNICATION
• 3.5 IOT-BASED MEDICAL DEVICES
• DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) REQUIREMENTS
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 4 THE ORIGIN OF BIOPOTENTIALS
• 4.1 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF EXCITABLE CELLS
• THE RESTING STATE
• THE ACTIVE STATE
• 4.2 VOLUME CONDUCTOR FIELDS
• 4.3 FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• THE REFLEX ARC
• JUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION
• 4.4 THE ELECTRONEUROGRAM
• FIELD POTENTIALS OF SENSORY NERVES
• MOTOR-NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY
• REFLEXLY EVOKED FIELD POTENTIALS
• 4.5 THE ELECTROMYOGRAM
• 4.6 THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE HEART
• ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF CARDIAC CELLS
• THE VENTRICULAR CELL
• VENTRICULAR ACTIVATION
• BODY-SURFACE POTENTIALS
• NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CARDIAC RHYTHMS
• ARRHYTHMIAS
• ALTERATION OF POTENTIAL WAVEFORMS IN ISCHEMIA
• 4.7 THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM
• ANATOMY OF VISION
• ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE
• SPATIAL PROPERTIES OF THE ERG
• THE ELECTRO-OCULOGRAM
• 4.8 THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
• INTRODUCTION TO THE ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN
• ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
• BIOELECTRIC POTENTIALS FROM THE BRAIN
• RESTING RHYTHMS OF THE BRAIN
• THE CLINICAL EEG
• SLEEP PATTERNS
• THE VOLUME-CONDUCTOR PROBLEM IN ELECTROENCEPHALOCRAPHY
• THE ABNORMAL EEG
• 4.9 THE MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAM
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 5 BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
• 5.1 THE ELECTRODE–ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE
• 5.2 POLARIZATION
• 5.3 POLARIZABLE AND NONPOLARIZABLE ELECTRODES
• THE SILVER/SILVER CHLORIDE ELECTRODE
• 5.4 ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR AND CIRCUIT MODELS
• 5.5 THE ELECTRODE–SKIN INTERFACE AND MOTION ARTIFACT
• 5.6 BODY-SURFACE RECORDING ELECTRODES
• METAL-PLATE ELECTRODES
• SUCTION ELECTRODES
• FLOATING ELECTRODES
• ELECTRODE STANDARDS
• FLEXIBLE ELECTRODES
• FABRIC DRY ELECTRODES
• 5.7 INTERNAL ELECTRODES
• 5.8 ELECTRODE ARRAYS
• 5.9 MICROELECTRODES
• METAL MICROELECTRODES
• SUPPORTED-METAL MICROELECTRODES
• MICROPIPET ELECTRODES
• MICROELECTRODES BASED ON MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY
• ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MICROELECTRODES
• 5.10 ELECTRODES FOR ELECTRIC STIMULATION OF TISSUE
• 5.11 PRACTICAL HINTS IN USING ELECTRODES
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 6 BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
• 6.1 BASIC REQUIREMENTS
• 6.2 THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
• THE ECG
• SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
• FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
• 6.3 PROBLEMS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED
• FREQUENCY DISTORTION
• SATURATION OR CUTOFF DISTORTION
• GROUND LOOPS
• OPEN LEAD WIRES
• ARTIFACT FROM LARGE ELECTRIC TRANSIENTS
• INTERFERENCE FROM ELECTRIC DEVICES
• OTHER SOURCES OF ELECTRIC INTERFERENCE
• 6.4 TRANSIENT PROTECTION
• 6.5 COMMON-MODE AND OTHER INTERFERENCE-REDUCTION CIRCUITS
• ELECTRIC- AND MAGNETIC-FIELD INTERFERENCE
• DRIVEN-RIGHT-LEG SYSTEM
• 6.6 AMPLIFIERS FOR OTHER BIOPOTENTIAL SIGNALS
• ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AMPLIFIER
• AMPLIFIERS FOR USE WITH GLASS MICROPIPET INTRACELLULAR ELECTRODES
• ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH AMPLIFIERS
