Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Foreword
• Preface to the 7th Edition
• Preface to the 1st Edition
• Acknowledgments
• Biographies
• Contributors
• Contents
• Therapeutic Modalities: Attitudes, Acceptance, Opinions, and Reality
• Therapeutic Modalities as a Curricular Thread
• Chapter Content and Related Curricular Areas
• Section I: Introduction to Therapeutic Modalities
• Chapter 1: Therapeutic Modalities Past, Present, and Future: Their Role in the Patient Care Management Model
• Therapeutic Modalities: A Rightful Place in Rehabilitation
• Modalities as Part of the Comprehensive Plan of Care
• Types of Therapeutic Modalities
• Thermal Modalities: Cold and Heat
• Electromagnetic Modalities
• Mechanical Modalities
• Clinical Applications of Therapeutic Modalities
• Modulation of Pain
• Alteration of Skeletal Muscle Performance: Facilitation and Inhibition
• Decreasing Inflammation and Facilitating Tissue Healing
• Increasing Tissue Extensibility: Flexibility and Range of Motion
• Assessing Clinical Effectiveness of Modalities
• Using the Right Outcome Measures at the Right Time
• Overview of Contraindications and Precautions
• Section II: Types of Modalities
• Chapter 2: Cold Therapy Modalities
• Physical Principles
• Conduction
• Convection
• Evaporation
• Biophysical Principles of Tissue Cooling
• Hemodynamic Effects
• Posttraumatic Edema and Inflammation
• Peripheral Nerve Effects
• Muscle Performance Effects
• Neuromuscular Effects
• Clinical Indications for Cold Therapy
• Acute Musculoskeletal Trauma
• Pain and Muscle Spasm
• Myofascial Pain Syndrome
• Migraines
• Guidelines for Cryotherapy
• Selecting a Cooling Agent
• Contraindications and Precautions for Cryotherapy
• Contraindications
• Precautions
• Methods of Providing Cryotherapy
• Cold Packs
• Ice Massage
• Vapocoolant Spray
• Manual and Electric Cold Compression Units
• Cold Baths
• Cold Gel
• Assessment of Effectiveness and Expected Outcomes
• Documentation
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 3: Therapeutic Heat
• Biophysical Effects of Temperature Elevation
• Metabolic Reactions
• Vascular Effects
• Neuromuscular Effects
• Connective Tissue Effects
• Physical Principles of Heat
• Heat Transfer
• Conductive Heat Modalities
• Convective Heating: Fluidized Therapy (Fluidotherapy)
• Clinical Application: Principles and Indications
• Contraindications and Precautions to Thermotherapy
• Clinical Decision-Making
• Heat Versus Cold
• Factors to Consider for Therapeutic Heat Techniques
• Wet Versus Dry Heat
• Home Application of Therapeutic Heat Modalities
• Assessment of Effectiveness and Expected Outcomes
• Documentation
• Patient Safety: Thermal Sensation Testing
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Complementary Role
• Chapter 4: Therapeutic Ultrasound
• Physical Principles of Ultrasound
• Production of Ultrasound Waves
• Characteristics of the Ultrasound Wave and Treatment Parameters
• Frequency
• Intensity
• Dosage
• Mode
• Other Principles of Therapeutic Ultrasound
• Beam Nonuniformity Ratio
• Treatment Area
• Duration of Treatment and Number and Frequency of Treatments
• Variation in Ultrasound Units
• Variation in Tissue Response to Therapeutic Ultrasound
• Cooling of Tissues After Ultrasound Application
• Variability of Patient Response: Responders and Nonresponders
• Variability in Application Medium
• Thermal Effects of Ultrasound
• Nonthermal Effects
• Treatment Effectiveness of Therapeutic Ultrasound
• Defining Therapeutic Effectiveness
• Ultrasound for Painful Conditions
• Ultrasound for Shoulder Conditions
• Ultrasound for Inflammation
• Ultrasound for Soft Tissue Healing
• Ultrasound for Improving Tissue Extensibility
• Ultrasound for Remodeling Scar Tissue
• Ultrasound for Tissue Swelling
• Ultrasound for Increasing Endothelial Function
• Review of the Evidence
• Contraindications and Precautions
• Other Uses of Therapeutic Ultrasound
• Phonophoresis
• Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound
• Low-Intensity Therapeutic Ultrasound
• Noncontact Low-Frequency Ultrasound
• Complementary Role of Therapeutic Ultrasound
• Laboratory Activities for Therapeutic Ultrasound
• Observing the ERA
• Observing Acoustical Streaming
• Velocity of Soundhead Movement
• Effects of Additives or Coupling Agents to US Gel
• Clinical Applications
• Instructions
• Thought Questions
• Chapter 5: Hydrotherapy: The Use of Water as a Therapeutic Agent
• Physical Properties of Water
