Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Editors
• Author
• Chapter 1 Gujarat EarthquakeGround Deformation
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 2001 Gujarat Earthquake: Ground Deformation Study
• 1.3 Primary Deformation Structures
• 1.3.1 Ground Fissures
• 1.3.2 Monoclinal Humps, Mole Tracks and Tent Structures
• 1.3.3 2001 Thrust Exposure in a Stream Bank (Faulted Quaternary Apron)
• 1.3.4 Displacement Estimates
• 1.3.5 Summary of Primary Surface Faulting
• 1.4 Secondary Deformation Structures
• 1.4.1 Off-Fault Co-Seismic Deformation
• 1.4.2 Secondary Deformation Structures by Seismic Shaking
• 1.4.3 Landslides: Lateral Spreads, Pressure Ridges and Sand Dykes at Budharmora
• 1.4.3.1 Trench 1
• 1.4.3.2 Trench 2
• 1.4.4 Sand Dykes and Their Chronology at Budharmora
• 1.4.5 Sand Blows in the Rann
• 1.4.6 Ground Fissures and Extensional Cracks
• 1.4.7 Ground Subsidence: Collapse of Ground
• 1.4.8 Soft Sediment Deformation
• 1.4.9 Sand Blow Craters
• 1.4.10 Rockfalls and Shattered Hills
• 1.4.11 Secondary Faults
• 1.4.11.1 Manfara Fault
• 1.4.11.1.1 Trenching at Manfara Fault
• 1.4.11.1.1.1 Trench 1
• 1.4.11.1.1.2 Trench 2
• 1.4.11.1.1.3 Trench 3: Fault Stratigraphy and Age Determinations
• 1.5 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 2 Gujarat EarthquakeLiquefaction
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Liquefaction
• 2.3 Kachchh Earthquakes and Liquefaction
• 2.4 Observed Liquefaction and Sand Blows Associated with the Bhuj Earthquake
• 2.4.1 Shallow Subsurface Study of Liquefaction in the Meizoseismal Area
• 2.4.1.1 Shallow Pits and Liquefaction
• 2.4.2 Liquefaction Studies Using GPR
• 2.4.3 Morphology of Large Liquefaction Craters at Umedpar
• 2.4.4 Trenching at Large Liquefaction Craters
• 2.4.4.1 Trench 1
• 2.4.4.2 Trench 2
• 2.4.4.3 Trench 3
• 2.5 Discussion
• 2.6 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 3 Earthquakes and Medical Complications
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Traumatic Injuries and Medical Complications in the First Week Post-Earthquake
• 3.2.1 Musculoskeletal Injuries
• 3.2.2 Renal Injuries
• 3.2.3 Neurological Injuries
• 3.2.4 Chest Injuries
• 3.3 Medical Complications
• 3.3.1 First Month Post-Earthquake
• 3.3.1.1 Cardiovascular System
• 3.3.1.2 Infectious Diseases
• 3.3.1.3 Recovery from Musculoskeletal Injuries
• 3.3.1.4 Recovery from Neurological Injuries
• 3.3.2 Medical Complications in the First Year Post-Earthquake
• 3.3.2.1 Mental Health
• 3.4 Management of Pre-Existing Diseases in the Post-Earthquake Period
• 3.4.1 Chronic Kidney Disease
• 3.4.2 Non-Infectious Respiratory Disease
• 3.5 Medical Complications for Earthquake Responders
• 3.6 Donated Medical Supplies
• 3.7 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 4 Utilization of Satellite Geophysical Data as Precursors for Earthquake Monitoring
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Surface Temperature Anomalies Over Gujarat, India, and Their Possible Correlation with Earthquake Occurrences
• 4.2.1 Thermal Precursor
• 4.2.2 Surface Temperature Data from Thermal Infrared
• 4.2.3 Geology of the Study Area
• 4.2.3.1 Kachchh Region
• 4.2.4 Image Data Source
• 4.2.4.1 Earthquake Occurrences in Gujarat during January–April 2006
• 4.3 Methodology
• 4.3.1 Geometric Correction of NOAA AVHRR Data
• 4.3.2 Calibration of AVHRR Data
• 4.3.3 Retrieval of Brightness Temperature
• 4.3.4 Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature
• 4.3.5 Atmospheric Attenuation Correction for Retrieving Surface Temperature
• 4.4 Results
• 4.5 Discussions
• 4.6 Gravity Precursor Over Land
• 4.6.1 Data Sources and the Study Area of Interest
• 4.7 Methodology
• 4.7.1 Gravity Anomaly Modelling Using Geoid
• 4.8 Results and Discussion
• 4.9 Gravity Precursors Over Ocean
• 4.9.1 Data Sources and Study Area
• 4.9.2 Methodology
• 4.9.2.1 Crossover Analysis
• 4.9.2.2 Deeper Earth Effects in Geoid
• 4.9.3 Results and Discussion
• 4.9.3.1 Study of Oceanic Processes Over the Sumatran Earthquake Region
• 4.9.3.2 Study of Gravity Signatures
• 4.10 Study of Andaman Swarm Using Grace Geoid Anomalies
• 4.10.1 Results and Discussion
• 4.11 Overall Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 5 Satellite Radar Imaging and Its Application to Natural Hazards
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 What Does Radar Measure that is Useful for Natural Hazards?
