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• Half-title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Natural Hazards
• RATIONALE
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• The world of myths and legends
• Catastrophism vs. uniformitarianism
• The relationship between humans and natural hazards
• Hazard statistics
• CHAPTER OUTLINES
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• PART 1 CLIMATIC HAZARDS
• CHAPTER 2 Mechanisms of Climate Variability
• INTRODUCTION
• MODELS OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND CHANGE
• How air moves
• Palmén–Newton model of global circulation
• Changes in jet stream paths
• Mobile polar highs
• The Southern Oscillation
• Introduction
• El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events
• La Niña events
• Global long-term links to drought and floods
• Links to other hazards
• Other Oscillation phenomena
• North Atlantic Oscillation
• North Pacific Oscillation
• ASTRONOMICAL CYCLES
• Solar cycles
• The 18.6-year MN lunar cycle
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 3 Large-scale Storms as a Hazard
• INTRODUCTION
• TROPICAL CYCLONES
• Introduction
• Mechanics of cyclone generation
• Magnitude and frequency
• World cyclone disasters
• Hurricane Andrew, 24 August 1992
• Hurricane Mitch, October/November 1998
• Impact and response
• Australia
• United States
• Bangladesh (East Pakistan)
• EXTRA-TROPICAL CYCLONES
• Polar-front lows
• Formation
• Historical events
• East-coast lows or ‘bombs’
• Formation
• United States Ash Wednesday storm of 7 March 1962
• The Halloween storm of October 1991 (The Perfect Storm)
• Australian east-coast storms of May–June 1974
• The Sydney Hobart Yacht Race storm of 27–29 December 1998
• SNOWSTORMS, BLIZZARDS AND FREEZING RAIN
• Snowstorms
• Notable events
• Impact of snowstorms
• Freezing rain
• Blizzards
• STORM SURGES
• Introduction
• Causes
• PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
• Recurrence intervals
• Probability of exceedence diagrams
• DUST STORMS
• Introduction
• Formation
• The role of dust
• Frequency of dust storms
• Major storm events
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 4 Localized Storms
• INTRODUCTION
• THUNDERSTORMS, LIGHTNING AND HAIL
• Thunderstorms
• Lightning
• Hail
• TORNADOES
• Introduction
• Form and formation
• Supercell tornado formation
• Dust devils, mountainadoes, fire tornadoes and waterspouts
• Structure of a tornado
• Occurrence
• Tornado destruction
• Warning
• Response
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 5 Drought as a Hazard
• INTRODUCTION
• PRE-COLONIAL RESPONSE TO DROUGHT
• POST-COLONIAL RESPONSE
• DROUGHT CONDITIONS EXACERBATED BY MODERN SOCIETIES
• MODERN RESPONSE TO DROUGHTS
• Societies that expect drought: the United States
• Societies that don’t expect drought: the United Kingdom
• Those that lose
• Those that win
• Laissez-faire: the Australian policy
• INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE
• International relief organizations
• International aid ‘flops’
• PRIVATE RESPONSES: BOB GELDOF
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 6 Flooding as a Hazard
• INTRODUCTION
• FLASH FLOODS
• Magnitude and frequency of heavy rainfall
• Flood power
• Synoptic patterns favoring flash flooding
• Maximum probable rainfall
• Flash flood events
• Urban flash floods
• HIGH-MAGNITUDE, REGIONAL FLOODS
• Mississippi River floods
• Great Australian floods
• Flooding in China
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 7 Fires in Nature
• INTRODUCTION
• CONDITIONS FAVORING INTENSE BUSHFIRES
• CAUSES OF FIRES
• BUSHFIRE DISASTERS: WORLD PERSPECTIVE
• United States
• Fire history
• Recent disasters
• Australia
• Conditions
• Historic disasters
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 8 Oceanic Hazards
• INTRODUCTION
• WAVES AS A HAZARD
• Theory
• World distribution of high waves
• Waves as a hazard at sea
• Waves as a hazard on rocky coasts
• SEA-ICE AS A HAZARD
• Ice in the ocean
• Ice at shore
• SEA LEVEL RISE AS A HAZARD
• Current rates of change in sea level worldwide
• Factors causing sea level rise
• Global sea level and the hydrological cycle
• BEACH EROSION HAZARD
• Introduction
• Sea level rise and the Bruun Rule
• Other causes of erosion
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• PART 2 GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• CHAPTER 9 Causes and Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanoes
• INTRODUCTION
• SCALES FOR MEASURING EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY
• DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES
• CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES AND VALCANOES
• Plate boundaries
• Hot spots
• Other faulting and dilatancy
• Added water (dams and rain)
• PREDICTION OF EARTH-QUAKES AND VOLCANOES
• Clustering of volcanic and seismic events
• Volcanoes
• Earthquakes
• Interaction between earthquakes and volcanoes
• Prediction of seismic activity
• Earthquake cycles
• Short-term prediction of seismic activity
• Randomness versus clustering
• Prediction of volcanoes
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 10 Earthquakes and Tsunami as Hazards
• TYPES OF SHOCK WAVES
• SEISMIC RISK MAPS
• EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
• General
• Alaskan earthquake of 27 March 1964
• The Californian earthquake hazard
• The Japanese earthquake hazard
• LIQUEFACTION OR THIXOTROPY
• TSUNAMI
• Description
• Tsunami magnitude scales
• Disaster descriptions
• Prediction in the Pacific region
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 11 Volcanoes as a Hazard
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• VOLCANIC HAZARDS
• Ballistics and tephra clouds
• Pyroclastic flows and base surges
• Gases and acid rains
• Lahars
• Glacier bursts or Jökulhlaups
• VOLCANIC DISASTERS
• Santorini, around 1470 BC
• Vesuvius (25 August 79 AD)
• Krakatau (26–27 August 1883)
• Mt Pelée (8 May 1902)
• Mt St Helens (18 May 1980)
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 12 Land Instability as a Hazard
• INTRODUCTION
• SOIL MECHANICS
• Stress and strain
• Friction, cohesion and coherence
• SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS: MOHR–COULOMB EQUATION
• Pore-water pressure
• Rigid and elastic solids
• Plastic solids
• CLASSIFICATION OF LAND INSTABILITY
• Introduction
• Expansive soils
• Creep and solifluction
• Mud and debris flows
• Landslides and slumps
• Mechanics
• Causes
• Landslide disasters
• Rockfalls
• Debris avalanches
• Air-supported flows (avalanches)
• SUBSIDENCE
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• PART 3 SOCIAL IMPACT
• CHAPTER 13 Personal and Group Response to Hazards
• INTRODUCTION
• INTRODUCTION BEFORE THE EVENT
• Warnings and evacuation
• Preparedness, if warned
• DEALING WITH THE EVENT AND ITS AFTERMATH
• Response during the event
• Death and grief
• Possessions and homes
• Anti-social behavior
• Resettlement
• Myths and heroes
• ADDITIONAL IMPACTS
• Emotional problems
• Critical incidence stress syndrome
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
• CHAPTER 14 Epilogue
• CHANGING HAZARD REGIMES
• MODERN CONSEQUENCES OF NATURAL HAZARDS
• REFERENCES AND FURTHER FUTHER READINGS
• Select Glossary of Terms
• Index