• Buoyancy
• Viscosity, Drag Forces, and Hydrostatic Pressure
• Hydrodynamics
• Thermodynamics: Heat Transfer
• Physiological Effects of Water
• Hemodynamics
• Effects of Water on the Respiratory System
• Effects of Water on Renal Function
• Effects of Water on the Neurological System
• Effects of Water on the Muscular System
• Mechanical Effects of Water
• Aquatic (Pool) Therapy
• Indications, Precautions, and Contraindications
• Pools and Pool Area
• Pool Care and Safety Precautions
• Clinical Applications of Therapeutic Pools
• A Word About Hot Tubs and Jacuzzis®
• Whirlpools
• Types of Whirlpools
• Turbine
• Electrical Safety
• Clinical Applications for Whirlpools
• Preparatory Considerations
• Whirlpool Duration
• Cleaning and Disinfecting Whirlpools
• Indications for Whirlpools
• Musculoskeletal Conditions
• Edema
• Psychological Conditions
• Precautions and Contraindications for Whirlpools
• Contrast Bath
• Effect on Edema
• Recovery from Exercise and Athletic Activity
• Nonimmersion Irrigation of Wounds
• Pulsed Lavage with Suction
• Clinical Application
• Assessment of Effectiveness and Expected Outcomes for Hydrotherapy
• Clinical Decision-Making
• Goals and Outcomes
• Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Waves—Laser, Diathermy, and Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields
• Electromagnetic Waves
• Light Therapy
• Laser
• State of Events
• History
• Physical Properties of Lasers
• Physiological Effects of Lasers
• Instrumentation and Clinical Application of Lasers
• Indications for the Use of Lasers
• Contraindications and Precautions for Lasers
• Light-Emitting Diodes
• Contraindications and Precautions for LEDs
• Assessment of Effectiveness of Light Therapy
• Clinical Application of Laser
• Diathermy
• Physical Principles of Diathermy
• Therapeutic Diathermy Devices: Delivery of Electromagnetic Waves to Bodily Tissues
• Physiological Effects of Diathermy
• Clinical Application of Diathermy
• Indications for Diathermy
• Precautions for Diathermy
• Contraindications for Diathermy
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 7: Spinal Traction
• Foundations of Traction
• Biomechanical and Physiological Effects of Traction
• Cervical Spine
• Lumbar Spine
• Basic Applications of Clinical Traction
• Components of the Traction Table
• Cervical Spine Traction: Procedures and Practice
• Lumbar Spine Traction: Procedures and Practice
• Patient Safety
• Indications for Traction
• Contraindications for Traction
• Precautions
• Home Traction
• Cervical Spine
• Lumbar Spine
• Patient Outcome Evidence
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 8: Intermittent Pneumatic Compression
• History and Theory of Application
• Indications for Intermittent Pneumatic Compression
• Edema
• Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
• Peripheral Artery Disease
• Venous Stasis Ulcers
• Lymphedema
• Clinical Application of IPC
• Preparation for Treatment
• Possible Complications of Treatment
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 9: Foundations of Clinical Electrotherapy
• Overview of Electrotherapy
• Electrotherapy Is Not as Challenging as It May Seem
• Principles of Electricity: Making the Physics Make Sense
• Charge
• Polarity and Creation of Electric Force Fields
• Voltage
• Conductors and Insulators
• Current
• Ohm’s Law: Resistance, Capacitance, and Impedance
• Currents and Waveforms
• The Basic Currents
• Direct Current
• Alternating Current
• Pulsed Current
• Physiological Response to Electrical Current
• Electrochemical Effects
• Electrothermal Effects
• Electrophysical Effects
• Response of Excitable Tissues to Stimulation
• Levels of Response to Electrical Stimulation
• Therapeutic Currents By Name: Variations of the Basic Currents
• Russian Current
• Aussie Current
• High-Volt Pulsed Current
• Interferential Current
• Low-Intensity Direct Current (Microcurrent)
• Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Biphasic Pulsed Currents
• The Bottom Line for Electrotherapy
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 10: Clinical Electrical Stimulation: Application and Techniques
• Instrumentation for Electrotherapy
• Classifying Electrotherapeutic Devices
• Control of Electrical Stimulation: The Dials, Buttons and Touchscreens
• Electrodes: Types and Choices
• Applying Electrodes
• Placement of Electrodes
• Electrode Configurations
• Electrotherapy Application and Techniques: Why Use Electrotherapy?