• 5.3 Change in the Amplitude of the Radar Signal
• 5.4 Change in the Distance from Satellite to Ground: Interferometry
• 5.5 Along-Track Displacement and Subpixel Movements
• 5.6 Changes in Topography: Digital Elevation Models
• 5.7 Coherence Change
• 5.8 Practical Considerations: What Data Type Will Be of Most Utility?
• 5.8.1 Data Availability
• 5.8.2 Data Latency
• 5.9 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 6 DEMETER Satellite and Detection of Earthquake Signals
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 DEMETER Mission
• 6.2.1 Scientific Payload
• 6.2.2 Constraints
• 6.2.2.1 EMC Constraints
• 6.2.2.2 Constraints on the Mission
• 6.2.3 Data Processing
• 6.2.4 Orbit
• 6.3 Examples of Particular Events
• 6.4 Statistical Analysis
• 6.4.1 Statistic with the Electric Field in the VLF Range
• 6.4.2 Statistic with the Electron Density
• 6.4.3 Statistic with the Ion Density
• 6.4.4 Discussions about the Statistics
• 6.5 Is It Possible to Predict EQs?
• 6.5.1 The Magnitude 8.8 Chile EQ
• 6.5.2 A Prediction Attempt
• 6.6 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 7 TIR Anomaly as Earthquake Precursor
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Origin of Thermal Anomalies
• 7.2.1 Gas and Vapours
• 7.2.2 Seismoelectromagnetic and Seismoelectric Effects
• 7.2.3 Extension of Thermal Anomalies
• 7.3 Advances in TIR Precursor Studies
• 7.3.1 Deviation–Time–Space–Thermal Criteria
• 7.3.2 Night Thermal Gradient
• 7.3.3 Spatial Features Linked to Thermal Anomalies
• 7.4 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 8 Stress Change and Earthquake Triggering by ReservoirsRole of Fluids
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 RTS: A Brief Historical Account
• 8.3 Factors Influencing RTS
• 8.3.1 Pre-Existing or In Situ Stress
• 8.3.2 Geological and Hydrological Conditions
• 8.3.3 Reservoirs
• 8.4 Mechanism of Reservoir-Triggered Earthquakes
• 8.4.1 Reservoir Water Load and Pore Pressure
• 8.4.2 Porous Elastic Solid and Theoretical Analyses
• 8.5 Concept of Coulomb Stress and Fault Stability in RTS
• 8.5.1 Magnitudes of Reservoir-Triggered Earthquakes and Triggering Threshold
• 8.6 Application of the Concept of the Porous Elastic Theory and Coulomb Stress in RTS: Detailed Case Histories
• 8.6.1 RTS due to Rihand Reservoir, Central India
• 8.6.2 RTS due to Aswan Reservoir, Egypt
• 8.6.3 RTS due to Koyna Reservoir, Western Peninsular India
• 8.6.4 Impoundment of Zipingpu Reservoir and 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
• 8.6.5 Tarbela Reservoir
• 8.6.6 Açu Reservoir
• 8.7 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 9 Earthquake Precursory Studies in India An Integrated Approach
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Tectonics and Seismic Tracks in the Indian Subcontinent
• 9.3 Earthquake Precursors
• 9.4 Progression Path of Earthquake Precursory Research in India
• 9.4.1 Early Leads
• 9.4.1.1 Seismological Precursors
• 9.4.1.1.1 Long-Term Precursors
• 9.4.1.1.2 Medium- and Short-Term Precursors
• 9.4.2 Geophysical and Geodetic Precursors
• 9.4.2.1 Geomagnetic and Geoelectric Precursors
• 9.4.2.2 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Precursors
• 9.4.2.3 Thermal Anomalies
• 9.4.3 Geochemical and Hydrological Precursors
• 9.5 Organized Approach to Precursory Studies
• 9.5.1 Multi-Parametric Geophysical Observatories: Establishment and Observations
• 9.5.1.1 Ghuttu Observatory in Northwest Himalaya
• 9.5.1.1.1 Kharsali Earthquake of 22 July 2007 (Mw 5.0)
• 9.5.1.1.2 Radon Anomalies