• 6.7 EXAMPLE OF A BIOPOTENTIAL PREAMPLIFIER
• 6.8 OTHER BIOPOTENTIAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
• CARDIOTACHOMETERS
• ELECTROMYOGRAM INTEGRATORS
• EVOKED POTENTIALS AND SIGNAL AVERAGERS
• FETAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
• THE VECTORCARDIOGRAPH
• 6.9 CARDIAC MONITORS
• 6.10 BIOTELEMETRY
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 7 BLOOD PRESSURE AND SOUND
• 7.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENTS
• EXTRAVASCULAR SENSORS
• INTRAVASCULAR SENSORS
• DISPOSABLE PRESSURE SENSORS
• 7.2 HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD PRESSURE WAVEFORMS
• 7.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF PRESSURE-MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
• ANALOGOUS ELECTRIC SYSTEMS
• 7.4 MEASUREMENT OF SYSTEM RESPONSE
• TRANSIENT STEP RESPONSE
• SINUSOIDAL FREQUENCY RESPONSE
• 7.5 EFFECTS OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS ON RESPONSE
• 7.6 BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS FOR MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE
• 7.7 TYPICAL PRESSURE-WAVEFORM DISTORTION
• 7.8 SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING VENOUS PRESSURE
• 7.9 HEART SOUNDS
• MECHANISM AND ORIGIN
• AUSCULTATION TECHNIQUES
• STETHOSCOPES
• 7.10 PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY
• 7.11 CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
• 7.12 EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY ON PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
• 7.13 INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF BLOOD PRESSURE
• 7.14 TONOMETRY
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 8 MEASUREMENT OF FLOW AND VOLUME OF BLOOD
• 8.1 INDICATOR-DILUTION METHOD THAT USES CONTINUOUS INFUSION
• CONCENTRATION
• FICK TECHNIQUE
• 8.2 INDICATOR-DILUTION METHOD THAT USES RAPID INJECTION
• EQUATION
• DYE DILUTION
• THERMODILUTION
• 8.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS
• PRINCIPLE
• DC FLOWMETER
• AC FLOWMETER
• PROBE DESIGN
• 8.4 ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
• TRANSDUCERS
• TRANSIT-TIME FLOWMETER
• CONTINUOUS-WAVE DOPPLER FLOWMETER
• PULSED DOPPLER
• LASER DOPPLER BLOOD FLOWMETER
• 8.5 THERMAL-CONVECTION VELOCITY SENSORS
• PRINCIPLE
• PROBES
• CIRCUIT
• 8.6 CHAMBER PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• EQUIPMENT
• METHOD
• 8.7 ELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• PRINCIPLE
• TWO OR FOUR ELECTRODES
• CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE
• VOLTAGE-SENSING AMPLIFIER
• DEMODULATION
• METHODS OF BALANCE
• APPLICATIONS
• 8.8 PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• LIGHT SOURCES
• PHOTOSENSORS
• CIRCUITS
• APPLICATIONS
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 9 MEASUREMENTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• 9.1 MODELING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• GAS TRANSPORT
• MECHANICS
• MODEL OF NORMAL RESPIRATORY MECHANICS DURING QUIET BREATHING
• MEASURABLE VARIABLES IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• 9.2 MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
• PRESSURE SENSORS
• INTRAESOPHAGEAL PRESSURE
• 9.3 MEASUREMENT OF GAS FLOW
• REQUIREMENTS FOR RESPIRATORY GAS-FLOW MEASUREMENTS
• ROTATING-VANE FLOWMETERS
• ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
• THERMAL-CONVECTION FLOWMETERS
• DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOWMETERS
• 9.4 LUNG VOLUME
• CHANGES IN LUNG VOLUME: SPIROMETRY
• ABSOLUTE VOLUME OF THE LUNG
• NITROGEN-WASHOUT ESTIMATE OF LUNG VOLUME
• HELIUM-DILUTION ESTIMATE OF LUNG VOLUME
