Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Author
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Table of Contents
• Feature Boxes
• 1 A Brief History of Microbiology
• The Early Years of Microbiology
• What Does Life Really Look Like?
• How Can Microbes Be Classified?
• The Golden Age of Microbiology
• Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate?
• What Causes Fermentation?
• What Causes Disease?
• How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?
• The Modern Age of Microbiology
• What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life?
• How Do Genes Work?
• What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment?
• How Do We Defend Against Disease?
• What Will the Future Hold?
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology
• Atoms
• Atomic Structure
• Isotopes
• Electron Configurations
• Chemical Bonds
• Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• Polar Covalent Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis Reactions
• Decomposition Reactions
• Exchange Reactions
• Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts
• Water
• Acids and Bases
• Salts
• Organic Macromolecules
• Functional Groups
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 3 Cell Structure and Function
• Processes of Life
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
• External Structures of Bacterial Cells
• Glycocalyces
• Flagella
• Fimbriae and Pili
• Bacterial Cell Walls
• Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls
• Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls
• Bacteria Without Cell Walls
• Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes
• Structure
• Function
• Cytoplasm of Bacteria
• Cytosol
• Inclusions
• Endospores
• Nonmembranous Organelles
• External Structures of Archaea
• Glycocalyces
• Flagella
• Fimbriae and Hami
• Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
• Cytoplasm of Archaea
• External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells
• Glycocalyces
• Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
• Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
• Flagella
• Cilia
• Other Nonmembranous Organelles
• Membranous Organelles
• Endosymbiotic Theory
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
• Units of Measurement
• Microscopy
• General Principles of Microscopy
• Light Microscopy
• Electron Microscopy
• Probe Microscopy
• Staining
• Preparing Specimens for Staining
• Principles of Staining
• Simple Stains
• Differential Stains
• Special Stains
• Staining for Electron Microscopy
• Classification and Identification of Microorganisms
• Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories
• Domains
• Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics
• Taxonomic Keys
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 5 Microbial Metabolism
• Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism
• Catabolism and Anabolism
• Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
• ATP Production and Energy Storage
• The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism
• Carbohydrate Catabolism
• Glycolysis
• Cellular Respiration
• Pentose Phosphate Pathway
• Fermentation
• Other Catabolic Pathways
• Lipid Catabolism
• Protein Catabolism
• Photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Structures
• Light-Dependent Reactions
• Light-Independent Reactions
• Other Anabolic Pathways
• Carbohydrate Biosynthesis
• Lipid Biosynthesis
• Amino Acid Biosynthesis
• Nucleotide Biosynthesis
• Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
• Growth Requirements
• Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements
• Physical Requirements
• Associations and Biofilms
• Culturing Microorganisms
• Clinical Sampling
• Obtaining Pure Cultures
• Culture Media
• Special Culture Techniques
• Preserving Cultures
• Growth of Microbial Populations
• Generation Time
• Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth
• Phases of Microbial Population Growth
• Continuous Culture in a Chemostat
• Measuring Microbial Reproduction
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 7 Microbial Genetics
• The Structure and Replication of Genomes
• The Structure of Nucleic Acids
• The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes
• The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes
• DNA Replication
• Gene Function
• The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype
• The Transfer of Genetic Information
• The Events in Transcription
• Translation
• Regulation of Genetic Expression
• Mutations of Genes
• Types of Mutations
• Effects of Point Mutations
• Mutagens
• Frequency of Mutation
• DNA Repair
• Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens
• Genetic Recombination and Transfer
• Horizontal Gene Transfer Among Prokaryotes
• Transposons and Transposition
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 8 Recombinant DNA Technology
• The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology
• The Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
• Mutagens
• The Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Synthesize cDNA
• Synthetic Nucleic Acids
• Restriction Enzymes
• Vectors
• Gene Libraries
• Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology
• Multiplying DNA In Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells
• Separating DNA Molecules: Gel Electrophoresis and the Southern Blot
• DNA Microarrays
• Inserting DNA into Cells
• Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology
• Genetic Mapping
• Microbial Community Studies
• Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications
• Agricultural Applications
• The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment
• Basic Principles of Microbial Control
• Terminology of Microbial Control
• Microbial Death Rates
• Action of Antimicrobial Agents
• The Selection of Microbial Control Methods
• Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods
• Biosafety Levels
• Physical Methods of Microbial Control
• Heat-Related Methods
• Refrigeration and Freezing
• Desiccation and Lyophilization
• Filtration
• Osmotic Pressure
• Radiation
• Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
• Phenol and Phenolics
• Alcohols
• Halogens
• Oxidizing Agents
• Surfactants
• Heavy Metals
• Aldehydes
• Gaseous Agents
• Enzymes
• Antimicrobial Drugs
• Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics
• Development of Resistant Microbes
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
• The History of Antimicrobial Agents
• Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
• Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
• Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
• Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
• Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways
• Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating
• Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs
• Spectrum of Action
• Effectiveness
• Routes of Administration
• Safety and Side Effects
• Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
• The Development of Resistance in Populations
• Mechanisms of Resistance
• Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance
• Retarding Resistance
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes
• General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms
• Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells
• Endospores
• Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells
• Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells
• Modern Prokaryotic Classification
• Survey of Archaea
• Extremophiles
• Methanogens
• Survey of Bacteria
• Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria
• Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria
• High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria
• Gram-Negative Proteobacteria
• Other Gram-Negative Bacteria
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes
• General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms
• Reproduction of Eukaryotes
• Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms
• Protozoa
• Distribution of Protozoa
• Morphology of Protozoa
• Nutrition of Protozoa
• Reproduction of Protozoa
• Classification of Protozoa
• Fungi
• The Significance of Fungi
• Morphology of Fungi
• Nutrition of Fungi
• Reproduction of Fungi
• Classification of Fungi
• Lichens
• Algae
• Distribution of Algae
• Morphology of Algae
• Reproduction of Algae
• Classification of Algae
• Water Molds
• Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors
• Arachnids
• Insects
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
• Characteristics of Viruses
• Genetic Material of Viruses
• Hosts of Viruses
• Sizes of Viruses
• Capsid Morphology
• Viral Shapes
• The Viral Envelope
• Classification of Viruses
• Viral Replication
• Lytic Replication of Bacteriophages
• Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages
• Replication of Animal Viruses
• The Role of Viruses in Cancer
• Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory
• Culturing Viruses in Mature Organisms
• Culturing Viruses in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
• Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture
• Are Viruses Alive?
• Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions
• Characteristics of Viroids
• Characteristics of Prions
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology
• Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts
• Types of Symbiosis
• Normal Microbiota in Hosts
• How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens
• Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases of Humans
• Animal Reservoirs
• Human Carriers
• Nonliving Reservoirs
• The Invasion and Establishment of Microbes in Hosts: Infection
• Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection
• Portals of Entry
• The Role of Adhesion in Infection
• The Nature of Infectious Disease
• Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs, and Syndromes
• Causation of Disease: Etiology
• Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents
• The Stages of Infectious Diseases
• The Movement of Pathogens Out of Hosts: Portals of Exit
• Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission
• Contact Transmission
• Vehicle Transmission
• Vector Transmission
• Classification of Infectious Diseases
• Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
• Frequency of Disease
• Epidemiological Studies
• Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections
• Epidemiology and Public Health
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 15 Innate Immunity
• An Overview of the Body’s Defenses
• The Body’s First Line of Defense
• The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity
• The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity
• The Role of the Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate Immunity
• The Role of Normal Microbiota in Innate Immunity
• Other First-Line Defenses
• The Body’s Second Line of Defense
• Defense Components of Blood
• Phagocytosis
• Nonphagocytic Killing
• Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens
• Inflammation
• Fever
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 16 Adaptive Immunity
• Overview of Adaptive Immunity
• Elements of Adaptive Immunity
• The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System
• Antigens
• Preparation for an Adaptive Immune Response
• T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
• B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies
• Immune Response Cytokines
• Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
• Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell Clones and Their Functions
• The Perforin-Granzyme Cytotoxic Pathway
• The CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway
• Memory T Cells
• T Cell Regulation
• Antibody Immune Responses
• Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection
• Memory Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Memory
• Types of Acquired Immunity
• Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
• Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
• Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
• Artificially Acquired Passive Immunotherapy
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 17 Immunization and Immune Testing
• Immunization
• Brief History of Immunization
• Active Immunization
• Passive Immunotherapy
• Serological Tests That Use Antigens and Corresponding Antibodies
• Precipitation Tests
• Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Tests
• Agglutination Tests
• Neutralization Tests
• The Complement Fixation Test
• Labeled Antibody Tests
• Point-of-Care Testing
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 18 Immune Disorders
• Hypersensitivities
• Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity
• Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity
• Type III (Immune Complex–Mediated) Hypersensitivity
• Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Causes of Autoimmune Diseases
• Examples of Autoimmune Diseases
• Immunodeficiency Diseases
• Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 19 Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria
• Staphylococcus
• Structure and Physiology
• Pathogenicity
• Epidemiology
• Staphylococcal Diseases
• Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
• Streptococcus
