Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Table of Contents
• About the Authors
• Preface
• 1 Introduction to Natural Hazards
• 1.1 Why Studying Natural Hazards Is Important
• Processes: Internal and External
• Hazard, Disaster, or Catastrophe
• Death and Damage Caused by Natural Hazards
• 1.2 The Role of History in Understanding Hazards
• 1.3 The Geologic Cycle
• The Tectonic Cycle
• The Rock Cycle
• The Hydrologic Cycle
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• 1.4 Fundamental Concepts for Understanding Natural Processes as Hazards
• 1 Science helps us predict hazards.
• Science and Natural Hazards
• Hazards Are Natural Processes
• Forecast, Prediction, and Warning of Hazardous Events
• 2 Knowing hazard risks can help people make decisions.
• Risk as a Concept
• Risk Management
• 3 Linkages exist between natural hazards.
• 4 Humans can turn disastrous events into catastrophes.
• Examples of Disasters in Densely Populated Areas
• Population Growth as a Factor in Hazards
• Magnitude and Frequency of Hazardous Events
• 5 Consequences of hazards can be minimized.
• Reactive Response: Impact of and Recovery from Disasters
• Anticipatory Response: Avoiding and Adjusting to Hazards
• CASE STUDY 1.1 Professional Profile: Professor Robert Bea, University of California, Berkeley
• 1.5 Many Hazards Provide a Natural Service Function
• 1.6 Global Climate Change and Hazards
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 2 Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics
• 2.1 Internal Structure of Earth
• 2.2 Plate Tectonics
• Movement of the Tectonic Plates
• Types of Plate Boundaries
• Rates of Plate Motion
• 2.3 A Detailed Look at Seafloor Spreading
• Paleomagnetism
• Hot Spots
• 2.4 Pangaea and Present Continents
• 2.5 How Plate Tectonics Works: Putting It Together
• 2.6 Plate Tectonics and Hazards
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 3 Earthquakes
• 3.1 Introduction to Earthquakes
• Faults and Faulting
• 3.2 The Earthquake Processes
• The Earthquake Cycle
• Seismic Waves
• Tectonic Creep and Slow Earthquakes
• CASE STUDY 3.1 Nepal (Gorkha) Earthquake: Forecasting a Catastrophe
• 3.3 Earthquake Shaking
• Earthquake Magnitude
• Earthquake Intensity
• Depth of Focus
• Direction of Rupture
• Distance to the Epicenter
• Local Geologic Conditions
• CASE STUDY 3.2 Earthquake Catastrophes: Lessons Learned
• 3.4 Geographic Regions at Risk from Earthquakes
• Plate Boundary Earthquakes
• Intraplate Earthquakes
• CASE STUDY 3.3 Survivor Story: Magnitude 8.8 Earthquake and Tsunami on the Coast of Chile
• 3.5 Effects of Earthquakes and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
• Shaking and Ground Rupture
• CASE STUDY 3.4 The Denali Fault Earthquake: Estimating Potential Ground Rupture Pays Off
• Liquefaction
• Regional Changes in Land Elevation
• Landslides
• Fires
• Disease
• 3.6 Natural Service Functions of Earthquakes
• Groundwater and Energy Resources
• Mineral Resources
• Landform Development
• Future Earthquake Hazard Reduction
• 3.7 Human Interaction with Earthquakes
• Earthquakes Caused by Human Activity
• 3.8 Minimizing the Earthquake Hazard
• The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program
• Estimation of Seismic Risk
• Short-Term Prediction
• CASE STUDY 3.5 A Closer Look: Paleoseismic Earthquake Hazard Evaluation
• The Future of Earthquake Prediction
• Earthquake Warning Systems
• 3.9 Perception of and Adjustment to the Earthquake Hazard
• Perception of the Earthquake Hazard
• CASE STUDY 3.6 Professional Profile: Andrea Donnellan, Earthquake Forecaster
• Community Adjustments to the Earthquake Hazard
• Personal Adjustments: Before, During, and After an Earthquake
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 4 Tsunamis
• 4.1 Introduction to Tsunamis
• How Do Earthquakes Cause a Tsunami?
• CASE STUDY 4.1 Survivor Story: Tsunami in the Lowest Country on Earth
• How Do Landslides Cause a Tsunami?