• Understanding Electrotherapy Language
• Electrotherapy for Activation of Skeletal Muscle: Strengthening and Re-education
• Strengthening: Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
• Re-education and Retraining: Functional Electrical Stimulation
• Electrical Stimulation of Denervated Muscle
• Electrotherapy for Modulating Pain
• Electrotherapy for Preventing or Reducing Edema
• Electrotherapy for Increasing Circulation
• Electrotherapy for Promoting Tissue Healing
• Iontophoresis
• Physiology of Iontophoresis
• Application of Iontophoresis
• Selecting an Ion
• Electrode Selection and Placement
• Dosage and the Iontophoretic Equation
• Adverse Effects: Current Not Drugs
• Recent Advances in Iontophoresis
• Iontophoresis Versus Tap Water Galvanism
• Precautions and Contraindications
• Safety With Electrotherapeutics: “Primum Non Nocere”
• Section III: Clinical Applications of Modalities
• Chapter 11: Mechanisms of Pain and Use of Therapeutic Modalities
• Types of Pain
• Acute Pain
• Chronic Pain
• Referred Pain
• Pain Pathways
• Peripheral Pain Pathways
• Fundamentals in Clinical Practice
• Central Pain Pathways
• Electrical Stimulation for Pain Control
• History of Electrical Stimulation for Pain Modulation
• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
• Physical Principles of TENS
• Fundamental Parameters of TENS
• Modes of TENS
• Conventional TENS
• Acupuncture-like TENS
• Burst Train TENS
• Brief Intense TENS
• Analgesic Mechanisms of TENS
• Analgesic Mechanisms of Low-Frequency TENS
• Analgesic Mechanisms of High-Frequency TENS
• Analgesic Tolerance and TENS
• Importance of Stimulus Intensity
• Caffeine Consumption and TENS
• Clinical Administration of TENS
• Electrodes
• Size of Electrodes
• Electrode Configurations
• Treatment Time
• Clinical Procedures for Use of TENS
• Electrical Currents for Pain Modulation
• Interferential Current
• Carrier Frequency
• Amplitude-Modulated Frequency
• Sweep Frequency
• Sweep Pattern, Swing Pattern, or Sweep Mode
• Treatment Time
• Analgesic Mechanisms of IFC
• Burst-Modulated Alternating Currents
• Summary of Evidence on TENS for Pain Control
• Contraindications and Precautions for TENS
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 12: Therapeutic Modalities for Improving Range of Motion
• Clinical Reasoning
• Sources of Loss of Mobility and Range of Motion
• Joint Pain as a Limiter of ROM
• Edema After an Injury
• Joint Stiffness Associated with Arthritis
• Joint Contracture as a Result of Injury and/or Immobilization
• Loss of ROM Secondary to Spasticity
• Assessment of Loss of Motion
• Indications and Evidence for Use of Therapeutic Modalities to Increase ROM
• Heat or Cold
• Electrical Stimulation
• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy
• Special Considerations for Use of Therapeutic Modalities for Contractures
• Contractures from Burn Scars
• Contractures Postcancer and Necrotizing Fasciitis
• Further Clinical Considerations
• Documenting Improvement in ROM
• Home Versus Clinic Use of Modalities for Loss of Motion
• Decision-Making for Selection of Physical Agents
• Clinical Application for Thermal Physical Agents
• Clinical Application for Electrical Physical Agents
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 13: Electrotherapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Rationale for Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