• Group A Streptococcus: Streptococcus pyogenes
• Group B Streptococcus: Streptococcus agalactiae
• Other Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
• Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Enterococcus
• Structure and Physiology
• Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Diseases
• Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
• Bacillus
• Structure, Physiology, and Pathogenicity
• Epidemiology
• Disease
• Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
• Clostridium
• Clostridium perfringens
• Clostridium difficile
• Clostridium botulinum
• Clostridium tetani
• Listeria
• Mycoplasmas
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Other Mycoplasmas
• Corynebacterium
• Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Disease
• Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
• Mycobacterium
• Tuberculosis
• Leprosy
• Other Mycobacterial Infections
• Propionibacterium
• Nocardia and Actinomyces
• Nocardia asteroides
• Actinomyces
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 20 Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli
• Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci: Neisseria
• Structure and Physiology of Neisseria
• The Gonococcus: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• The Meningococcus: Neisseria meningitidis
• Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Facultatively Anaerobic Bacilli
• The Enterobacteriaceae: An Overview
• Coliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae
• Noncoliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae
• Truly Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae
• The Pasteurellaceae
• Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Aerobic Bacilli
• Bartonella
• Brucella
• Bordetella
• Burkholderia
• Pseudomonads
• Francisella
• Legionella
• Coxiella
• Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Anaerobic Bacilli
• Bacteroides
• Prevotella
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 21 Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios
• Rickettsias
• Rickettsia
• Orientia tsutsugamushi
• Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
• Chlamydias
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Chlamydophila pneumoniae
• Chlamydophila psittaci
• Spirochetes
• Treponema
• Borrelia
• Leptospira
• Pathogenic Gram-Negative Vibrios
• Vibrio
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Helicobacter pylori
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 22 Pathogenic Fungi
• An Overview of Medical Mycology
• The Epidemiology of Mycoses
• Categories of Fungal Agents: True Fungal Pathogens and Opportunistic Fungi
• Clinical Manifestations of Fungal Diseases
• The Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
• Antifungal Therapies
• Antifungal Vaccines
• Systemic Mycoses Caused by Pathogenic Fungi
• Histoplasmosis
• Blastomycosis
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Paracoccidioidomycosis
• Systemic Mycoses Caused by Opportunistic Fungi
• Pneumocystis Pneumonia
• Candidiasis
• Aspergillosis
• Cryptococcosis
• Zygomycoses
• The Emergence of Fungal Opportunists in AIDS Patients
• Superficial, Cutaneous, and Subcutaneous Mycoses
• Superficial Mycoses
• Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses
• Fungal Intoxications and Allergies
• Mycotoxicoses
• Mushroom Poisoning (Mycetismus)
• Allergies to Fungi
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 23 Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors
• Parasitology
• Arthropod Vectors
• Protozoan Parasites of Humans
• Ciliates
• Amoebas
• Flagellates
• Apicomplexans
• Helminthic Parasites of Humans
• Cestodes
• Trematodes
• Nematodes
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 24 Pathogenic DNA Viruses
• Poxviridae
• Smallpox
• Molluscum Contagiosum
• Other Poxvirus Infections
• Herpesviridae
• Infections of Human Herpesvirus 1 and 2
• Human Herpesvirus 3 (Varicella-Zoster Virus) Infections
• Human Herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr Virus) Infections
• Human Herpesvirus 5 (Cytomegalovirus) Infections
• Other Herpesvirus Infections
• Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae
• Papillomavirus Infections
• Polyomavirus Infections
• Adenoviridae
• Hepadnaviridae
• Hepatitis B Infections
• The Role of Hepatitis B Virus in Hepatic Cancer
• Parvoviridae
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 25 Pathogenic RNA Viruses
• Naked, Positive ssRNA Viruses: Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Astroviridae, and Hepeviridae
• Common Colds Caused by Rhinoviruses
• Diseases of Enteroviruses
• Hepatitis A
• Acute Gastroenteritis
• Hepatitis E
• Enveloped, Positive ssRNA Viruses: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Coronaviridae
• Diseases of +RNA Arboviruses
• Other Diseases of Enveloped +ssRNA Viruses
• Enveloped, Positive ssRNA Viruses with Reverse Transcriptase: Retroviridae
• Oncogenic Retroviruses (Deltaretrovirus)
• Immunosuppressive Retroviruses (Lentivirus) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Enveloped, Unsegmented, Negative ssRNA Viruses: Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Filoviridae
• Measles
• Diseases of Parainfluenza Virus
• Mumps
• Disease of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
• Rabies
• Hemorrhagic Fevers
• Enveloped, Segmented, Negative ssRNA Viruses: Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Arenaviridae
• Influenza
• Diseases of Bunyaviruses
• Diseases of Arenaviruses
• Naked, Segmented dsRNA Viruses: Reoviridae
• Rotavirus Infections
• Coltivirus Infections
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• 26 Applied and Environmental Microbiology
• Food Microbiology
• The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production
• The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage
• Foodborne Illnesses
• Industrial Microbiology
• The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations
• Industrial Products of Microorganisms
• Water Treatment
• Environmental Microbiology
• Microbial Ecology
• Bioremediation
• The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage
• The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles
• Soil Microbiology
• Aquatic Microbiology
• Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism
• Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or Terror
• Known Microbial Threats
• Defense Against Bioterrorism
• The Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technology in Bioterrorism
• Chapter Summary
• Questions for Review
• Critical Thinking
• Concept Mapping
• Answers to Questions for Review
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index