• 4.2 Geographic Regions at Risk from Tsunamis
• CASE STUDY 4.2 Indonesian Tsunami
• Tsunami Three Centuries Ago
• 4.3 Effects of Tsunamis and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
• 4.4 Natural Service Functions of Tsunamis
• 4.5 Human Interaction with Tsunamis
• 4.6 Minimizing the Tsunami Hazard
• Detection and Warning
• Structural Control
• Tsunami Runup Maps
• Land Use
• Probability Analysis
• Education
• Tsunami-Ready Status
• 4.7 Perception and Personal Adjustment to Tsunami Hazard
• CASE STUDY 4.3 Professional Profile: Jose Borrero—Tsunami Scientist
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 5 Volcanoes
• 5.1 Introduction to Volcanism
• How and Where Magma Forms
• Magma Properties
• 5.2 Volcano Types, Formation, and Eruptive Behavior
• 5.3 Geographic Regions at Risk from Volcanoes
• 5.4 Effects of Volcanoes
• Lava Flows
• Pyroclastic Activity
• CASE STUDY 5.1 Mount Unzen
• Volcanic Gases
• Debris Flows, Mudflows, and Volcanic landslides
• CASE STUDY 5.2 Volcanic Landslides and Tsunamis
• CASE STUDY 5.3 Mount St. Helens 1980–2010: From Lateral Blasts to Lava Flows
• 5.5 Linkages between Volcanoes and Other Natural Hazards
• 5.6 Natural Service Functions of Volcanoes
• Volcanic Soils
• Geothermal Power
• Mineral Resources
• Recreation
• Creation of New Land
• 5.7 Human Interactions with Volcanoes
• 5.8 Minimizing the Volcanic Hazard
• Forecasting
• CASE STUDY 5.4 Professional Profile: Chris Eisinger, Student of Active Volcanoes
• Volcanic Alert or Warning
• 5.9 Perception of and Adjustment to the Volcanic Hazard
• Perception of Volcanic Hazards
• Adjustments to Volcanic Hazards
• Attempts to Control Lava Flows
• CASE STUDY 5.5 Survivor Story: A Close Call with Mount St. Helens
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 6 Flooding
• 6.1 An Introduction to Rivers
• Earth Material Transported by Rivers
• River Velocity, Discharge, Erosion, and Sediment Deposition
• Channel Patterns and Floodplain Formation
• 6.2 Flooding
• Introduction
• Magnitude and Frequency of Floods
• Flash Floods of Zone 1
• Downstream Floods of Zone 2
• CASE STUDY 6.1 Survivor Story: Flash Flood
• CASE STUDY 6.2 Mississippi River Floods of 1973–2008: Zone 2 Floods
• Downstream Floods of Zone 3: Alluvial Fans and Deltas
• CASE STUDY 6.3 Flooding on the Delta of the Ventura River
• Megafloods
• 6.3 Geographic Regions at Risk for River Flooding
• 6.4 Effects of Flooding and Linkages between Floods and Other Hazards
• 6.5 Natural Service Functions of Floods
• Water Resources and Flooding
• Fertile Lands
• Riparian and Aquatic Ecosystems
• Sediment Supply
• CASE STUDY 6.4 Experimental Floods on the Colorado River
• 6.6 Human Interaction with Flooding
• Land-Use Changes
• Dam Construction
• Urbanization and Flooding
• 6.7 Minimizing the Flood Hazard: Structural Control to Floodplain Management
• The Structural Approach
• Social Media and Flood Damage Mediation
• 6.8 Perception of the Flood Hazard
• Personal Adjustment: What To Do and What Not To Do
• CASE STUDY 6.5 Professional Profile: Nicholas Pinter, Southern Illinois University then U.C. Davis in California
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 7 Mass Wasting
• 7.1 An Introduction to Landslides
• Slope Processes
• Types of Landslides
• Forces on Slopes
• CASE STUDY 7.1 A Closer Look: Forces on Slopes
• CASE STUDY 7.2 Portuguese Bend, California
• Snow Avalanches
• 7.2 Geographic Regions at Risk from Landslides
• 7.3 Effects of Landslides and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
• Effects of Landslides
• Linkages between Landslides and Other Natural Hazards
• CASE STUDY 7.3 Oso Landslide, Washington
• CASE STUDY 7.4 Survivor Story: Landslide in Colorado
• CASE STUDY 7.5 Professional Profile: Bob Rasely, Mass Wasting Specialist
• 7.4 Natural Service Functions of Landslides
• 7.5 Human Interaction with Landslides
• Timber Harvesting and Landslides
• Urbanization and Landslides
• CASE STUDY 7.6 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• 7.6 Minimizing the Landslide Hazard
• Identifying Potential Landslides
• Preventing Landslides
• Landslide Warning Systems