• NMES for Muscle Strengthening
• Examination, Evaluation, and Prognosis
• Intervention
• Voluntary Versus NMES Exercise: Differences in Muscle Recruitment
• Selecting a Stimulator
• Stimulation Parameters
• Electrode Placement
• Intensity or Dosage
• Monitoring Treatment
• NMES and Motor Unit Recruitment
• Limitations of NMES
• Electrical Muscle Stimulation Applied to Denervated Muscle
• Examination, Evaluation, and Prognosis
• Intervention
• Biofeedback
• Recording and Displaying the EMG Signal
• Electrode Type and Electrode Placement Considerations for EMG Biofeedback
• Patient Training Strategies With EMG Biofeedback
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 14: Electrical Stimulation in Patients with Neurological Diagnoses
• Examination Needs
• Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
• NMES for Muscle Strengthening
• NMES for Increasing Range of Motion
• NMES for Decreasing Spasticity
• NMES for Decreasing Urinary Incontinence
• Functional Electrical Stimulation
• FES for Shoulder Subluxation
• FES for Upper-Extremity Function
• FES for Ambulation
• FES for Exercise
• FES for Other Functional Activities
• Biofeedback
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 15: Therapeutic Modalities for Tissue Healing
• The Normal Healing Process
• Conventional Ultrasound
• Low-Frequency Ultrasound
• Ultraviolet Light
• Electrical Stimulation
• Infrared Energy
• Intermittent Pneumatic Compression
• Superficial Heating Modalities
• Cryotherapy
• Hydrotherapy
• Laser Therapy
• Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy
• Suggested Laboratory Activities
• Chapter 16: Alternative Modalities for Pain and Tissue Healing
• Magnet Therapy
• Physical Principles of Magnets
• Pulsed Magnetic Fields
• Proposed Physiological Effects of Static Magnets
• Review of the Literature on Static Magnet Therapy
• Clinical Applications of Magnet Therapy
• Monochromatic Infrared Photo Energy
• Physical Principles of MIRE
• Proposed Physiological Effects of MIRE
• Review of the Literature on MIRE
• Clinical Applications of MIRE
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
• Physical Principles of HBOT
• Proposed Physiological Effects of HBOT
• Review of the Literature on HBOT
• Clinical Applications of HBOT
• Extracorporeal Shock Wave and Radial Pressure Wave Therapy
• Physical Principles of ESWT
• Physiological Effects of ESWT
• Review of the Literature on ESWT
• Clinical Applications of ESWT
• Documentation Tips for Alternative Modalities
• Chapter 17: Electrophysiological Testing of Nerves and Muscles
• What is Electroneuromyography?
• Anatomy and Physiology Review
• Peripheral Nerve Structure
• Peripheral Nerve Function
• Equipment to Conduct ENMG
• Indications: Who Needs ENMG Testing?
• Clinical Examples of Diagnostic Dilemma for Which ENMG Testing Is Important
• Precautions
• Nerve Conduction Studies
• General Influencing Factors
• Motor Nerve Conduction Study
• Sensory Nerve Conduction Study
• Central Conduction and Long-Loop Responses: F-Wave and H-Reflex
• Coming to Some Conclusions: What Do We Know So Far?
• Clinical Electromyography
• What Can Be Learned by Needle EMG That Has Not Already Been Determined by the NCS?
• Insertion
• Rest
• Minimal Activation
• Maximal Activation (Recruitment)
• Interpretation of Electrophysiological Evaluation Findings
• Does ENMG Bear Any Relationship to EMG Biofeedback?
• Glossary
• Index