Efnisyfirlit

• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Video Table of Contents
• Preface to the Third Edition
• The eBook
• Acknowledgments
• Preface to the First Edition
• Target Audience
• Content of the Textbook
• Emphasis of the Textbook
• Creating the Textbook
• Special Features
• Acknowledgments
• Section I Introduction
• Chapter 1 Foundations of Physiology
• References
• Section II Physiology of Cells and Molecules
• Chapter 2 Functional Organization of the Cell
• Structure of Biological Membranes
• Function of Membrane Proteins
• Cellular Organelles and the Cytoskeleton
• Synthesis and Recycling of Membrane Proteins
• Specialized Cell Types
• References
• Chapter 3 Signal Transduction
• Mechanisms of Cellular Communication
• Receptors That are Ion Channels
• Receptors Coupled to G Proteins
• Receptors That are Catalytic
• Nuclear Receptors
• References
• Chapter 4 Regulation of Gene Expression
• From Genes to Proteins
• The Promoter and Regulatory Elements
• Transcription Factors
• Regulation of Inducible Gene Expression by Signal-Transduction Pathways
• Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
• Post-Translational Regulation of Gene Expression
• References
• Glossary
• Chapter 5 Transport of Solutes and Water
• The Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids
• Solute Transport Across Cell Membranes
• Regulation of Intracellular Ion Concentrations
• Water Transport and the Regulation of Cell Volume
• Transport of Solutes and Water Across Epithelia
• References
• Chapter 6 Electrophysiology of the Cell Membrane
• Ionic Basis of Membrane Potentials
• Electrical Model of a Cell Membrane
• Molecular Physiology of Ion Channels
• References
• Chapter 7 Electrical Excitability and Action Potentials
• Mechanisms of Nerve and Muscle Action Potentials
• Physiology of Voltage-Gated Channels and Their Relatives
• Propagation of Action Potentials
• References
• Chapter 8 Synaptic Transmission and the Neuromuscular Junction
• Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission
• Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction
• Toxins and Drugs Affecting Synaptic Transmission
• References
• Chapter 9 Cellular Physiology of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle
• Skeletal Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
• Diversity among Muscles
• References
• Section III The Nervous System
• Chapter 10 Organization of the Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• Development of Neurons and Glial Cells
• Subdivisions of the Nervous System
• References
• Chapter 11 The Neuronal Microenvironment
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Brain Extracellular Space
• The Blood-Brain Barrier
• Glial Cells
• References
• Chapter 12 Physiology of Neurons
• Signal Conduction in Dendrites
• Control of Spiking Patterns in the Soma
• Axonal Conduction
• References
• Chapter 13 Synaptic Transmission in the Nervous System
• Neuronal Synapses
• Neurotransmitter Systems of the Brain
• Reference
• Fast Amino Acid–Mediated Synapses in the CNS
• Plasticity of Central Synapses
• References
• Chapter 14 The Autonomic Nervous System
• Organization of the Visceral Control System
• Reference
• Synaptic Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
• References
• Central Nervous System Control of the Viscera
• Reference
• References
• Chapter 15 Sensory Transduction
• Chemoreception
• Visual Transduction
• References:
• Vestibular and Auditory Transduction: Hair Cells
• Somatic Sensory Receptors, Proprioception, and Pain
• References
• Chapter 16 Circuits of the Central Nervous System
• Elements of Neural Circuits
• Simple, Stereotyped Responses: Spinal Reflex Circuits
• Rhythmic Activity: Central Pattern Generators
• Spatial Representations: Sensory and Motor Maps in the Brain
• Temporal Representations: Time-Measuring Circuits
• References
• Section IV The Cardiovascular System
• Chapter 17 Organization of the Cardiovascular System
• Elements of the Cardiovascular System
• Hemodynamics
• How Blood Flows
• Origins of Pressure in the Circulation
• How to Measure Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, and Cardiac Volumes
• References
• Chapter 18 Blood
• Blood Composition
• Blood Viscosity
• Hemostasis and Fibrinolysis
• References
• Chapter 19 Arteries and Veins
• Arterial Distribution and Venous Collection Systems
• Elastic Properties of Blood Vessels
• References
• Chapter 20 The Microcirculation
• Capillary Exchange of Solutes
• References
• Capillary Exchange of Water
• Reference
• References
• Lymphatics
• Regulation of the Microcirculation