• 7.7 Perception of and Adjustment to the Landslide Hazard
• Perception of the Landslide Hazard
• Adjustment to the Landslide Hazard
• Personal Adjustments: What You Can Do to Minimize Your Landslide Hazard
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 8 Subsidence and Soils
• 8.1 Soil and Hazards
• Soil Horizons
• Soil Color
• Soil Texture
• Relative Soil Profile Development
• Water in Soils
• Classifying Soils
• Soil Erosion as a Hazard
• CASE STUDY 8.1 Haiti and Soil Erosion
• 8.2 Introduction to Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• Karst Formation
• Thermokarst Formation
• Sediment and Soil Compaction
• CASE STUDY 8.2 Survivor Story: Sinkhole Drains Lake
• CASE STUDY 8.3 Mississippi River Delta Subsidence
• Earthquakes
• Underground Drainage of Magma
• Expansive Soils
• Frost-Susceptible Soils
• 8.3 Geographic Regions at Risk for Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• 8.4 Effects of Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• Sinkhole Damage
• Changes in Groundwater Conditions
• Damage Caused by Melting Permafrost
• Coastal Flooding and Loss of Wetlands
• Damage Caused by Soil Volume Change
• 8.5 Linkages between Subsidence, Soil Volume Change, and Other Natural Hazards
• 8.6 Natural Service Functions of Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• Water Supply
• Aesthetic and Scientific Resources
• Unique Ecosystems
• 8.7 Human Interaction with Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• Fluid Withdrawal
• Underground Mining
• Melting Permafrost
• Restricting Deltaic Sedimentation
• Altering Surface Drainage
• Poor Landscaping Practices
• CASE STUDY 8.4 Professional Profile: Helen Delano, Environmental Geologist
• 8.8 Minimizing Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• 8.9 Perception of and Adjustment to Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• Perception of Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• Adjustment to Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 9 Atmospheric Processes and Severe Weather
• 9.1 Energy
• Types of Energy
• Heat Transfer
• 9.2 Earth’s Energy Balance
• Electromagnetic Energy
• Energy Behavior
• 9.3 The Atmosphere
• Composition of the Atmosphere
• Structure of the Atmosphere
• 9.4 Weather Processes
• Atmospheric Pressure and Circulation
• Unstable Air
• CASE STUDY 9.1 A Closer Look: Coriolis Effect
• Fronts
• 9.5 Hazardous Weather and Geographic Regions at Risk
• Thunderstorms
• CASE STUDY 9.2 Professional Profile: Sarah Tessendorf, Severe Storm Meteorologist
• Tornadoes
• CASE STUDY 9.3 Survivor Story: Struck by Lightning
• CASE STUDY 9.4 Tri-State Tornado
• Blizzards and Ice Storms
• CASE STUDY 9.5 The Great Northeastern Ice Storm of 1998
• Fog
• Drought
• Mountain Windstorms
• Dust Storms and Sandstorms
• Heat Waves
• 9.6 Human Interaction with Weather
• CASE STUDY 9.6 Europe’s Hottest Summer in More Than 500 Years
• Lessons Learned
• Prospects for the Future
• 9.7 Linkages with Other Hazards
• 9.8 Natural Service Functions of Severe Weather
• 9.9 Minimizing Severe Weather Hazards
• Forecasting and Predicting Weather Hazards
• Adjustment to the Severe Weather Hazard
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 10 Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones
• 10.1 Introduction to Cyclones
• Classifying Cyclones
• Naming Cyclones
• 10.2 Cyclone Development and Movement
• Tropical Cyclones
• CASE STUDY 10.1 A Closer Look: North Atlantic Oscillation
• Extratropical Cyclones
• CASE STUDY 10.2 Hurricane Katrina: “The most anticipated natural disaster in American history”
• CASE STUDY 10.3 Survivor Story: Hurricane Katrina
• 10.3 Geographic Regions at Risk for Cyclones
• 10.4 Effects of Cyclones
• Storm Surge
• High Winds
• Heavy Rains
• 10.5 Linkages between Cyclones and Other Natural Hazards
• 10.6 Natural Service Functions of Cyclones
• 10.7 Human Interaction with Cyclones
• 10.8 Minimizing the Effects of Cyclones
• Forecasts and Warnings
• CASE STUDY 10.4 Professional Profile: The Hurricane Hunters
• CASE STUDY 10.5 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Record Breaking
• 10.9 Perception of and Adjustment to Cyclones