• 9.5.1.1.3 Gravity Field Variations
• 9.5.1.1.4 Seismomagnetic Signals
• 9.5.2 Multiparametric Geophysical Observations in the Koyna Region
• 9.6 Koyna Deep Borehole Investigations
• 9.6.1 Idea of Deep Borehole Drilling in Koyna
• 9.6.2 Preliminary Investigations and Results
• 9.6.3 Drilling of Pilot Borehole
• 9.7 Earthquake Early Warning in India
• 9.7.1 Principle and Importance of EEW System
• 9.7.1.1 Experimental EEW System in Northern India
• 9.8 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 10 Geomorphic Features Associated with Erosion
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Geomorphological Factors Affecting Erosion
• 10.2.1 Climate
• 10.2.2 Rock
• 10.2.3 Morphology
• 10.2.4 Land Use
• 10.3 Types of Erosion
• 10.3.1 Water Erosion
• 10.3.2 Raindrop Erosion
• 10.3.3 Sheet Erosion
• 10.3.4 Rill and Interrill Erosion
• 10.3.5 Ephemeral Stream Erosion
• 10.3.6 Permanent, Incised Gully Erosion
• 10.3.7 Riverbed Erosion
• 10.3.8 Bank Erosion
• 10.3.9 Erosion via Porosity
• 10.3.10 Erosion due to Snowmelting
• 10.3.11 Erosion due to Ice Crystal Development
• 10.3.12 Coastal Erosion
• 10.3.12.1 Erosion due to Wave Action
• 10.3.12.2 Erosion due to Currents
• 10.3.12.3 Erosion due to Midlittoral Organisms
• 10.3.12.4 Erosion due to Sea Level Rise
• 10.3.12.5 Erosion due to Human-Made Constructions
• 10.3.13 Wind Erosion
• 10.3.14 Human-Made Erosion (Incensement of the Erosion Rate)
• 10.3.15 Biological Erosion
• 10.3.15.1 Erosion due to Root System Development
• 10.3.15.2 Erosion due to Underground Living Organisms
• 10.4 Erosion Landforms
• 10.4.1 Water Erosion
• 10.4.1.1 Stream Valleys
• 10.4.1.2 Gorges
• 10.4.1.3 Waterfalls
• 10.4.1.4 Meanders
• 10.4.1.5 Knickpoints
• 10.4.1.6 Pot Holes
• 10.4.1.7 Peneplane
• 10.4.2 Coastal Erosion
• 10.4.2.1 Coastal Caves
• 10.4.2.2 Marmites
• 10.4.2.3 Coastal Platforms
• 10.4.2.4 Stacks
• 10.4.2.5 Notches
• 10.4.2.6 Sea Arches
• 10.4.3 Glacier Erosion
• 10.4.3.1 Glacial Striations
• 10.4.3.2 Proglacial Channels
• 10.4.3.3 Gelifluxion
• 10.4.3.4 Glacial Debris
• 10.4.3.5 Erratics
• 10.4.3.6 Glacial Gorges
• 10.4.3.7 Cirque
• 10.4.3.8 Arete
• 10.4.3.9 Horns
• 10.4.4 Wind Erosion
• 10.4.4.1 Aeolian Surface
• 10.4.4.2 Aeolian Sand
• 10.4.5 Karstic Erosion
• 10.4.5.1 Fossil Karst
• 10.4.5.2 Exhumation Karst
• 10.4.5.3 Uncovered Karst
• 10.4.5.4 Covered Karst
• 10.4.6 Exokarstic Forms
• 10.4.6.1 Dolines
• 10.4.6.2 Closed Dolines
• 10.4.6.3 Open Dolines
• 10.4.6.4 Suffusion Dolines
• 10.4.6.5 Uvala
• 10.4.6.6 Polje
• 10.4.6.7 Open Polje
• 10.4.6.8 Sinkholes
• 10.4.6.9 Estavelle
• 10.4.6.10 Hum
• 10.4.6.11 Karren, Sculpture
• 10.4.6.12 Kuppen
• 10.4.7 Endokarstic Forms
• 10.4.7.1 Caves
• 10.4.7.2 Karstic Springs
• 10.4.7.3 Submarine Karstic Springs
• 10.4.7.4 Spring Vauclusienne
• 10.4.7.5 Karstic Holes
• 10.5 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 11 Thar DesertSource for Dust Storm
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Thar Desert
• 11.3 Field Measurement of Dust Storms
• 11.3.1 Dust Catcher
• 11.3.2 Wind Erosion Sampler
• 11.4 Procedure of Soil Loss Calculations
• 11.4.1 Field Observations on Soil Loss through Wind Erosion
• 11.5 Major Causative Factors
• 11.5.1 Surface Cover Factor
• 11.5.2 Weather Factor
• 11.5.3 Wind Velocity Profile
• 11.6 Potential Environmental Hazard of Eroded Soils
• 11.6.1 Particulate Matter in Eroded Soil
• 11.6.2 Nutrient Contents in Eroded Soil
• 11.7 Dust Aerosol Monitoring Through Remote Sensing
• 11.8 Control of Grazing and Reduction in Wind Erosion