• References
• Chapter 21 Cardiac Electrophysiology and the Electrocardiogram
• Electrophysiology of Cardiac Cells
• The Electrocardiogram
• Cardiac Arrhythmias
• References
• Chapter 22 The Heart as a Pump
• The Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac Dynamics
• From Contractile Filaments to a Regulated Pump
• References
• Chapter 23 Regulation of Arterial Pressure and Cardiac Output
• Short-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure
• Regulation of Cardiac Output
• Matching of Venous Return and Cardiac Output
• Intermediate- and Long-Term Control of the Circulation
• References
• Chapter 24 Special Circulations
• The Brain
• The Heart
• The Skeletal Muscle
• The Splanchnic Organs
• The Skin
• References
• Chapter 25 Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System
• Interaction among the Different Cardiovascular Control Systems
• Response to Erect Posture
• Responses to Acute Emotional Stress
• Response to Exercise
• Response to Hemorrhage
• References
• Section V The Respiratory System
• Chapter 26 Organization of the Respiratory System
• Comparative Physiology of Respiration
• Organization of the Respiratory System in Humans
• Lung Volumes and Capacities
• References
• Chapter 27 Mechanics of Ventilation
• Static Properties of the Lung
• Dynamic Properties of the Lung
• References
• Chapter 28 Acid-Base Physiology
• pH and Buffers
• Acid-Base Chemistry When Is the Only Buffer
• Acid-Base Chemistry in the Presence of and Buffers—The Davenport Diagram
• pH Regulation of Intracellular Fluid
• References
• Chapter 29 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
• Carriage of O2
• Carriage of CO2
• References
• Chapter 30 Gas Exchange in the Lungs
• Diffusion of Gases
• Diffusion and Perfusion Limitations on Gas Transport
• References
• Chapter 31 Ventilation and Perfusion of the Lungs
• Ventilation
• Perfusion of the Lung
• Matching Ventilation and Perfusion
• References
• Chapter 32 Control of Ventilation
• Overview of the Respiratory Control System
• Neurons That Control Ventilation
• Generation of the Respiratory Rhythm
• Chemical Control of Ventilation
• Modulation of Ventilatory Control
• References
• Section VI The Urinary System
• Chapter 33 Organization of the Urinary System
• Functional Anatomy of the Kidney
• References
• Main Elements of Renal Function
• Reference
• Measuring Renal Clearance and Transport
• The Ureters and Bladder
• References
• Chapter 34 Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
• Glomerular Filtration
• Renal Blood Flow
• Control of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
• References
• Chapter 35 Transport of Sodium and Chloride
• Na+ and Cl− Transport by Different Segments of The Nephron
• Na+ and Cl−, and Water Transport at the Cellular and Molecular Level
• Regulation of Na+ and Cl− Transport
• References
• Chapter 36 Transport of Urea, Glucose, Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium, and Organic Solutes
• Urea
• Glucose
• Other Organic Solutes
• Phosphate
• Calcium
• Magnesium
• References
• Chapter 37 Transport of Potassium
• Potassium Balance and the Overall Renal Handling of Potassium
• Potassium Transport by Different Segments of the Nephron
• Potassium Transport at the Cellular and Molecular Levels
• Regulation of Renal Potassium Excretion
• References
• Chapter 38 Urine Concentration and Dilution
• Water Balance and the Overall Renal Handling of Water
• Water Transport by Different Segments of the Nephron
• Generation of a Hyperosmotic Medulla and Urine
• Regulation by Arginine Vasopressin
• References
• Chapter 39 Transport of Acids and Bases
• Acid-Base Balance and the Overall Renal Handling of Acid
• Acid-Base Transport by Different Segments of the Nephron
• Acid-Base Transport at the Cellular and Molecular Levels
• Regulation of Renal Acid Secretion
• References
• Chapter 40 Integration of Salt and Water Balance
• Control of Extracellular Fluid Volume
• Control of Water Content (Extracellular Osmolality)
• References
• Section VII The Gastrointestinal System
• Chapter 41 Organization of the Gastrointestinal System
• Overview of Digestive Processes
• Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function
• Gastrointestinal Motility
• Reference
• References
• Chapter 42 Gastric Function
• Functional Anatomy of the Stomach
• Acid Secretion
• Pepsinogen Secretion
• Protection of the Gastric Surface Epithelium and Neutralization of Acid in the Duodenum
• Filling and Emptying of the Stomach
• References
• Chapter 43 Pancreatic and Salivary Glands
• Overview of Exocrine Gland Physiology