• Perception of Cyclones
• Adjustment to Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 11 Coastal Hazards
• 11.1 Introduction to Coastal Hazards
• 11.2 Coastal Processes
• Waves
• Beach Form and Processes
• 11.3 Sea-Level Change
• 11.4 Geographic Regions at Risk from Coastal Hazards
• 11.5 Effects of Coastal Processes
• Rip Currents
• CASE STUDY 11.1 Survivor Story: Rip Current: Two Experienced Swimmers Rescued on Florida Beach
• Coastal Erosion
• 11.6 Linkages between Coastal Processes and Other Natural Hazards
• 11.7 Natural Service Functions of Coastal Processes
• 11.8 Human Interaction with Coastal Processes
• The Atlantic Coast
• CASE STUDY 11.2 Maryland Barrier Islands
• The Gulf Coast
• The Pacific Coast
• The Great Lakes
• Canadian Seacoasts
• 11.9 Minimizing the Effects of Coastal Hazards
• Hard Stabilization
• Soft Stabilization
• 11.10Perception of and Adjustment to Coastal Hazards
• Perception of Coastal Hazards
• Adjustment and Management of Coastal Hazards
• CASE STUDY 11.3 The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse
• CASE STUDY 11.4 Pointe du Hoc, France
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 12 Climate Change and Natural Hazards
• 12.1 Global Change and Earth System Science: An Overview
• 12.2 Climate and Weather
• Climate Zones
• 12.3 The Atmosphere and the Cryosphere
• Atmospheric Composition
• Hydrosphere and Cryosphere
• 12.4 How We Study Past Climate Change and Make Predictions
• Global Climate Models
• 12.5 Global Warming
• The Greenhouse Effect
• Global Temperature Change
• Why Does Climate Change?
• Solar Forcing
• Volcanic Forcing
• Anthropogenic Forcing
• 12.6 Effects of Climate Change
• Glaciers and Sea Ice
• CASE STUDY 12.1 Loss of Glacial Ice in Antarctica
• Climate Patterns and Meteorological Hazards
• Sea-Level Rise
• CASE STUDY 12.2 Disappearing Islands: Tuvalu, South Pacific
• Wildfires
• Landslide Hazard
• Volcanic, Earthquake, and Tsunami Hazards
• Changes in the Biosphere
• 12.7 Predicting the Future Climate
• What Does Our Recent History Tell Us about Potential Consequences of Future Global Warming?
• Predicting Future Climate Is Problematic
• 12.8 Strategies for Reducing the Impact of Global Warming
• Abrupt Climate Change
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 13 Wildfires
• 13.1 Introduction to Wildfire
• CASE STUDY 13.1 Wildfires in the U.S. Southwest, Colorado, Arizona and California
• 13.2 Wildfire as a Process
• Fire Environment
• Types of Fires
• 13.3 Geographic Regions at Risk from Wildfires
• 13.4 Effects of Wildfires and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
• Effects on the Geologic Environment
• Effects on the Atmospheric Environment
• Linkages with Climate Change
• Effects on the Biological Environment
• 13.5 Natural Service Functions of Wildfires
• Benefits to Soil
• Benefits to Plants and Animals
• 13.6 Minimizing the Wildfire Hazard
• Fire Management
• 13.7 Perception of and Adjustment to the Wildfire Hazard
• Perception of the Wildfire Hazard
• Adjustments to the Wildfire Hazard
• Personal Adjustment to the Fire Hazard
• CASE STUDY 13.2 Survivor Story: Elderly Couple Survives Wildfire by Jumping into a Neighbor’s Swimming Pool
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• 14 Impacts and Extinctions
• 14.1 Earth’s Place in Space
• Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Comets
• 14.2 Airbursts and Impacts
• CASE STUDY 14.1 The Tunguska Event
• Impact Craters
• Uniformitarianism, Gradualism, and Catastrophism
• 14.3 Mass Extinctions
• CASE STUDY 14.2 K-Pg Boundary Mass Extinction
• CASE STUDY 14.3 Impact and Mass Extinction 12,800 Years Ago
• CASE STUDY 14.4 Professional Profile: Emeritus Professor James Kennett, University of California, Santa Barbara
• 14.4 Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
• 14.5 Minimizing the Impact Hazard
• Risk Related to Impacts
• Minimizing the Impact Hazard
• Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
• Concepts in Review
• Critical Thinking Questions
• APPENDIX A Minerals
• APPENDIX B Rocks
• APPENDIX C Maps and Related Topics
• APPENDIX D How Geologists Determine Geologic Time
• Glossary
• Index