• 11.9 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 12 Coastal SubsidenceCauses, Mapping and Monitoring
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Causes
• 12.2.1 Natural Causes
• 12.2.2 Isostasy
• 12.2.3 Geostatic Load
• 12.2.4 Shallow Subsidence
• 12.2.5 Tectonic Subsidence
• 12.2.6 Accommodation
• 12.2.7 Anthropic Causes
• 12.2.8 Pumping Activities
• 12.2.9 Overloading
• 12.2.10 Hydraulic Reclaim
• 12.3 Subsidence Effects on Coastal Vegetation
• 12.4 Measurement Technologies: Mapping and Monitoring
• 12.4.1 Levelling
• 12.4.2 Global Navigation Satellite Systems
• 12.4.3 Extensometers
• 12.4.4 LIDAR
• 12.4.5 Photogrammetry by UAV
• 12.4.6 SAR-Based Techniques
• 12.4.7 Interferometric Point Target Analysis
• 12.4.8 Small-Baseline Subset
• 12.5 Example of Study Areas
• 12.5.1 Rhine–Meuse Delta
• 12.5.2 Southern Emilia Romagna
• 12.5.3 Impact on Vegetation Species Richness along the Adriatic Coast
• 12.5.4 Venice Area
• 12.5.5 Wetland Plant Diversity and Subsidence in the North Sea (The Netherlands)
• 12.6 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 13 Subsidence Mapping Using InSAR
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 InSAR and PSInSAR Methods
• 13.2.1 InSAR
• 13.2.2 Digital Elevation Model Generation
• 13.2.3 Master-to-Slave Registration
• 13.2.4 Resampling and Filtering
• 13.2.5 Interferogram Generation
• 13.2.6 Coherence Image Generation
• 13.2.7 Phase Unwrapping
• 13.2.8 Slant-to-Height Conversion
• 13.2.9 Geocoding
• 13.2.10 PSInSAR
• 13.2.11 Permanent Scatterer Candidates
• 13.3 Examples of Subsidence Mapping
• 13.3.1 Mapping in Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta
• 13.3.2 Mapping in Barcelona, Spain
• 13.3.3 Mapping of Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador
• 13.4 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 14 Earthquakes and Associated Landslides in Pakistan
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Tectonic Setting
• 14.3 Pamir–Hindu Kush Seismotectonic Province
• 14.4 Karakoram–Himalaya Seismotectonic Province
• 14.4.1 Kashmir Himalayas–Indus–Kohistan Seismic Zone
• 14.4.1.1 The 1974 Pattan Earthquake
• 14.4.1.2 The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake
• 14.4.2 Nanga Parbat Seismic Zone
• 14.4.2.1 The 1840 Nanga Parbat Earthquake
• 14.4.2.2 The 2002 Nanga Parbat Earthquake
• 14.4.2.3 The 2010 Attabad Landslide
• 14.4.3 Darel–Hamran Kohistan Seismic Zone
• 14.5 Axial Belt Seismotectonic Province
• 14.6 Makran Seismotectonic Province
• 14.6.1 The 1945 Makran Earthquake
• 14.7 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 15 Landslides in JamaicaDistribution, Cause, Impact and Management
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Landslide Distribution at a National Scale
• 15.3 Landslides in Jamaica: History and Impact
• 15.4 Major Landslides and Slope Instability Events
• 15.4.1 Millbank Landslide and Slope Instability in the Rio Grande Valley
• 15.4.2 Jupiter Landslide
• 15.5 Causes of Landslides: Preparatory and Triggers
• 15.6 Preparatory Factors
• 15.6.1 Geology
• 15.6.2 Role of Pore Water Pressure within Geological Sequences
• 15.6.3 Role of Rock Weathering
• 15.6.4 Proximity to Faults
• 15.6.5 Land Use
• 15.7 Causes of Slope Instability Triggering
• 15.7.1 Rainfall Triggering
• 15.7.2 Rainfall Intensity and Duration
• 15.7.3 Triggering by Earthquakes
• 15.8 Response, Management Strategies and Critique
• 15.9 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 16 LandslidesCauses, Mapping and Monitoring – Examples from Malaysia