• Pancreatic Acinar Cell
• Pancreatic Duct Cell
• Composition, Function, and Control of Pancreatic Secretion
• Salivary Acinar Cell
• Salivary Duct Cell
• Composition, Function, and Control of Salivary Secretion
• References
• Chapter 44 Intestinal Fluid and Electrolyte Movement
• Functional Anatomy
• Overview of Fluid and Electrolyte Movement in the Intestines
• Cellular Mechanisms of Na+ Absorption
• Cellular Mechanisms of Cl− Absorption and Secretion
• Cellular Mechanisms of K+ Absorption and Secretion
• Regulation of Intestinal Ion Transport
• References
• Chapter 45 Nutrient Digestion and Absorption
• Carbohydrate Digestion
• Carbohydrate Absorption
• Protein Digestion
• Protein, Peptide, and Amino-Acid Absorption
• Lipid Digestion
• Lipid Absorption
• Digestion and Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
• Nutritional Requirements
• References
• Chapter 46 Hepatobiliary Function
• Overview of Liver Physiology
• Functional Anatomy of the Liver and Biliary Tree
• Uptake, Processing, and Secretion of Compounds by Hepatocytes
• Bile Formation
• Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids
• The Liver as a Metabolic Organ
• References
• Section VIII The Endocrine System
• Chapter 47 Organization of Endocrine Control
• Principles of Endocrine Function
• Peptide Hormones
• Amine Hormones
• Steroid and Thyroid Hormones
• References
• Chapter 48 Endocrine Regulation of Growth and Body Mass
• Growth Hormone
• Growth-Promoting Hormones
• Regulation of Body Mass
• References
• Chapter 49 The Thyroid Gland
• Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
• Action of Thyroid Hormones
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
• References
• Chapter 50 The Adrenal Gland
• The Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol
• The Adrenal Cortex: Aldosterone
• The Adrenal Medulla
• References
• Chapter 51 The Endocrine Pancreas
• Insulin
• Glucagon
• Somatostatin
• References
• Chapter 52 The Parathyroid Glands and Vitamin D
• Calcium and Phosphate Balance
• Physiology of Bone
• Parathyroid Hormone
• Vitamin D
• Calcitonin and Other Hormones
• References
• Section IX The Reproductive System
• Chapter 53 Sexual Differentiation
• Genetic Aspects of Sexual Differentiation
• Differentiation of the Gonads
• Development of the Accessory Sex Organs
• Differentiation of the External Genitalia
• Endocrine and Paracrine Control of Sexual Differentiation
• Puberty
• References
• Chapter 54 The Male Reproductive System
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
• Testosterone
• Biology of Spermatogenesis and Semen
• Male Sex Act
• References
• Chapter 55 The Female Reproductive System
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Control of the Menstrual Cycle
• Ovarian Steroids
• The Ovarian Cycle: Folliculogenesis, Ovulation, and Formation of the Corpus Luteum
• The Endometrial Cycle
• Female Sex Act
• Menopause
• References
• Chapter 56 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Lactation
• Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
• Implantation of the Developing Embryo
• Physiology of the Placenta
• The Maternal-Placental-Fetal Unit
• Response of the Mother to Pregnancy
• Parturition
• Lactation
• References
• Chapter 57 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
• Biology of Fetal Growth
• Development and Maturation of the Cardiopulmonary System
• Cardiopulmonary Adjustments at Birth
• Neonatal Physiology
• References
• Section X Physiology of Everyday Life
• Chapter 58 Metabolism
• Forms of Energy
• Energy Balance
• Energy Interconversion From Cycling between 6-Carbon and 3-Carbon Molecules
• Energy Capture (Anabolism)
• Energy Liberation (Catabolism)
• Integrative Metabolism During Fasting
• References
• Chapter 59 Regulation of Body Temperature
• Heat and Temperature: Advantages of Homeothermy
• Modes of Heat Transfer
• Active Regulation of Body Temperature by the Central Nervous System
• Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, and Fever
• References
• Chapter 60 Exercise Physiology and Sports Science
• Motor Units and Muscle Function
• Conversion of Chemical Energy to Mechanical Work
• Muscle Fatigue
• Determinants of Maximal O2 Uptake and Consumption
• Sweating
• Endurance (Aerobic) Training
• References
• Chapter 61 Environmental Physiology
• The Environment
• Diving Physiology
• High-Altitude Physiology
• Flight and Space Physiology
• References
• Chapter 62 The Physiology of Aging
• Concepts in Aging
• Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Aging
• Aging of the Human Physiological Systems
• Aging Slowly
• References
• Index