• 9.5 RESPIRATORY PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• THORACIC PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• TOTAL-BODY PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• GENERAL EQUATION FOR BREATHING WITHIN A TBP
• VOLUME OF GAS WITHIN THE THORACIC CAVITY BY TBP
• CHANGES IN ALVEOLAR PRESSURE BY TBP
• 9.6 SOME TESTS OF RESPIRATORY MECHANICS
• STATIC MECHANICS
• DYNAMIC MECHANICS DURING SMALL VOLUME CHANGES AND FLOWS
• HIGH-FREQUENCY BEHAVIOR OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• DYNAMIC MECHANICS DURING LARGE VOLUME CHANGES AND FLOWS
• 9.7 MEASUREMENT OF GAS CONCENTRATION
• MASS SPECTROSCOPY
• THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY DETECTORS
• INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
• EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
• MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
• 9.8 SOME TESTS OF GAS TRANSPORT
• GAS-PHASE TRANSPORT
• EFFECTIVE (PHYSIOLOGIC) DEAD SPACE DURING ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY GAS EXCHANGE
• DIFFUSION PROCESSES
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 10 CHEMICAL BIOSENSORS
• 10.1 BLOOD-GAS AND ACID–BASE PHYSIOLOGY
• 10.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS
• MEASUREMENT OF pH
• MEASUREMENT OF Pco2
• THE Po2 ELECTRODE
• 10.3 CHEMICAL FIBROSENSORS
• INTRAVASCULAR MEASUREMENTS OF OXYGEN SATURATION
• REVERSIBLE-DYE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF pH
• FLUORESCENCE OPTICAL pH SENSOR (IRREVERSIBLE)
• FLUORESCENCE OPTICAL Pco2 SENSOR
• FLUORESCENCE OPTICAL Po2 SENSOR
• DESIGN OF AN INTRAVASCULAR BLOOD-GAS MONITORING SYSTEM
• SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• 10.4 ION-SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET)
• 10.5 IMMUNOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (IMFET)
• 10.6 NONINVASIVE BLOOD-GAS MONITORING
• SKIN CHARACTERISTICS
• TRANSCUTANEOUS ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION MONITORING (PULSE OXIMETRY)
• TRANSCUTANEOUS ARTERIAL OXYGEN TENSION (tcPo2) MONITORING
• TRANSCUTANEOUS CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION (tcPco2) MONITORING
• 10.7 BLOOD-GLUCOSE SENSORS
• GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD
• ELECTROENZYMATIC APPROACH
• OPTICAL APPROACH
• ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION AND INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
• 10.8 ELECTRONIC NOSES
• 10.9 LAB-ON-A-CHIP
• 10.10 SUMMARY
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 11 CLINICAL LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION
• 11.1 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
• POWER SOURCES
• WAVELENGTH SELECTORS
• CUVETTE
• SAMPLE
• PHOTOMETRIC SYSTEM
• FLAME PHOTOMETERS
• ATOMIC EMISSION
• ATOMIC ABSORPTION
• FLUOROMETRY
• 11.2 AUTOMATED CHEMICAL ANALYZERS
• SPECIMEN HANDLING
• TEST PERFORMANCE
• SYSTEM CONTROL
• REAGENT AND CALIBRATION
• 11.3 CHROMATOLOGY
• GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHS
• 11.4 ELECTROPHORESIS
• BASIC PRINCIPLES
• 11.5 HEMATOLOGY
• BASIC CONCEPTS
• ELECTRONIC DEVICES FOR MEASURING BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS
• COULTER STKS
• COULTER LH 755
• SPECIMEN HANDLING
• TEST PERFORMANCE
• SLIDE PREPARATION
• SYSTEM CONTROL
• MICROARRAYS
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 12 MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS
• 12.1 INFORMATION CONTENT OF AN IMAGE
• RESOLUTION
• IMAGE NOISE
• 12.2 MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION
• 12.3 NOISE-EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH
• 12.4 IMAGE PROCESSING
• 12.5 RADIOGRAPHY
• MEASUREMENT OF X-RAYS
• BACKGROUND RADIATION
• GENERATION OF X-RAYS
• ATTENUATION OF X-RAYS