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Landslides in Malaysia
• 16.3 Landslide Types
• 16.3.1 Triggering Factor Assessment
• 16.3.2 Monitoring
• 16.3.2.1 Remote Sensing-Based Monitoring
• 16.3.2.2 Field Monitoring
• 16.3.2.3 Landslide Inventory Mapping
• 16.4 Landslide Thematic Environmental Variables (Conditioning Factors)
• 16.5 General Classification
• 16.5.1 Qualitative Approaches
• 16.5.2 Quantitative Approaches
• 16.6 Landslide Susceptibility Modelling Approaches
• 16.6.1 Frequency Ratio
• 16.6.2 Evidential Belief Function
• 16.6.3 Index of Entropy
• 16.6.4 Artificial Neural Networks
• 16.6.5 Logistic Regression
• 16.6.6 Validation Process
• 16.7 Landslides in Malaysia: Selangor Case Study
• 16.7.1 Application of EBF Model in Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Selangor
• 16.7.2 Spatial Database Used
• 16.7.3 Accuracy Assessment
• 16.8 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 17 Mapping and Monitoring of Landslides Using LIDAR
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 LIDAR and LASER Scanning Techniques
• 17.2.1 History
• 17.2.2 Instrument Principle
• 17.2.2.1 LIDAR Functioning
• 17.2.2.2 Multiple Echoes
• 17.2.2.3 Other Parameters: Intensity + Colour
• 17.2.2.4 ALS versus TLS
• 17.2.2.5 Spacing, Accuracy, Resolution and Data Types
• 17.2.2.6 Data Acquisition Issues: Occlusion and Biases
• 17.2.2.6.1 Occlusion
• 17.2.2.6.2 Biases
• 17.2.3 Data Treatment
• 17.2.3.1 Full-Waveform and Automatic Filtering
• 17.2.3.2 Non-Ground-Point Filtering (Including Vegetation Removal)
• 17.2.3.3 Co-Registration and Georeferencing
• 17.2.3.4 Point Cloud Comparison
• 17.3 Landslide Applications
• 17.3.1 Landslides
• 17.3.2 Rock Slopes
• 17.3.2.1 Structural Analysis
• 17.3.2.2 Monitoring of Fragmental Rockfalls
• 17.3.2.3 Rock Fall Susceptibility Assessment
• 17.3.3 Debris Flows
• 17.3.4 Input for Modelling
• 17.4 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 18 Radar Monitoring of Volcanic Activities
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Radar
• 18.3 Synthetic Aperture Radar
• 18.4 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
• 18.4.1 InSAR Processing Flow
• 18.5 Insar Products and their Applications to Volcanoes
• 18.5.1 SAR Intensity Image
• 18.5.2 InSAR Deformation Image and Source Parameters Derived from Modelling
• 18.5.3 InSAR Coherence Image
• 18.5.4 Digital Elevation Model
• 18.6 Multi-Interferogram InSAR
• 18.7 Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Chapter 19 Active VolcanoesSatellite Remote Sensing
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 Satellite Remote Sensing of Active Volcanoes
• 19.3 Thermal Activity
• 19.3.1 Principles of Hotspot Detection from Space
• 19.3.1.1 Hotspot Detection Algorithms
• 19.3.2 Time-Series Analyses of Volcanic Hotspots
• 19.3.3 Thermal Anomaly Characterization and Quantification
• 19.4 Eruption Plumes
• 19.4.1 Ash Cloud Detection and Tracking
• 19.4.2 Plume Height
• 19.4.3 Plume Gas Measurements
• 19.5 Volcano Topography and Deformation
• 19.5.1 Topography Measurement
• 19.5.2 Deformation Measurements
• 19.5.3 Deformation Time-Series Techniques
• 19.6 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 20 Application of Thermal Remote Sensing to the Observation of Natural Hazards
• 20.1 Introduction
• 20.2 Fundamental Concepts
• 20.3 Satellite Imagery
• 20.4 Natural Hazard Applications
• 20.4.1 Volcanoes
• 20.4.2 Wildfires
• 20.4.3 Earthquakes
• 20.4.4 Landslides
• 20.4.5 Heat Waves
• 20.4.6 Flooding
• 20.4.7 Storms
• 20.5 Prospects for the Future
• 20.6 Conclusion
• References
• Index