• DETECTION OF X-RAYS
• AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL
• PATIENT EXPOSURE TO X-RAYS
• 12.6 COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
• 12.7 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
• 12.8 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
• 12.9 NUCLEAR MEDICINE
• 12.10 SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
• 12.11 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
• 12.12 ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• DUPLEX SCANNERS
• 12.13 CONTRAST AGENTS
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 13 THERAPEUTIC AND PROSTHETIC DEVICES
• 13.1 CARDIAC PACEMAKERS AND OTHER ELECTRIC STIMULATORS
• CARDIAC PACEMAKERS
• LEAD WIRES AND ELECTRODES
• SYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKERS
• RATE-RESPONSIVE PACING
• SACRAL NERVE STIMULATORS
• MUSCLE STIMULATORS
• COCHLEAR PROSTHESIS
• VISUAL PROSTHESIS
• PAIN SUPPRESSION AND TRANSCUTANEOUS NERVE STIMULATION
• 13.2 DEFIBRILLATORS AND CARDIOVERTERS
• CAPACITIVE-DISCHARGE DC DEFIBRILLATORS
• AUTOMATIC EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
• CARDIOVERTERS
• IMPLANTABLE AUTOMATIC DEFIBRILLATORS
• 13.3 MECHANICAL CARDIOVASCULAR ORTHOTIC AND PROSTHETIC DEVICES
• CARDIAC-ASSIST DEVICES
• PUMP OXYGENATORS
• TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART
• 13.4 HEMODIALYSIS
• 13.5 LITHOTRIPSY
• 13.6 VENTILATORS
• HIGH-FREQUENCY VENTILATORS
• 13.7 INFANT INCUBATORS
• 13.8 DRUG DELIVERY DEVICES
• DRUG INFUSION PUMPS
• AMBULATORY AND IMPLANTABLE INFUSION SYSTEMS
• ANESTHESIA MACHINES
• 13.9 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
• ELECTROSURGICAL UNIT
• RF CATHETER ABLATION
• 13.10 THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE LASER
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 14 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
• 14.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
• THRESHOLD OF PERCEPTION
• LET-GO CURRENT
• RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS, PAIN, AND FATIGUE
• VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
• SUSTAINED MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
• BURNS AND PHYSICAL INJURY
• 14.2 IMPORTANT SUSCEPTIBILITY PARAMETERS
• THRESHOLD AND LET-GO VARIABILITY
• FREQUENCY
• DURATION
• BODY WEIGHT
• POINTS OF ENTRY
• 14.3 DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
• PATIENTS’ ELECTRICAL ENVIRONMENT
• ISOLATED-POWER SYSTEMS
• EMERGENCY-POWER SYSTEMS
• 14.4 MACROSHOCK HAZARDS
• SKIN AND BODY RESISTANCE
• ELECTRIC FAULTS IN EQUIPMENT
• 14.5 MICROSHOCK HAZARDS
• LEAKAGE CURRENTS
• CONDUCTIVE SURFACES
• CONDUCTIVE PATHS TO THE HEART
• 14.6 ELECTRICAL-SAFETY CODES AND STANDARDS
• 14.7 BASIC APPROACHES TO PROTECTION AGAINST SHOCK
• 14.8 PROTECTION: POWER DISTRIBUTION
• GROUNDING SYSTEM
• ISOLATED POWER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• GROUND-FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS
• 14.9 PROTECTION: EQUIPMENT DESIGN
• RELIABLE GROUNDING FOR EQUIPMENT
• REDUCTION OF LEAKAGE CURRENT
• DOUBLE-INSULATED EQUIPMENT
• OPERATION AT LOW VOLTAGES
• ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
• ISOLATED HEART CONNECTIONS
• 14.10 ELECTRICAL-SAFETY ANALYZERS
• 14.11 TESTING THE ELECTRIC SYSTEM
• TESTS OF RECEPTACLES
• TESTS OF THE GROUNDING SYSTEM IN PATIENT-CARE AREAS
• TESTS OF ISOLATED-POWER SYSTEMS
• 14.12 TESTS OF ELECTRIC APPLIANCES
• GROUND-PIN-TO-CHASSIS RESISTANCE
• CHASSIS LEAKAGE CURRENT
• LEAKAGE CURRENT IN PATIENT LEADS
• 14.13 CONCLUSION
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• APPENDIX
• APPENDIX A.1
• APPENDIX A.2
• APPENDIX A.3
• REFERENCE
• APPENDIX A.4
• APPENDIX A.5
• INDEX
• EULA